I

• •
•
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 CONT.INT#EÉ⇐¥E↳±÷⇐•¥÷o_¥•B•O¥8•¥B•B¥agÉ:E÷ ☒ hhaaraattraannennaatsi.ir

•
Introduction GABBA Bharat Panchal chemistry Guruji £0
-

•
Tetra valency of carbon

Hybridization of carbon
•
Representation of Organic compounds
.
Classification of Organic compounds
•
Nomenclature of Organic compounds
•
Isomerism
•
Mechanism of organic Reactions .

INTRODUCTION

Wohler synthesized first organic compound urea ,

in ammonium cyanate
the lab by
heating .

NIHUCNO → Ntt CON H2

Ammonium cyanate
ureac organic )
Q What
Organic chemistry ?
is
Any organic chemistry is chemistry of carbon

compounds .

or
It is the study of hydrocarbons and

their derivatives .

Tetra valency of carbon

2b, !
'

gC→ 152 252 2 by 2h20

carbon always make ← covalent Bond and
it is known as Tetra valency of carbon .
NOTE
number of organic compounds is very
large The reason
.

for large no .
of Organic compounds
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-

Ana .
is the tendency of an
It element to form
chains of identical atoms .
It is Makinen
in carbon Catenation
depends cebon bond
.

enthalpy ,

which is maeimum in carbon

order of c > Si Is > p > N >o
catenation

HYBRIDIZATION OF CARBON :

Type %
Geometry Bond EX Imble
5- character
Ang ,,
sp3 25% Tetrahedral Alkane Ar bond
109.281
-
.

Tai
gonal
.

5b£ 33.3 % 120

.
Alkene -
3s bond
planar
It 50% linear 180 Alkyne -2 r bond

NUMBER OF 0 and 1T BONDS :

Type of Bond No -

of a Bond No .

dolt Bond

C- C 1 0

c=c 1 1

CEC 2
1

APPLICATION OF HYBRIDISATION :
c=_CGC=c < c- C
Size
'
sp > Sba > Sb
- Bond length -

Bond
CI > c= > c- C
enthalpy
Sb > spa > Sbs
Electronegativity -
 REPRESENTATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
•

Molecular formula structural formula

H H H U
'
Cytlio H -

f- f- f- c- H
H H H H H H
↳ Hs OH
-

H -
d -

f -
o -
n
CHZCOOH te n

condensed Formula Bond line formula

CH ] -

CH, ( H2
- -
CH
}

CH -

CHI -
OH
]

3- Slr .

of organic compounds .

•
CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS :
•
Open chain compounds :

slraightchain Branchedchain
CH CH ] CH CH CH}

cYµjcHs
- -

] cars
-

, ] ,
-

±⇐• Saturated or Unsaturated

ethane ( Saturated ) Unsaturated
H H '
i. ti
H -

f- d- H Ethene Ethyne
H H " H
* =c!µ H CEC H
-
-

* cyclic Compounds :
These compounds contain atleast
one closed chain of atoms .

Alicyclic compounds :

cyclopropane cyclo butane cyclohexane

Aromatic compound :

Benzoic
which follows
Huckle Rule
,
→ cyclic Sir .

Benzene Toluene Anthracene

Nafsthalene
→ sb2 hybridisation
Non Benzoic
Trigonal planar
-

geometry
→

Iie
Can -12) Heo
¥-7
2,6 10114,18 0 Azulene
Tropology
.
. . .

,
•

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-
o

µµ
-

oxirane
H
k¥ IT
-01

Pyrrole Pyridine
Tetrahydrofuran
CTHF )

Q What is a functional group ?

Ams an atom or group of atoms in a molecule which is
responsible for the characteristic chemical properties

of organic compound .
•
Types Of Carbon Atoms

CH CH]
}
G
e.

cnzz.cl du CH
cha
-
- -

]
ÉH, 3°
20 to

some common Prefixes

C normal ) It is used for chain hydrocarbon
straight
n - -

c- C- C -
C -
C

ISO to 2nd last carbon

is attached
-

CH
, group
in ? ctg
"
CH -
-
CH, Iso pentane
,

Neo -

two cuz groups are attached to 2nd last carbon

"

Ctg -
d ? Ctf Ctf - .

Ctf Neo hexane

✗ -
and B- Carbon Atoms

9 P ✗
Ctf Ctf Ctf CHO
- -
-

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 IUPAC Nomenclature
Word Root -11°
2. Prefix + 1. prefix + Suffix + 2- sujfix
te H ti t,
f,
substituent chain Bond
Type Principal Functional
Fluoro F Chain Elbe
group
-

open -
✗
0h10 80 -

U
C meth ane
-
-

Bromo Br
close -

cyclo
eth
ca
-

=
ene
-

Iodo I
prob
Cz
-

I Yhe
Nitro -
NO
, ca -
but
Nitroso No bent 2C= ) diene
es
-

Diazo Nz G- hex =) there

"

'
'

3(
Cz hebt
Alkoxy OR
-
-

oct
21=-1 toiyne
es
Alkyl R
-

Ca Non
Pheny -5¥
-

Cio
-

dee

2°
suffix tells us about functional group

Note is added
extra
'
a'

to word root if 1°

suffix begins with

a consonant

Note
If 2° Suffix begins
with a vowel the

terminal '
e
'
is
dropped .

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 RULES FOR IUPAC NOMENCLATURE
•
Selection of longest chain
°

Numbering of selected chain

Arrangement prefixes ( Althabetical order )
•

of

i) C- C- C- C- C -
C -
C

d d L
93,6 -

Toimethy / heptane

ii ) C C
G C
g C C
3- Ethyl 5- methyl heptane
- - - -
- -
-

c- C C .

iii ) C -
C
, -4 - C 3,4 -

Dimethyl hexane

÷
iv )
c- c- c-
g- c- c- c- C G- ( 1,1 -

Dimethyl ethyl octane

Nomenclature of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

-

•
( = C- C- C
•
C- C- C- CEC

But -
1- ene Pent -

tiene

• C- C- ( =L
•

C- C- C- ( = C
'
e Buta -1,3 diene -

4- methyl bent 1-
ene -

CH __
methylidene
,
•
C- C- C- CIC CH -
( H= ethylene
,
pent 3- eh 1- Yhe CHIC
elhenyl
-

- -

CH -
-
CH -

,
CH
,
Elhynyl
•

cH2=CH
-
É -
CH __ CH 3- Methylidenebenta -1,4 -
diene
,
•
Alcohol -
OH -01
Propane -1,2 ] biol ,
-

c- c- c- C- OH Bulan -1-01 C- C- C
C Glycerol )
C- c- C- OH 2-Methyl bropan.to/toHbHbH
i
Cyclohexane -
to

Ñ Pent -
3- en -1-01
~

"

c- C Ethane -1,2 did -

É 3- Chloro

-1,3 dien -
cyclobuta
-
1-01.

fµbH (glycol ) µ

÷¥:/ Cyanide C -

CEN ) -
Nitrile
• 1C -
C -
C -
CEN
3- methyl butane 1- nitrile -

i. _=N
i
) C- C C C C 3- Bromo 2- ethyl bent -4 ene
q
- -

• - -
- -

-
1- nitrile
BV

) 1- Carboni Kile
•
CEN cyclopentane
-

)
f- g- 4 Propane -1,43
•

-
Carbonibite

CIN CIN CIN

# Amine -
NH -

amine
,

C- C- NH, Ethan 1- - amine

c- c- c- C -
C Penton 2- amine -
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NH
,

c- c- N - C N -
Methyl ethan famine -

C- C- C- N -
f- C N -
Proby / eth ten -

-
1- amine
 Alkoxy Alkane
'
Ethers R -
O -
R

c- O -
C
Methoxy methane C- c- O -

C - C Etnoxy ethane
c- c -
O - C Methoxy ethane f- C- 0 -
CEC

c- c- C- o -
c=c Proboxy ethene Ethynoxyethene
# Aldehyde -
É - H -
al
CHO
c- ( Ho Ethan 1- al
Cyclopentane
-
•
1-
carbaldehyyde
-

~.
•
c- c- CHO 2-
methyylfaooban-i.ae
f- C- c- CHO
'

c
4- Ceeclobtobyl
• c- C=c -
C- CHO 3- Cyclobzobyl
bulan -
1- al
pent -
3- eh -
tal

# Ketones -
É - -
one

É c Boban -2 one
C- C- c-
É -
c- C 4- Methylhexan 3- one -

•
c-
-
-

I
É
y
-

c- c- - c Batan -2 -
one
2- Ethenylcyclobrobanone
•

f Cyclohexane - 1- one

1=1 Carboxylic Acid -

COOH -
Oic acid

• C- C- COOH Protean -1 -
oil acid
11-1--0011 But 2- ene 1-- -

carboxylic acid
•
( =L -
COOH Prob -
2- eh 1- oicacid
-

C- COOH
⇐ c- C- C- COOH
• 3- Cyclobsobyl
Pent -2 en -4 yn 1- Oic acid
protean toicacid
- -
-
-

# Acid Amide -
CONH, -

amide

1- amide C- CONH
& -

Phenyl
c- CONH, Ethan -

g- , 1- amide
broken -

☐-0^111 Cyclo butane

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Preference order of Functional Group

Carboxylic Acid -
COOH
carboxy oil acid

sulphuric Acid -

SO H
>
Sulbho Sulphuric acid
Ester -

COO -

Alkoiy carbonyl alkyl alkanoate

Acid chloride -
COU Chloro
formyl Oyl chloride
Amide -
CONH
, carbamoyl amide

Cynide -
CEN ↳ "" ° nitrile
Isocyanide - NIC Isocyqno isonibile

Aldehyde -
CHO oxo / formyl al

ketone -
co -
0×0 / Keto One

Alcohol -

OH
hydroxyl -01

Amine amino amine

-

MHz

# Poly functional Group

•
,
c-
f- COOH 2-
Hydroxy brobanoic acid
OH
MHz 3- Amino benteen -2.01
) c- C- C- C
g-
•

OH

•
) c-
g-
% -

q - C 2- Amino -
4-
hydroxy benteen ] . -
one

C) H
MHz
•
) c-
% -
c- COOH 3- Oxobutan -
1- oic acid
e
p
-

•
) c- c- CHO 2-
Methoxy propanol

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Nomenclature of Benzene and its Derivatives :

IH } NHL PCH} fH=CH ,

¥4
¥
Methyl benzene TAMINO Methoxy Vinyl benzene Benzene
benzene Benzene diazonium
( Toluene ) ( Aniline) ( Anisole )
( styrene
] chloride

0H ¥06
Now CHO COOH

#
I É? is ±
v0
Benzoic Benzoyl
Benzene Nitrobenzene Benzaldehyde Chloride
sulphone Acid
acid
NH
,
¥04T
I
#
Aceto
Benzamide
phenone

Chlorobenzene %-) Bromo benzene

;u 1,2 Diction
-

benzene
¥-0,
1,4
-
-
Diboomobenzene
b- Dibzomobehzene
'
Pichon
.

0
Bb
-

benzene

o 62081,6 -
ortho
0

40 /
'
1,308 1,5 -
meta
n'
¥5m 1,4 -
para

Seinfeld
ISOMERISM :
Those
compounds which have same molecular
formula but differ from each other in their properties
and this phenomenon is called isomerism

structural Isomers have same molecular formula but different

SH .

are called structural isomers .

•
Chain Isomerism
chain isomers have difference in chain
branched )
(
straight or

e'
8 FH ]

CHICHI CHICK ,
CH
]
CH-gctf-H-z.CH] CHIC d-* ]
-

EH ,
EH
,

•
Position Isomerism :
isomers differ in
position the
position of multiple bond or substituent or functional
group in the same carbon chain .

•
CH -
CH - CH -
CH CH , -
CH -
CH = ( H2
] , ,

CH CH CH
CH ] Ctf Ctf OH
° -

}
- - -
-

]
tote
# functional Isomerism :

functional isomers have same molecular formula but

different functional group . Thus , they have different

physical and chemical properties .

Alcohol ← Ether
CH
( Hz Ctf OH Ctlz O -

]
- - -

AIdehui.de ⇐ Ketone :

CH
,
-
CH -
CHO CH] -
§ -

CH
, ,

carboxylic Acid → Ester

CH ] -
CH -

COOH CH - COO CH
, , ]

Cyanide → Isocyanide
CH
CH
]
-

Ctf -
CN ,
-

Et¥E*Y

10 Amine → 2° Amine → 3° Amine

CH ] -

Ctf Ctf -
-
NH
,
CH .

]
-
CHI
,
-

MY CH
]
-
N -
CH
,
,
CH CH
, ]

# Metamerism :
It occurs due to presence of different
alkyl groups attached to same divalent functional group
atom i. e
or
-
o -
-
NH -
-
É -

Ethers & Amine ketone

ya ↳ Hs -
O -

Calls GHz -
O -
CH }

A GHz -
O -

GHz ↳ Hg -0 -

GHG

no ↳ Hs -
NH -

GHS -
CH
}
-
O -

GHz
*
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H atom
-

( Mobile H -
atom ) between carbon and polyvalent atom
of functional group within same molecule

cig -
% it
,
← CH
,
-
PH
c - CH
,

stereoisomerism :
nine compounds
molecular formula but different
having same
.

arrangement of
atoms or groups in space .

e) Geometrical Isomerism :
This type of isomerism
arises due to the restricted rotation around c--6

multiple bonds .

(a) cis-Trans Isomerism

It similar groups are adjacent
to each other the isomers are called cis while
if similar groups are opposite to each other
the isomers are called cis-trans isomer
cis Trans group
same
same group
at adjacent position
at opposite position
" " U
I =D
'
Hy = ,
/

f ce
f H
-

OPTICAL ISOMERS :

A beam of ordinary light consist of electsomag .

when
metic waves
vibrating in all planes
-

pass through Nicol prism ,

vibrates in one blane
called PPL ( Plane polarised light)
Dextrorotation -
which rotate PPL towards
right
levo Rotatory
- - which rotate PPL towards left .

>
I
dextro
rotatory

BHF
optically
stone active

i. I
laevo
Rae# Mt¥s rotatory
equi molar mixture
of d and l , so that met rotation of
ppl is zero .

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l
l

:
:
 *
Tautomerism
It is due to the
migration of H atom
-

( Mobile H -
atom ) between carbon and polyvalent atom
of functional group within same molecule

cm, -
! it, → CH
,
-
PH
c - CH
,

Mechanism of Organic Reaction

In organic reaction , reactants consist of substrate
an
and reagent The substrate is attacked by the reagent
.

leading to the formation of intermediate and finally

the product .

Substrate Reagent Product

+
Intermediate
→ →

Inductive Effect
The permanent displacement of electron
pairs along the saturated chain
of c- atom when either
electronegative atom or electropositive atom is attached
with end carbon chain
one
of
Type
ti ly
+1- effect effect
-
I
when electron with d-
when electron donating
group is
sawing group is
-

attached with the

attached with c- atom
chain of C- atom
.

St ssstss -1 St S -

Sss -
88 -
s -

C- C- C- E- D. G C -
C -
C -
E W G
-
-

e.g
e.g
CHS
IH] -
NO Y -
CN > -
COOH >

CHI TCH,tHtCH§H
ICH ]
,
-

kHz -
f 7-6 7. Br
> -
I
Electro mesic Effect
The process of complete transference
of election pair of IT bond to one
of the atom which
is usually more
electronegative in the presence
of attacking reagent is called as electron eric
effect
is temporary effect in
.

It .
It occurs the
presence of attacking reagent .

If attacking reagent attaches If attacking reagent

to that atom which withdraw attaches to tha.tt atom
the pair of electron whose electron pair
withdraw
Resonance Mesomeric Effect :
.

or
Theprocess of
transfers of electron from one part of conjugated
system to the other part of conjugated system
due to phenomenon of resonance is called

Resonance effect .

If 980lb donates

electrons to the

conjugated system
 If group
withdraws eo

from the

conjugated
system

Hyper conjugation effect :

is
type of interaction
It a

between it -
electrons and r electrons of near by c- H bond .

is is
This effect achieved when
conjugative system
attached with alkyl group .

CONTRITION : ✗ -
cartoon with hydrogen .

11+0

⇐ tf -
CH - C -
H

:
d
H → tf°_cH= µ -1

H CHE:c µ it
:{
-

H H

d- H
* 118 -
CH =

Also called no bond resonance or Anchimeric

assistance or Baker Mathers effect

of hyper conjugative
Note Greater the no . Sir . are
formed
more will be its stability .

condition for hyper conjugation effect molecules that

shows hybeo conjugative effect must have ✗ -
c atom
with hydrogen . The no .

of hyper conjugative she

formed directly related with no .

of ✗ -
te - atoms .
 CH CH ] CHI CHI C
"
? yµH
CH , , ' ]

=D, I I
✗ =Keµ > * > =
> c=c

ay I \
EH ,
H "
, H H
pg
9 3
6

substitution Reaction
nine types 0¥
organic reactions
in which one group or atom displace by other atoms
These reactions are of three tykes .

Nudeophi1icSubstituti0nR
substitution reaction carried
by the nucleophile
-

CH -
I + OH →
Ctf OH + ce -

]
-

]
Nucleophile
Electrophilic substitution R× "
The substitution reaction
is carried out by the electrophile

j•+H
"
¥ -1
j + ce
-1

Electrophile
Free Radical Substitution Rxn
substitution Rxn is
carried out by free radical .

CH CH CH
-_
+
Bra → CH CH CH Br
-
-
- -
-

, , , ,
+ HBV

Addition Reaction
Thetypes of reactions in which
two atoms or group react with each other
to form single molecule of the product .

Nucleophilic Addition R× "

Addition of nucleophile to
carbonyl group
yc=o No → > 00
+ (
{I
 •
Electrophilic Substitution Reaction
Addition of electrophile
to alkene A.
cµg=cµ, + Ht →
CHI -
CH
,

w
•
Free Radical Addition Rin
Addition of HBR to Alkene
a
CH B. 8
CHIEH, + H → CH, 44 CH
-

]
-
-
-

,
T
Bo

Elimination Reaction
The
type of organic reactions
in which two atoms eliminated to
or
groups are

form alkene or cyclo alkane or card .

on etc .

types
•

t.AE/iminatdon:- Elimination
of two atoms from same
e- atom Rxn CHU with alkali
e.g q ,
• "
Ho
%
-

+ :( U 6-
→ + Hao +

6)
,

Di chloro carbene

• ✗, p -
Elimination
elimination of two atoms or grouts
from adjacent atoms
e.g Dehydro halogenation Rin

Cha GHz ¥µ
-

CHECK, + HU

c.
•
✗ , 4- elimination : Elimination of two atoms or groups
from one position to another
position within same molecule
Rxh diboomobrobane with dust
e.g of 1,3 -
2h

in CH
]
-
OH
Rearrangement or isomerization Rxn
The types of
organic reactions in which one grouts migrate from
one position to another position within same
molecule .

CIsomerisah.in )
e.g 1- Bromo butane
A- CHA CH
Ctf Ctf Ctf Cha Br
CH -
CH - -

,
-

]
-
- -

AIU ]
lanky )
do
2- Bromo butane .

Bond Fission :
is called bond
Breaking of a covalent bond

fission or bond cleavage

Homo lytic Fission Hemolytic Fission
If a covalent bond breaks It a covalent bond breaks
in such a
way that each in such a way that
atom acquires one e -0 both the eo of a
from bond .
The species bond bair acquis by
thus formed is called
one atom . The species
free radicals thus formed are
il
:&f4É →^- carbocation carbanion
: or
:
• + • .

-4 die
"

CH - + a-
, ,

Electrophile
these
are eo
are eo
loving species .

They
deficient species .

They acts as

Lewis Acids .

2nd -1, cut AP -1 Nhut ion

e.
gut , , ,

Bfz Baze B Boss A- IF]

,
Nucleophile :
These are nucleus loving species .

They are rich in eo .

They act as Lewis Base

g
e.
UT Br H2O ÑH
- -

,
I : : NH R -
etc
, , ] , ,
.

Reaction Intermediates
These are
highly reactive
species .

They are short lived .

They can not be

isolated from the reaction mixture .

Carbocation s :
These are
organic species that have + re
on carbon atom .

Charge
CH, -
a # ÉH, + a-

order of stability carbocation

☒ É § CH
CH
{ CH CH { City
- -

,
- -

}
-

, ,
1° 2°
EH
,

Carbo anions :
the which have
c- atom
organic species negative
charge on

CHI
,
-
CHO → 911 CHO + H2O
OH
-

order of stability
F- CH]
• •

Ctf -

Ctf > CH, -

CH - CH
] ) Ctg
-

EH,
.

1° 20
Free Radicals :
These are organic species in which
carbon atom has odd or unpaired e -0

ti
.

ctg-H-h.CH, •
+

order
of stability
CH -
ÉH { CH -
Cte CH ( Ctf - É Ctf-

]
-

, , ,

icky