Chapter 4

Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Topics
 Solution Definitions
 Five Solubility Rules - Precipitation
 Complete Ionic & Net Ionic Equations
 Intro Acid Base Chemistry
 Intro Redox Chemistry
 Concentration Problems
 Solution Stoichiometry
 Solution Definitions
 Solution: a homogeneous mixture.
 Solvent: The substance present in the greatest quantity
 Solutes: The other substances besides solvent
 Electrolyte: aqueous solutions contain ions, such as salt water, so these are
electrically conductive.
 Nonelectrolyte: aqueous solutions do not contain ions, such as sugar water,
so it is not electrically conductive.

EX) a small amount of table salt(NaCl) is dissolved in water

Water: solvent
NaCl: Solutes
Precipitation Reaction
EX) 1. NaNO3 6. KOH
2. NaCl 7. Mg(OH)2
3. AgCl 8. CuS
4. K2SO4 9. CaS
5. HgBr2 10. K2CO3
 Precipitation Reactions
 Precipitate: an insoluble solid
 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
PbI2(s): A precipitate
Thought process
1. Find out all ions, cations and anions. => Pb2+, NO3-, K+, and I-
2. Consider all possible combinations. => PbI2 and KNO3
3. Find out if any of the combinations is insoluble based on the table 4.1.
=> KNO3 is soluble while PbI2 is insoluble.
EX) 1. NaNO3 6. KOH
2. NaCl 7. Mg(OH)2
3. AgCl 8. CuS
4. K2SO4 9. CaS
5. HgBr2 10. K2CO3
 Spectator ions: bystanders
 Net ionic equation: equation that includes only ones directly
involved in the reaction

 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Net ionic equation: Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> PbI2(s)
Spectator ions: NO3- and K+
 Practice Problem
 Find out the net ionic equation and the spectator ions.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) -> AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)
 Complete the chemical equation and find out the net
ionic equation and spectator ions.
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + K2SO4(aq) ->
Break
Acid, Bases, and Neutralization
 Acid: give out H+, proton donor.
HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and CH3COOH…
 Base: accept H+, proton acceptor. Most likely bases produce
OH-, but not necessary.
NaOH, KOH, and LiOH…
 Typical net ionic equation for neutralization
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)
 Sulfuric Acid
How dangerous: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pcr-tb_N6xo

Q) To dilute sulfuric acid, do you want to add the acid to water gradually, or do you want to
add water to the acid gradually?

A) Generally, adding the acid to water gradually is the proper way of dilution. Otherwise, it
is extremely DANGEROUS.

Uses of Sulfuric acid

Þ Plastic, processing metals, refining petroleum, paper, pesticides, fertilizer, paint, battery,
and so on…
Þ As it is essential to our lives, we need to use this properly.
 Example of neutralization
 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
Net Ionic Eq: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) -> H2O(l)

 2HCl(aq) + Na2S(aq) -> H2S(g) + 2NaCl(aq)

Net Ionic Eq: 2H+(aq) + S-(aq) -> H2S(g)
 Practice Problem
 Findout the chemical equation and the net ionic
equation between hydrochloric acid and water-
insoluble magnesium hydroxide.
 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions (redox
reaction)
 Rust, common redox reaction
Reduced

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 6 H2O(l) -> 4Fe(OH)3(s)

Oxidation number: 0 0 +1 -2 +3 -2 +1
Oxidized

Oxidation: loss of electrons, the oxidation number increases.

Reduction: gain of electrons, the oxidation number decreases.
Oxidation Number (O#)
1. For an atom in its elemental form, the O# is always 0.
2. For monatomic ion, the O# equals the ionic charge.
3. The O# of a group IA element in a compound is +1.
4. The O# of a group IIA element in a compound is +2.
5. The O# of oxygen is usually -2. Exception: peroxide(O22-)
6. The O# of hydrogen is usually +1 with nonmetals and -1 with metals.
7. The O# of a group VIIA element in a compound is -1. Exception: HOCl
8. The sum of the O# in a polyatomic ion is equal to the charge of the ion.

+1: lost one electron -1: gain one electron

+2: lost two electrons -2: gain two electrons
 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 6 H2O(l) -> 4Fe(OH)3(s)
Oxidation number: 0 0 +1 -2 +3 -2 +1
 Reduced

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 6 H2O(l) -> 4Fe(OH)3(s)

Oxidation number: 0 0 +1 -2 +3 -2 +1

Oxidized
 The upper an element is, the
easier to be oxidized.

EX) Cu(s) +2Ag+(aq) -> Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s)

Cu2+(aq) + 2Ag(s) -> No reaction
Ni(s) +2HCl(aq) -> NiCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 Practice Problem
 Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Q) Figure out the oxidation numbers of each element and

the net ionic equation.
Concentrations of solutions
 Concentration
Molarity (M)
Molality (m) => chem 2
Example
 How many grams of Na2SO4 are required to make 0.350 L
of 0.500 M Na2SO4?

Step 1: calculate required amount in moles

mol = 0.500 M × 0.350 L = 0.175 mol Na2SO4
Step 2: Convert in grams

Answer: 24.9 g
Na2SO4
 Practice problem

 How many milliliters of 3.0 M H2SO4 are needed to make

450 ml of 0.10 M H2SO4?
 Titration
 To determine the concentration of a particular solute in a
solution.
 Neutralization, precipitation, or redox reaction.

 For example, figure 4.18

Exercise 4.16
 Once commercial method used to peel potatoes is to soak them in
a NaOH solution for a short time and then remove the potatoes and
spray off the peel. The NaOH concentration is normally 3 to 6 M,
and the solution must be analyzed periodically. In one such
analysis, 45.7 ml of 0.500 M HSO4 is required to neutralize 20.0
mL of NaOH solution. What is the concentration of the NaOH
solution?