CONTENTS

# EXPERIMENTS
1 Studying the Properties of acids and bases
2 Observing Reactions and Classifying them into
types of reactions
3 Reactivity series of Metals
 Experiment 6 : Determine the properties of Acids and Bases

Watch the below link twice, understand and write the below notes in Record book
Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FCNYhFyhk3U
Aim : Studying the
I)Properties of acids (HCl ) on the basis of their reaction with
A) Litmus solution
B) Zn Metal
C) Solid Sodium Carbonate
II)Properties of Bases (NaOH) on the basis of their reaction with
A) Litmus solution
B) Zn Metal
C) Solid Sodium Carbonate

Apparatus : A test tube stand, test tubes, match box, test tube holder, droppers , a bent delivery tube, burner
and cork.
Chemicals required : Dilute hydrochloric acid, Dilute sodium hydroxide, blue litmus solution, red litmus
solution, zinc metal granules, solid sodium carbonate and lime water.
Studying the Properties of Acids:

IA) Experimental Setup for Litmus Test Procedure:

Procedure:

 Take a test tube stand and place two test tubes in it.
 Label the test tubes as test tube 1 and test tube 2.
 Add 5 ml of blue litmus solution to test tube 1.
 Add 5 ml of red litmus solution to test tube 2.
 Use a dropper and add equal drops of hydrochloric acid in the both test tubes.
 Wait and observe the colour change.

Observation Table:

Blue litmus solution Red Litmus solution

Experiment
Test tube 1 Test tube 2

Litmus test on
Hydrochloric Acid

Result : In the litmus test experiment the blue litmus solution turns to red when hydrochloric is added
Therefore acids such as HCl show acidic character.

I B) Experimental Setup for Reaction of Acid with Zinc Metal :

Procedure:

 Take a clean and dry test tube.

 Add zinc granules in it.
 Submerge the zinc granules in the test tube by adding hydrochloric acid to it.
 Close the mouth of the test tube with cork which has a glass delivery.
 A robust explosion takes place between 2-3 minutes liberating colourless and odourless gas.
 When a burning match stick in got near the glass tube mouth the gas burns with a pale blue flame with a pop
sound.

Observation Table:

Experiment Observation Test for the gas evolved

Reaction of HCl with Zinc

metal

Reaction: 2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2↑

Result: Hydrochloric acid reacts with active metals such as zinc to form zinc chloride and liberate hydrogen gas.

I C) Experimental Setup for Reaction of acid with Sodium Bicarbonate:

Procedure :

 Take a flat bottom flask with 1 gm of solid sodium carbonate and some distilled water.
 Take a clean and dry double hole cork and thistle funnel which has a delivery tube fitted to it.
 Close the mouth of flat flask with the double hole cork.
 Add 2 mL of dilute hydrochloric acid.
 Colourless and odourless gas is liberated which is passed through the lime water using the delivery tube.
 The colour of the lime water is changed to milky.

Reaction:
Na2CO3(s/aq) + 2HCl(aq) –→ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2↑+ H2O(l)
Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2↑ –→ CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
CaCO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) –→ Ca(HCO3)2(aq)
Observation Table:
Experiment Observation Test for the gas evolved

Reaction of HCl with Sodium

Carbonate

Result: Hydrochloric acids reacts with sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide gas.

Conclusion: Therefore from the above three results we can conclude that HCl (Hydrochloric acid) is acidic in

nature.

Studying the Properties of Bases:

II A) Experimental Setup for Reaction of Base with Metal:

Procedure:

 Take a test tube stand and place two test tubes in it.
 Label the test tubes as test tube 1 and test tube 2.
 Add 5 ml of blue litmus solution to test tube 1.
 Add 5 ml of red litmus solution to test tube 2.
 Use a dropper and add equal drops of sodium hydroxide in both the test tubes.
 Wait and observe the colour change.

Reaction:
2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2Zn2(aq) + H2↑

Observation Table:

Blue litmus solution Red Litmus solution

Experiment
Test tube 1 Test tube 2

Litmus test for Base (Sodium

Hydroxide)

Result: In the litmus test experiment the red litmus solution turns into blue when sodium hydroxide is added.
Therefore bases such as NaOH show basic character.

II B) Experimental setup for Reaction of Base with Zinc Metal :

 Procedure:

 Take a clean and dry test tube.

 Add zinc granules in it.
 Submerge the zinc granules in the test tube by adding sodium hydroxide to it.
 Close the mouth of the test tube with cork which has a glass delivery.
 A robust explosion takes place between 2-3 minutes liberating colourless and odourless gas.
 When a burning match stick in got near the glass tube mouth the gas burns with a pale blue flame with a pop
sound.

Reaction:

2NaOH(aq) + Zn(s) → Na2Zn2(aq) + H2↑

Observation Table:

Experiment Observation Test for the gas evolved

Reaction of Zinc metal with

Sodium hydroxide

Result: Sodium hydroxide reacts with active metals such as zinc to form sodium zincate and liberate
hydrogen gas.

II C) Reaction of sodium hydroxide with Sodium Bicarbonate.

Procedure:

 Take 1 gm of solid sodium carbonate in a test tube.

 With the help of dropper, put a few drops of NaOH in the test tube.
 No reaction is observed.

Result: NaOH does not react with sodium carbonate.

Conclusion: Therefore from the above three points we can conclude that NaOH (sodium hydroxide) is basic in
nature.
Experiment 7 : Classifying the activities into types of reaction.

Watch the below link twice, understand and write the below notes in Record book
Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRNuhlDW3k0

Aim : Performing and observing

1. Action of Water on quicklime

2. Action on Heating of ferrous sulphate crystals
3. Iron nails dipped in copper sulphate solution
4. Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solution

And Classifying them into:

 Combination reaction
 Decomposition reaction
 Displacement reaction
 Double displacement reaction
1. Action of Water on Quick lime:
Apparatus : Borosil beaker, test tube, glass rod, dropper
Chemicals Required: Calcium oxide, Distilled water , litmus paper strips
Experimental Setup:
 Procedure

 Wash a borosil beaker with distilled water and dry it.

 Take a small amount of calcium oxide (quick lime) and slowly add water to it.
 Wash and take a clean glass rod to stir the mixture of quick lime and water.
 Touch the beaker carefully from outside.
 Observe the change.
 With the help of dropper take a few drops of the mixture from the beaker and place it on red and blue litmus
paper strips.
 Wait and observe.

Observation Table:

Experiment Observation
Mixture in beaker

Solution on Litmus Paper

Result : The reaction occurred between calcium oxide (Quick lime) and water combine to produce one
single product slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). Therefore it is called combination reaction.
2. Action on heating Ferrous sulphate crystals:

Apparatus: Test tube holder, Boiling tube , Bunsen burner, Safety glass

Chemicals required: Ferrous sulphate crystals, Litmus paper strips

Experimental setup:
Procedure:

 Wash a boiling tube with distilled water and dry it.

 Take 2 grams of ferrous sulphate crystals in the tube.
 Make a note of the colour of the crystals.
 Use a test tube holder to hold the boiling tube.
 Heat the boiling tube on the bunsen burner as shown in the figure.
 Observe the colour of the residue got and smell the odour of the gases evolved.
 Tiny colourless water droplets are seen near the neck of the tube.
 Gently turn it towards your nose and smell for any gas evolved.
 Wet blue and red litmus paper strips.
 Hold the litmus paper strips near the mouth of the boiling tube.
 Observe the change
 Classify the type of reaction.

Reactions:

1. FeSO4.7H2O → FeSO4(s) + 7H2O

2. FeSO4(s) → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

Observation Table:

Experiment Observation

Boiling tube test

Litmus Paper test

Result: The reaction occurred on heating ferrous sulphate crystals is decomposition reaction which
decomposes to produce Fe2O3, SO2, and SO3. Since this decomposition reaction is carried out by heating it is
also known as a thermal decomposition reaction.
3.Iron nails dipped in Copper sulphate solution

Apparatus: Test tube stand, Two test tubes ,Two iron nails ,Measuring cylinder ,Beaker ,Sandpaper,

Laboratory stand with clamp, thread.

Chemicals Required: Copper sulphate , Distilled water.

Experimental Setup:

Procedure:

 Wash two test tube with distilled water and dry them.
 Label the test tube as P and Q.
 Add 20mL of distilled water in the test tube and mix copper sulphate crystals in P.
 Transfer 10Ml of solution from P to Q.
 Take two iron nails by cleaning them with sandpaper.
 Take one iron nail and dip it in the CuSO4 in test tube P for 15 minutes.
 Take another iron nail and dip it in the CuSO4 in test tube Q for 15 minutes.
 Observe the intensity of the blue colour of CuSO4 before and after the experiment performed in test tube P
and Q.
 Record your results.

Reaction: Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

Observation Table:

Experiment Before Experiment After Experiment

Colour of Copper sulphate solution
Colour of Iron Nail
Result: The Reaction occurred when iron nails were dipped in the copper sulphate solution for 15 minutes the
colour of the solution changes to green and brownish red copper metal is deposited on the nail. Therefore this

is a displacement reaction.

3.Reaction between sodium sulphate and barium chloride solutions:

Apparatus: Test tube stand ,Measuring cylinder, Two test tubes, Glass rod ,Conical flask

Chemicals Required: Sodium sulphate, Barium Chloride, Distilled water.

Experimental Setup:
Procedure:

 Take two test tubes, wash them with distilled water and dry them.
 Label the test tube as P and Q.
 Pour 5mL of barium chloride in the test tube P and observe the colour.
 Pour 5mL of sodium sulphate in the test tube Q and observe the colour.
 Take a conical flask and pour the solutions from both the test tube into it.
 Stir the mixture added to the conical flask with a glass rod.
 Keep it undisturbed for some time.
 Observe the change in colour of the solution.
 Record your results in the below-given table.

Reaction: Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(s)

Observation Table:

Experiment Observation
Colour of test tube P and test tube Q
Mixture of solution in conical flask

Result:

The reaction occurred on mixing the solutions of barium chloride and sodium sulphate produce a white

precipitate compound by exchanging their ions. This reaction is known as a double displacement reaction.
 Experiment 8 : Reactivity Series of Metals

Watch the below link twice, understand and write the below notes in Record book
Source : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dWy4RkMktj8

Aim:

I Observing the action of zinc, iron, copper and aluminium metals for the following salt solutions.

a. Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)

b. Copper sulphate (CuSO4)
c. Ferrous sulphate (FeSO4)
d. Aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3)

II Arranging the metals Zinc, Copper, Iron, and Aluminium in the decreasing order of reactivity based on the
results obtained from the above.

Apparatus: Four 50ml beakers, Test tube,Test tube stand

Chemicals Required: Aluminium foil ,Zinc granules,Copper turnings, Iron filings,Copper sulphate solution

Aluminium sulphate solution.

Experimental Setup:
 Procedure:

 Wash four beakers with distilled water, dry them and label them A, B, C, D.
 Prepare 50 mL solution with 5% concentration by volume of ferrous sulphate, aluminium sulphate, copper
sulphate, zinc sulphate.
 Pour ZnSO4 in beaker A, FeSO4 in beaker B, CuSO4 in beaker C, Add Al2(SO4)3 in beaker D.
 Wash four test tubes with distilled water and dry them.
 Put them in a test tube stand and label them as P, Q, R, and S as shown in the figure above.
 Take 10 mL of the saturated ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), copper sulphate (CuSO4), zinc sulphate (ZnSO4), and
aluminium sulphate (Al2(SO4)3 ) in the test tube as shown in the figure.
 Take metal strips of aluminium (Al), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). Clean them with sandpaper before
using it in the experiment.
 Now dip one of the four metal strips in all the four test tubes and observe if any colour change occurs in all
four test tubes.
 Continue step 8 with other metal strips by dipping in fresh aqueous solutions of metals and see the
displacement reaction.
Observation Table:

Metal Submerged in Observation

Zn ZnSO4

Zn CuSO4

Zn Al2(SO4)3

Zn FeSO4

Fe ZnSO4

Fe CuSO4

Fe Al2(SO4)3

Fe FeSO4

Cu ZnSO4

Cu CuSO4

Cu Al2(SO4)3

Cu FeSO4

Al ZnSO4

Al CuSO4

Al Al2(SO4)3

Al FeSO4
 Reactions:

 Aluminium has the ability to displace zinc, iron, copper from their respective salt solutions and therefore is
more reactive than them.

2Al(s) + 3ZnSO4(aq) –→ Al2(SO4)3 3Zn(s)

2Al(s) + 3FeSO4(aq) –→ Al2(SO4)3 3Fe(s)

2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq) –→ Al2(SO4)3 3Cu(s)

 Zinc has the ability to displace iron, copper from their respective salt solutions and therefore is more reactive
than them.

Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) –→ ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Zn(s) + FeSO4(aq) –→ ZnSO4 (aq) + Fe(s)

Zn(s) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) –→ no reaction

Zn(s) + ZnSO4(aq) –→ no reaction

 Iron has the ability to displace copper from its salt solution and therefore is more reactive when compared to
Cu

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) –→ FeSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Fe(s) + FeSO4(aq) –→ no reaction

Fe(s) + Al2(SO4)3(aq) –→ no reaction

Fe(s) + ZnSO4(aq) –→ no reaction

No reaction occurs when any of the metals from zinc, iron, aluminium, and copper are placed in aqueous

solution of Al2(SO4)3.

Copper doesn’t react with any of the salts.