CHEMICAL BONDS & COMPOUNDS

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS 2023

Chemical Bonding
▪ The process of association of atoms to form
molecules, polyatomic ions and other species.

▪ The formation of chemical bond between two or

more atoms, molecules or ions to form a new
chemical compound or ions.

▪ The stability of a compound is reliant on the

strength of chemical bonding.
Molecule & Polyatomic Ion
VEY PERI
Composed of two or more identical or different atoms linked by
strong forces called chemical bonds.

Hydrogen gas Oxygen gas

sulfate ion, 𝐒𝐎𝟐−

𝟒 chlorate ion, 𝑪𝒍𝑶−
𝟑 ammonium ion, 𝐍𝐇𝟒+ Permanganate ion, MnO−
4
Ball & stick molecular and ion model
 Ferric oxide, 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫, 𝐇𝟐 𝐎
𝐦 − 𝐱𝐲𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐞, 𝐂𝟖 𝐇𝟏𝟎
𝐁𝐞𝐧𝐳𝐞𝐧𝐞, 𝐂𝟔 𝐇𝟔

Chromate ion, 𝐂𝐫𝐎𝟐−

ion, Mn𝑶−
𝟒
𝟒 Nitrite ion, 𝐍𝐎−
𝟐
sulfite ion, 𝐒𝐎𝟐𝟑 −

Lewis Molecular and Ion Models

Common Polyatomic Ions
Octet Rule
• Element tends to bond with same or other element in order to have eight
electrons in their valence shell to form molecule.

Oxygen gas, O2
Carbon dioxide, CO2
Sulfur trioxide, SO3
Duet Rule
▪ Element particularly Hydrogen or Helium tend to have only two
electrons in the valence shell to form molecule.

Helium gas, He

Hydrogen gas, H2
 cation, + anion, -
Ionic Bonding
▪ Bonding process where electron of an atom
transfers to another atom to form ionic bond.

▪ Occurs in the union of metallic and

nonmetallic elements due to electrostatic
forces to form crystal lattice and molecular
structure.

Molecular lattice or
crystal lattice
Molecular structure
Rules in Naming Ionic Compounds

𝐁𝐚𝐁𝐫𝟐 𝐍𝐇𝟒 𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒

1 Name the metal by its Barium Ammonium
elemental name first.

2 Name the nonmetal by bromide permanganate

its elemental name and
a suffix “ide” ending
Barium bromide
3 Name the polyatomic Ammonium permanganate
ions by its name
Name the following ionic compound

a) 𝐂𝐚𝐂𝐥𝟐
b) NaBr Sodium bromide

c) 𝐍𝐇𝟒 I
d) KF
e) 𝐇𝟐 𝐒𝐎𝟒 Hydrogen sulfate
 Element Symbol Oxidation state
Nickel Ni 2+
Scandium Sc 3+
Titanium Ti 4+
Zinc Zn 2+
Cobalt Co Cobaltous 1+, Cobaltic 3+
Copper Cu Cuprous 1+, Cupric 2+
Iron Fe Ferrous 2+, Ferric 3+
Chromium Cr Chromous 2+, Chromic 3+,
Cromium VI 6+
Vanadium V + 2, + 3, + 4, + 5
Manganese Mn + 2, + 3, + 4, + 6, + 7
Rules in writing the formula for Ionic Compound
Potassium oxide Ammonium phosphate
Write the symbol and charge of
the metal first and the
𝑲𝟏+ 𝑶𝟐− 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝟏+
𝑷𝑶𝟒 𝟑−

nonmetal second.

Use a multiplier to make the

total charge of the cations of
𝟐𝑲𝟏+ 1𝑶𝟐− 3 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝟏+
𝟏 𝑷𝑶𝟒 𝟑−

the metal and the anions of the

nonmetal equal to each other.

Use the multipliers as

subscript for each ion. Reduce
𝑲𝟐 𝑶 𝟏 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒 𝟏
to the lowest ratio.

Write the final formula, leave 𝑲𝟐 𝑶

out all charge and all 𝑵𝑯𝟒 𝟑 𝑷𝑶𝟒
subscripts that are equal to 1
 Write the chemical formula of the following ionic compounds

a) Calcium acetate 𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 𝟏−

𝟏𝑪𝒂𝟐+ 2 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 𝟏− 𝑪𝒂𝟏 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 𝟐 Ca 𝑪𝟐 𝑯𝟑 𝑶𝟐 𝟐

b) Ferric oxide

c) Copper (II) sulfite

d) Zinc cyanide
e) Cobaltous chloride 𝑪𝒐𝟏+ 𝑪𝒍𝟏− 1𝑪𝒐𝟏+ 𝟏 𝑪𝒍𝟏− 𝑪𝒐𝑪𝒍
Properties of Ionic Compounds
▪ High melting points;

▪ Hard and brittle;

▪ Dissociate into ions when dissolved in water;

▪ Solutions of ionic compounds and melted ionic

compounds conduct electricity, but not in solid
materials;

▪ Form crystals lattices rather than amorphous

solids;

▪ Higher enthalpies of fusion and vaporization

Covalent Bonding
▪ Bonding process when atoms share their valence
electrons to form covalent bond.

▪ Occur between same or different non metallic

elements to form covalent molecule or ion

Chlorine gas, Cl2

Methane, CH4
 Types of Covalent Bonds

Single covalent bond, -

Water, 𝐻2 O

Double covalent bond, =

Carbon dioxide, CO2

Triple covalent bond, ≡

Nitrogen gas, N2

The more covalent bonds, the stronger bond

and the stronger bond the shorter bond length
between atoms.
1. Nonpolar Covalent Bonding
• Bonding process of identical atoms sharing
equal number of valence electrons.

Fluorine gas, F2
Nitrogen gas, N2
Oxygen gas, O2
2. Polar Covalent Bonding
▪ Bonding process of different atoms sharing
unequal number of valence electrons to form polar
covalent molecules.

▪ Occurs when atoms are competing for electrons.

▪ Middle ground between ionic bonding and

covalent bonding.

Water, H2 O
 Rules in Naming of covalent compound
Number of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
atom

Prefix mono di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona deca

𝐂𝟑 𝐂𝐥𝟒 𝐍𝐈𝟖
Write the name of the Tricarbon
first element in the given
formula.

Write the name of the tetrachloride

second element as stem
and adding the suffix ide.

A system of numerical Tricarbontetrachlorde Mononitrogenoctaiodide

prefixes is used to
specify the number of
atoms in a molecule.
Give the name of the following compounds:

a) 𝐏𝟔 𝐒𝟑 Hexaphosphoroustrisulfide

b) 𝐒𝐢𝐎𝟐
c) 𝐂𝟐 𝐇𝟐 Dicarbondihydride; acetylene

d) 𝐒𝐞𝐅𝟒
e) 𝐒𝟒 O
 Write the chemical formula of the compounds:

a) Heptaboron disulfide
𝑩𝟕 𝑺𝟐
b) Dinitrogen monochloride

c) Hexacarbon hexahydride or benzene 𝐶6 𝐻6

d) Diphosporous tetraiodide
e) Decacarbon pentachloride
Properties of Covalent Compounds

▪ Usually liquid or gas;

▪ Solid covalent compounds have soft

structures e.g graphite

▪ Relatively low melting points and boiling

points;

▪ Relatively soft and flexible;

▪ Lower enthalpies of vaporization and fusion;

▪ Poor conductors of heat and electricity due to

the lack of free electrons.

▪ More flammable.
Metallic Bonding
▪ Process of bonding between atoms of positively charged atoms in which the
free electrons are shared among lattice of cations.

▪ Metallic bonds result from the electrostatic attraction between metal cations
and delocalized electrons.

▪ The nature of metallic bonding accounts for many of the physical properties
of metals, such as conductivity and malleability.
 Properties of Metallic Compounds
▪ Metallic bonds are found in pure metals and alloys and some metalloids.

▪ Most metals are excellent electrical conductors because the electrons in the
electron sea are free to move and carry charge.

▪ Conductive nonmetals e.g graphite, molten ionic compounds, and aqueous ionic
compounds conduct electricity due to electrons are free to move around.

▪ Metals conduct heat due to the free electrons capable to transfer energy away from
the heat source and due to the vibrations of excited atoms called phonons moving
through a solid metal as a wave.

▪ Metals can be drawn into thin wires due to local bonds between atoms which can be
easily broken and also reformed.

▪ Metals tends to be shiny or shows metallic luster due to electron sea reflects
photons off the smooth surface.
Chemical bonding
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry-beta/x2eef969c74e0d802:molecular-and-ionic-compound-
structure-and-properties/x2eef969c74e0d802:types-of-chemical-bonds/v/covalent-bonds
Electronegativity of Elements
 Type of Chemical Bond Electronegativity Difference

• Non-polar covalent Bond 0.0 – 0.29

• Polar covalent Bond 0.30 – 1.69
• Ionic Bond 1.7 and higher
Predict the type of bond in the following compounds:

a) NaF b) 𝐍𝐎𝟐 c) 𝐂𝟑 𝐇𝟖 d) 𝐈𝟐 e) CO

Given: NaF From the Table, Na is metal and F is

Required: Type of Bond nonmetal, therefore, the type of bond is
Solution: ionic.
Refer to the Periodic Table of Elements.
Use Pauling Electronegativity Value
Na = 0.9 and F = 4.0

Electronegativity Difference= 4.0 – 0.9

Electronegativity Difference = 3.1

Therefore, NAF has an ionic bond.

e) CO

Given: CO
Required: Type of Bond
Solution:

Since both of the elements of CO are

nonmetals, thus, it has covalent bond.

Use Pauling’s value

C = 2.5 and O = 3.5

Difference = 3.5 – 2.5

Difference = 1

CO has covalent bond, specifically a polar

covalent bond.
Molecular Mass

▪ Mass of a molecule

▪ Sum of the masses of the atoms of a molecule.

▪ Molar mass

▪ Molecular weight
Find the molecular mass

a) Copper sulfate

b) Ferric nitrate pentahydrate

c) Ammonium dichromate
References

Blaber, Mike & Shrestha, Binod (2022). Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloid. Accessed on July 15,
2022 at https://chem.libretexts.org/

Contakes, Stephen (2022). The Group 1, The Alkali Metals. Accessed on July 15, 2022 at
https://chem.libretexts.org/

Eames, Emily V (2020). Properties of Nonmetals. Accessed on July 15, 2022 at

https://chem.libretexts.org/

Flowers, Paul & Lancashire, Robert (2020). General Properties of Transition Metals. Accessed on
July 15, 2022 at ttps://chem.libretexts.org/

Gaffney, Jeffrey S. and Marley, Nancy A. (2018). General Chemistry for Engineers. Netherland:
Elvesier, Inc

Khan, Sal (2022). Chemical Bonding. Accessed on August 1, 2022 at

https://www.khanacademy.org

Yen, The Fu (2008). Chemistry for Engineers. London: Imperial College Press