1

Chemistry 1A Fall 2010

Exam 2 Key
Chapters 4 (part), 5, 6, and 7 (part)

You might find the following useful.
0.008314 kJ
H = E + (n)RT R =
K mol

cal w
0.00418 kJ
q = C + m T
g C
(

H
rxn
= H
f

(products) H
f

(reactants)

Thermodynamic Properties for Some Common Inorganic Substances
Substance State HfkJ/mol Substance State Hf
kJ/mol
Ag s 0
H2 g 0
AgCl s 127.04
H2O g 241.83
Al s 0
H2O l 285.8
Al2O3 s 1669.79
H2O2 l 187.6
Br2 l

0
Hg l 0
HBr g 36.23
I2
s
0
C(graphite) s 0
HI
g
25.94
C(diamond) s 1.90
Mg s 0
CO g 110.5
MgO s 601.8
CO2 g 393.5
MgCO3 s 1112.9
Ca s 0
Mg(OH)2 s 924.54
CaC2 s 59.8
N2 g 0
CaO s 635.55
NH3 g 46.25
CaCO3 s 1206.88
NO g 90.37
Ca(OH)2 aq 1002.82
NO2 g 33.85
Cl2 g 0
N2O4 g 9.66
Cu s 0
N2O g 81.56
CuO s 155.23
O g 249.4

2

Substance State HfkJ/mol Substance State Hf
kJ/mol
F2 g 0 O2 g 0
Fe s 0 O3 g 142.2
FeO s 272 S8(rhombic) s 0
Fe2O3 s 824.2 S8(monoclinic) s 0.30
Fe3O4 s 1118 SO2 g 296.06
HCl g 92.31 SO3 g 395.18
HF g 268.61 H2S g 20.15
H g 218.2 ZnO s 347.98


Thermodynamic Properties for some Common Organic Substances
Substance Formula
State
Hf
kJ/mol
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 l 484.21
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO g 246.81
Acetone CH3COCH3 l 246.81
Acetylene C2H2 g 226.6
Benzene C6H6 l 49.04
Ethanol C2H5OH l 276.98
Ethane C2H6 g 84.68
Ethylene C2H4 g 52.3
Formic acid HCO2H l 409.20
Glucose C6H12O6 s 1274.45
Methane CH4 g 74.85
Methanol CH3OH l 238.66
Sucrose C12H22O11 s 2221.70



3
For each of the following, write the word, words, letter, letters, or number in each blank
that best completes each sentence. (1 points per blank)
1. A chemical change in which atoms of one element displace (or replace) atoms of another
element in a compound is called a(n) Single-displacement reaction (displacement)
reaction.
2. Ionize means to form ions (often as a substance dissolves in water). Dissociate means to
separate into ions (often as a substance dissolves in water).
3. A(n) weak base is a substance that produces fewer hydroxide ions in water solution than
particles of the substance added.
4. A(n) amphoteric substance is a substance that can act as either a Brnsted-Lowry acid and
a Brnsted-Lowry base, depending on the circumstances.
5. Any chemical change in which at least one element loses electrons, either completely or
partially is called oxidation.
6. Of the three units of energycalorie, dietary Calorie, and joulethe joule is the smallest
amount of energy.
7. Of the two forms of radiant energyultraviolet radiation and microwavesmicrowaves
have the longest wavelength.
8. A(n) endergonic (endogonic) change is a change that absorbs energy. A(n) endothermic
change is a change that leads the system to absorb heat energy from the surroundings.
9. Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of particles.
10. Heat capacity is the heat necessary to increase the temperature of an object by one kelvin
(or one degree Celsius).
11. The formula and state for the standard state of manganese is Mn(s), for carbon is
C(graphite), for iodine is I2(s), and for sulfur is S8(s).
12. A(n) principal energy level or shell is a collection of orbitals that have the same potential
energy for a hydrogen atom.

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13. Complete the following table. (1 point per box)
Substance Strong acid, weak acid,
strong base, weak base, or
neutral?
Strong electrolyte, weak
electrolyte, or
nonelectrolyte
Sodium nitrate, NaNO3 Neutral Strong electrolyte
Perchloric acid, HClO4 Strong acid Strong electrolyte
Ammonia, NH3 Weak base Weak electrolyte
Benzoic acid, C6H5CO2H Weak acid Weak electrolyte
Potassium hydrogen sulfate,
NaHSO4
Weak acid Strong electrolyte

14. A substance that is often called chromic hydroxide is used as a catalyst and as a tanning
agent. It can be formed from the combination of the following two solutions. Write the
complete, complete ionic, and net ionic equations for this precipitation reaction. (9 points)
3KOH(aq) + Cr(NO3)3(aq) 3KNO3(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)
3K
+
(aq) + 3OH

(aq) + Cr
3
+
(aq) + 3NO3)(aq) 3K
+
(aq) + 3NO3

(aq) + Cr(OH)3(s)
3OH

(aq) + Cr
3
+
(aq) Cr(OH)3(s)
15. Write the oxidation number for each atom above its symbol, and identify which substance
is oxidized, which substance is reduced, the oxidizing agent, and the reducing agent.
(10 points)
+3 2 +1 +7 2 +1 2 +1 1
5As4O6(s) + 8KMnO4(aq) + 18H2O(l) + 52KCl(aq)
+1 +5 2 +2 1 +1 1
20K3AsO4(aq) + 8MnCl2(aq) + 36HCl(aq)
Oxidized As in As4O6
Reduced Mn in KMnO4
Oxidizing agent KMnO4
Reducing agent As4O6

5
For the following numerical problems, be sure to show your work and put a box around your answer.
16. If 6.8 mL of a 0.150 M HCl solution neutralizes all of the Ca(OH)
2
in 25.00 mL of a Ca(OH)
2
solution, what is the molarity of the
calcium hydroxide solution? (6 points)
3
2 2
3
2 2
? mol Ca(OH) 1 mol Ca(OH) 6.8 mL HCl soln 0.150 mol HCl 10 mL
=
L Ca(OH) soln 25.00 mL Ca(OH) soln 10 mL HCl soln 2 mol HCl 1 L
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
= 0.020 M Ca(OH)
2

17. Describe how you would make 500.0 mL of 3.00 M H
2
SO
4
from 18.0 M H
2
SO
4
? (6 points)
D D
C C D D C
C
M V 3.00 M (500.0 mL)
M V = M V V = = = 83.3 mL
M 18.0 M

Carefully add 83.3 mL 18.0 M H2SO4 to about 300 mL water in a 500-mL volumetric flask, swirl, cool, and dilute with water to
500.0 mL total.
18. How much energy is released when 1.674 kg calcium carbide, CaC2, reacts with excess water in the following reaction: (8 points)
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) C2H2(g) + Ca(OH)2(aq)
H
rxn
= H
f

(products) H
f

(reactants)
H
rxn
= [H
f

C2H2(g) + H
f

Ca(OH)2(aq)] [H
f

CaC2(s) + 2H
f

H2O(l)]
= [(226.6 kJ) + (1002.82 kJ)] [(59.8 kJ + 2(285.8 kJ)] = 144.8 kJ
| || || |
| | |
\ . \ .\ .
3
2
2
2 2
10 g 1mol CaC 144.8 kJ
? kJ = 1.674 kg CaC
1kg 64.100 g CaC 1mol CaC
= 3782 kJ

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Answer the following in short answer form. (7 points each)
19. Explain why some chemical reactions absorb heat from their surroundings.
Reactants products
Stronger bonds weaker bonds
More stable less stable
Lower PE + energy released higher PE

KE converted to PE
Decreased KE means decreased temperature
Temperature inside container < temperature outside container
Heat absorbed
20. Consider the neutralization reaction between the strong acid nitric acid, HNO3(aq) and
the strong base potassium hydroxide, KOH(aq).
a. Describe the mixture of the two solutions before the reaction. Your answer should
include mention of the particles in solution, the attractions between these particles,
and a description of what these particles are doing.
At the instant that the solution of nitric acid is added to the aqueous potassium
hydroxide, there are four different ions in solution surrounded by water
molecules,H3O
+
, NO3

, K
+
, and OH

. The oxygen ends of the water molecules

surround the hydronium and potassium cations, and the hydrogen ends of
water molecules surround the nitrate and hydroxide anions.
b. Describe the changes that take place during the reaction.
When H3O
+
ions and OH

ions collide and form water molecules.
c. Describe the mixture after the reaction. Your answer should include mention of the
particles in solution, the attractions between these particles, and a description of
what these particles are doing.
The potassium and nitrate ions are unchanged in the reaction. They were
separate and surrounded by water molecules at the beginning of the reaction,
and they are still separate and surrounded by water molecules at the end of the
reaction.

21.

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22. Describe how electrons are like vibrating guitar strings. Your answer should include
mention of how the information derived from wave mathematics is similar.
The wave mathematics of both the guitar string and the electron show that just as the
intensity of the movement of a guitar string can vary at different positions along the string,
so can the intensity of the negative charge of the electron vary at different positions outside
the nucleus.
The variation in the intensity of the movement of the guitar string and the electron charge
can be described in terms of a standing wave.
Although both the electron and the guitar string can have an infinite number of possible
waveforms, only certain waveforms are possible.
We can focus our attention on the waveform of varying movement for the guitar string or
the varying charge intensity of the electron without having to think about the actual
physical nature of the electron.