IDEAL SCHOOL - CBSE

PHYSICS & CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL

Experiment no : 1

Formation of Hydrogen Gas by the Action of Dilute Acids on Zinc

Aim:

To observe and analyze the chemical reaction between zinc granules and dilute
hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid.

Materials Required:

 Zinc granules
 Conical flask or test tube
 Dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid
 Safety goggles and gloves
Procedure:

 Place a few zinc granules into the conical flask or test tube.
 Carefully add dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid to the container
containing the zinc granules.
 Observe any changes occurring around the zinc granules.
 Carefully touch the conical flask or test tube to check for changes in
temperature.
Diagram:
Formation of hydrogen gas by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc
Observations :
Upon adding the dilute acid to the zinc granules, students will notice bubbles forming
around the zinc granules. This bubbling is an indication of a chemical reaction taking
place. The bubbles are formed due to the release of hydrogen gas during the reaction
between zinc and the dilute acid.

Additionally, when touching the conical flask or test tube, students will observe a
change in temperature, with the container becoming warmer. This increase in
temperature is an indication that the chemical reaction occurring is exothermic. An
exothermic reaction is one in which energy, in the form of heat, is released to the
surroundings.

Result:

The bubbles indicate the formation of hydrogen gas and the conical flask become hot
shows exothermic takes place.
Experiment no : 2

Electrolysis of Water

Aim:

To study the electrolysis of water.

Material Required:

Plastic mug with two holes drilled at its base ,Rubber stoppers to fit the holes,Carbon
electrodes,6-volt battery,Water , Dilute sulphuric acid,Two test tubes,Connecting
wires,A burning candle,Safety goggles and gloves.

Procedure:

 Preparing the Apparatus: Insert the carbon electrodes into the drilled holes at
the base of the plastic mug using rubber stoppers to hold them in place, as shown
in Fig. 1.6. Connect the electrodes to a 6-volt battery using connecting wires.
 Preparing the Electrolyte: Fill the plastic mug with water, ensuring that the
carbon electrodes are completely immersed. Add a few drops of dilute sulphuric
acid to the water to improve its conductivity.
 Collecting the Gases: Fill two test tubes with water and carefully invert them
over the carbon electrodes, making sure no air enters the test tubes.
 Initiating the Electrolysis: Switch on the current and leave the apparatus
undisturbed for some time. Observe the formation of bubbles at both electrodes,
which displace water in the test tubes.
 Observing the Gas Collection: Notice the volume of gas collected in each test
tube. Is the volume the same in both test tubes?
 Identifying the Gases: Once the test tubes are filled with the respective gases,
remove them carefully, ensuring that no gas escapes. Bring a burning candle
close to the mouth of each test tube one by one. Observe the reaction in each
case. This step must be performed carefully by the teacher, with students
wearing safety goggles and gloves
Diagram:

Electrolysis of water

Observations :

During the electrolysis process, students will observe that the volume of gas collected
in one test tube is approximately double the volume collected in the other test tube.
This difference in volume is because water (H2O) consists of two hydrogen atoms and
one oxygen atom, and during electrolysis, the water molecules are broken down into
their constituent elements. The test tube with double the volume of gas contains
hydrogen, while the other contains oxygen.

When a burning candle is brought near the mouth of the test tubes, the hydrogen-filled
test tube will produce a popping sound, indicating the presence of hydrogen gas, which
is flammable. In contrast, the oxygen-filled test tube will cause the candle flame to
burn more brightly, as oxygen supports combustion.

Result:

The bubbles produced by the passing current are hydrogen and oxygen
gases which are formed by the decomposition of water on passing the electric current.

The volume of hydrogen collected will be twice the volume of oxygen.

Experiment no : 3

To identify Acids, Bases and Salts in the given samples.

Aim:

To test various acids and bases with different reagents one at a time and observe the
results.

Materials Used

hydrochloric acid (HCl),sulphuric acid (H2SO4),nitric acid (HNO3),

acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2],
potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], and
ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) , Watch glass, indicators.

Procedure

1. Collection of Materials: Collect the following solutions from the science

laboratory: hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulphuric acid (H2SO4), nitric
acid (HNO3), acetic acid (CH3COOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH),
calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], potassium hydroxide (KOH), magnesium
hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH).
2. Preparation for Testing: Place a drop of each of the above solutions on a
separate watch glass.
3. Testing with Indicators: Test each solution with a drop of the following
indicators: red litmus, blue litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange.
 For litmus tests, dip a piece of the appropriate litmus paper into
the solution and observe the color change.
 For phenolphthalein and methyl orange, add a few drops of the
indicator to the solution and observe the color change.
4. Recording Observations: Record the color changes for each solution
with each indicator in a table for comparison and analysis.
Observations:

 Strong acids like hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, and nitric acid turn
blue litmus red and give a red solution with methyl orange.
 Strong bases like sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium
hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and ammonium hydroxide turn red
litmus blue. They also give a pink solution with phenolphthalein and a
yellow solution with methyl orange.
The table given below showcases the observed color changes when the given solutions
interact with each indicator. Please note that this table is based on the typical reactions
of these substances. Actual observations may slightly vary depending on the exact
concentration of the solutions and indicators.

Table :

This table shows the inherent property of acids and bases: acids turn blue litmus red
and bases turn red litmus blue. Furthermore, the transition of phenolphthalein from
colorless in acid to pink in base, and methyl orange from red in acid to yellow in base,
gives us another way to differentiate between these two types of substances.

Result:
Different PH indicators give different colour with the acids and bases. An acid turns
the blue litmus paper red while a base reveres this. Bases give red colour with
phenolphthalein while with methyl orange it gives a yellow solution. Similarly, acids
give red colour with methyl orange.
Experiment No: 4
To study about Plane and Spherical Mirrors
Aim:
To see a distant object with the various type of mirror and sizes.
Materials required:
Concave mirror, Convex mirror, Plane mirror, Mirror stand
Procedure:
 Observe the image of a distant object, say a distant tree, in a plane mirror.
 Observe we Could you see a full-length image.
 Try with plane mirrors of different sizes. Did you see the entire object in the
image?
 Repeat this Activity with a concave mirror and convex mirror, Explain your
observations with reason.
 Observation:

 With a plane mirror of normal size, we cannot see the distant big objects like a
tree.With concave or convex mirror we can see the distant big objects

 A plane mirror forms the image of the same size. So a general mirror cannot
form a whole image of a tree.

 Concave and convex mirror form a diminished image of a distant source. So, we
can easily see a big distant object through it.

Image formation in a Plane mirror:

Same size, same distance, virtual and erect image.

Image formation on a concave mirror:

Inverted, diminished and real image.

Image formation on a convex mirror:

Virtual, diminished and erect image.

Result:
Using different types of mirror studied the image formation by a plane mirror, a
concave mirror and a convex mirror.
Experiment No: 5 Ohm’s Law
Aim:
To study relationship between the potential difference across a conductor and the
current through it
Materials Required:
Nichrome wire , Battery , an ammeter, a voltmeter, Connecting wires ,Crocodile clips,
Resistance.
Prodecure:
 Set up a circuit as shown in Fig. 11.2, consisting of a nichrome wire XY of
length, say 0.5 m, an ammeter, a voltmeter and four cells of 1.5 V each.
(Nichrome is an alloy of nickel, chromium, manganese, and iron metals.)
 First use only one cell as the source in the circuit. Note the reading in the
ammeter I, for the current and reading of the voltmeter V for the potential
difference across the nichrome wire XY in the circuit. Tabulate them in the Table
given.
 Next connect two cells in the circuit and note the respective readings of the
ammeter and voltmeter for the values of current through the nichrome wire and
potential difference across the nichrome wire.
 Repeat the above steps using three cells and then four cells in the circuit
separately. n Calculate the ratio of V to I for each pair of potential difference V
and current I.
 Plot a graph between V and I, and observe the nature of the graph.

Circuit Diagram:
Observation:
On increasing the number of batteries, the potential difference, as well as the current
across the resistance, increases proportionally.

potential difference across the resistance. Potential difference is directly proportioned

to the current flowing through it. As a result, we see an increase in the reading of
ammeter as well as that of the voltmeter.

Consider Potential difference as pressure on water and current as a flow of water. If we

increase the pressure, it will result in an increase in the flow of water. The same thing
happens with the current also. We call this as Ohm’s law.

Ohm’s law state that at a fixed temperature the voltage across the resistance is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it.

V∝I when Temperature and resistance are constant.

i.e. V=IR

Table:

Graph:
Result:
On increasing the potential difference across a resistance we see an increase in
the current, it proves that V∝I i.e. Ohm’s law.
Experiment no: 6. To study the magnetic lines of force using Compass needle
Aim:
To study the magnetic lines of force using Compass needle.
Material Required:
Compass needle, White sheet, Pencil, Bar magnet
Procedure:
 Take a small compass and a bar magnet.
 Place the magnet on a sheet of white paper fixed on a drawing board, using some
adhesive material.
 Mark the boundary of the magnet.
 Place the compass near the north pole of the magnet. You will notice The south
pole of the needle points towards the north pole of the magnet. The north pole of
a compass is directed away from the north pole of the magnet.
 Mark the position of two ends of the needle.
 Now move the needle to a new position such that its south pole occupies the
position previously occupied by it north pole.
 In this way, proceed step by step will you reach the south pole of the magnet as
shown in the figure.
 Join the points marked on the paper by a smooth curve. The curve represents a
field line.
 Repeat the above procedure and draw as many lines as you can. You will get a
pattern shown in the figure. These lines represent the magnetic field around the
magnet. These are known as magnetic field lines.
 Observe the deflection in the compass needle as you move it along a field line.
The deflection increases as the needle is moved towards the poles.

Observation:
The compass needle always remains in one direction i.e. North pole of the needle
always point towards the south. A magnet consists of two opposite poles: the north
and the south. A compass needle is also a small bar magnet. It also has a north as
well as a south pole. North pole of a magnet attracts southpole only.

So, when we place the compass near a magnet, the north pole of the compass aligns
itself to the south pole of the magnet. When we move the compass only the
magnetic field intensity changes; the direction of the pole remains the same. As a
result, we see the same direction in the compass near a magnet.
 Diagram :

Result :
The poles of a magnet attract the opposite poles only, and the magnetic field emerges
from the north and terminates into the south.