Chem 125

08.10.2019

Note: Exam I will be held on Thursday, October

10 at 5:00 pm, covering Chp 1 - 3.

Next week: Oct. 14: Chp 4; Oct. 15: Chp 4 & 8;

Oct. 17: Quiz 2. (Chp 4)

Acids & Bases
Acids and bases are categorized as ‘strong’ and ‘weak’ based on
the degree to which they dissociate in water.

Strong acids and bases dissociate completely:

HNO3(aq) H2O
H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Or: HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba2+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Strong acids and bases are electrolytes.

Weak acids and bases dissociate only to a small degree:

CH3COOH (aq) ⇌ CH3COO- (aq) + H+(aq)

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

Weak acids and bases are only weak electrolytes.
What volume of a 0.100 M HCl solution is needed to
neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.350 M NaOH?

HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → ?

H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) + OH-(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) + H2O

(l)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O (l)

Calculate moles of reactant:

[(0.0250 LNaOH) x (0.350 mol/L) = 8.75 x 10-3 mol OH-

8.75 x 10-3 mol OH- x (1 mol H+ / 1 mol OH-) = 8.75 x 10-3

mol H+
Calculate VHCl:

8.75 x 10-3 mol H+ ( 1 L/ 0.100 molHCl) = 8.75 x 10-2 L

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions
Redox reactions are characterized by the movement of
electrons from one reactant to another.

Oxidation: loss of electrons. Reduction: gain of

electrons

2 CuO(s) 2 Cu(s) + O2(g)

Cu2+ is reduced to Cu0: 2 Cu2+ + 4 e- 2 Cu

O2- is oxidized to O2: 2 O2- O2 + 4e-

Oxidation numbers (O.N.) are a system to track the number and

sign (direction) of electrons transferred.
In ionic compounds, the oxidation number = ionic charge

in covalent compounds, Oxidation number can often be determined

by the Group number of an element:

1. an atom in elemental form, O.N. = 0

2. Group 1(A) O.N. = +1
3. Group 7(A) O.N. = -1

Identify the oxidation number of each element in the reaction:

PbO(s) + CO(g) Pb(s) + CO2(g)

Identify the oxidized and reduced species in the reaction.

Balancing Redox Equations

S(s) + HNO3(aq) SO2(g) + NO(g)

3 (+4) = 12

3 S + 4 HNO3 3 SO2 + 4 NO
4 (-3) =12

Now try: MnO4- + I- MnO2 + IO3-

 Chapter 4

eading: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 (pp 150-156), 4.5 (pp 158 - 163

Problems: 4.3, 12,18, 28, 31, 35, 41, 47, 64, 78, 91