Cellular Respiration

• Release of energy in biomolecules (food)

and use of that energy to generate ATP
Cell Respiration
ENERGY (food) + ADP + Pi → ATP
Chapter 5 • Two methods of breaking down food
– Aerobic Respiration: oxygen utilizing
– Anaerobic Respiration: no oxygen used

Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration: Overview

• Uses oxygen in breakdown of materials and • Glycolysis
release of energy – glucose → pyruvate
– C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
• Krebs Cycle
• Energy is released in small increments via – formation of electron carriers and CO2
long metabolic pathways • Oxidative Phosphorylation
– Allows cells to efficiently release and use – electron carriers used to generate ATP
energy contained in food molecules

Glycolysis Glycolysis
• Occurs in cytoplasm of NAD+ NADH 2ADP 2ATP
the cell
Pyruvate
• Breakdown of one (3C)
glucose molecule into Glucose
two pyruvate molecules (6C) Pyruvate
2ATP 2ADP (3C)
• Yields 2 ATP
molecules (net) and 2 NAD+ NADH 2ADP 2ATP
NADH molecules NADH = high-energy electron carrier

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 Glycolysis Kreb’s Cycle

• Glucose → pyruvate • Occurs in the mitochondrial

• 2 NAD+ + 2H+ + 4e- → 2 NADH matrix
• 2 ADP + 2 Pi→ 2 ATP • Cyclical series of reactions

Krebs Cycle:
Krebs Cycle (The Cycle Itself)
Acetyl-CoA Formation
• Acetyl-CoA (2C) linked to
• Pyruvate transported into oxaloacetic acid (4C), to
mitochondrial matrix form citric acid (6C)
• CO2 cleaved off of pyruvate, • Citric acid ultimately
forming acetate converted into
• Acetate linked to Coenzyme A oxaloacetic acid + 2CO2
(CoA) to form acetyl-CoA • 1 GTP, 3 NADH and 1
• One NADH formed for each FADH per each acetyl-
pyruvate CoA

Krebs Cycle Krebs Cycle

Citrate
NAD+ NADH (6C) CO2

Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA • 3 CO2, 1 GTP, 4 NADH and 1 FADH2

3NAD+ 3NADH
(3C) (2C) produced for each pyruvate molecule.
CO2
FAD+ FADH2
Oxaloacetate • Total: 6CO2, 2 GTP, 8 NADH, 2FADH2
(4C)
GDP GTP

CO2

FADH2 – high energy electron carrier

GTP – similar to ATP, can be converted to ATP

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 Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation
• H+ pumped from inside the
• Occurs across the inner membrane to the outside
mitochondrial membrane – forms [H+] gradient (more
outside than inside)
• Electrons from NADH
and FADH2 are • H+ flows back in through
transported along an ATP synthase
electron transport chain – generates ATP
• Energy released used to
• Electrons and H+ received
produce ATP
by O2
– forms H2O

How Much ATP is Produced Per

Overall Reaction for Glucose Molecule?
Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle (2 GTP) 2 ATP
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxidative Phosphorylation 26 ATP

TOTAL 30 ATP

Triglyceride Catabolism Amino Acid Catabolism

Different amino acids can be converted into various

• Fatty acids are converted into acetyl-CoA Krebs Cycle intermediates
• Large amounts of ATP produced per fatty acid

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 Anaerobic Respiration Glycolysis in Anaerobiosis
• Produce ATP in the absence of O2
• Glucose → Pyruvate
• Used regularly by skeletal muscle fibers
and RBCs • Net 2 ATP produced
• NAD+ → NADH
• Two steps:
– Glycolysis - produce ATP • Need NAD+ to drive
glycolysis!
– Lactate Formation – regenerate NAD+

Lactate Formation How Much ATP is Produced Per

Glucose Molecule?

• Pyruvate → Lactate Glycolysis 2 ATP

• NADH → NAD+ TOTAL 2 ATP
• Glycolysis can • Most of the energy from glucose is still
continue present in the lactate
• Lactate accumulation leads to ↓ pH