Atoms, Elements and Compounds Revision

Atom

Tiny particles that

make up everything!

14/06/2023
 Element
One type of atom, on
its own or joined to
another atom These
of atoms
theare ALL
same type.
iron – there’s nothing
else in here
14/06/2023
 Compound
Different types of
atom joined by a
chemical bond.
Water
2 Hydrogen and 1
Oxygen

14/06/2023
 Atoms

Sub-atomic Relative Mass Relative Where is it

particle Charge found?
Proton

Neutron

Electron
How many protons, neutrons and electrons?

4
BeBeryllium
 How many electrons per shell?
Each shell has a maximum number of electrons
that it can hold. Electrons will fill the shells nearest
the nucleus first. 1st shell holds
a maximum of
2 electrons

2nd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons

3rd shell holds

a maximum of
8 electrons
This electron configuration is written as 2,8,8.
 Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with
different mass numbers

• That is;
• Same Atomic Number
• Same no. of protons

• Different Mass Number

• Different no. of neutrons
 Calculating Relative Atomic Mass from
Isotope Data
• Chlorine has two Chlorine
isotopes 35 75%
37 25%
Copper
• Copper has two main 63 69%
isotopes
65 31%
 Definition of Ionic Bonding
Electrostatic attraction between positive and
negative ions.

+ -
An ion is shown like this to
show the electron shells

Or simply like this

 Ionic Compounds
• What do the suffixes –ide and –ate mean at
the end of compounds?

• Work out the formulae of compounds:

– Aluminium bromide
– Sodium sulfide
– Potassium carbonate
– Aluminium nitrate
Which of the following substances form ionic
bonds?
1. Oxygen and chlorine
2. Sodium and chlorine
3. Magnesium and oxygen
4. Magnesium and calcium
5. Potassium and nitrogen
6. Aluminium and fluorine
7. Chlorine and fluorine
 Conductivity
• When heated to become a liquid, ions break
apart from the lattice.
• When placed in water, the lattice breaks down
as the ions separate.

• Ionic compounds can conduct electricity when

liquid (molten) or aqueous because the ions
are free to move.
 Melting Point
Ionic compounds generally have a high melting
point because they have strong electrostatic
attractions between positive and negative ions.
 Definition of Covalent Bonding
Electrostatic attraction between two nuclei and
the shared pair of electrons between them.

+ +
 Which of the following substances form
covalent bonds?
1. Oxygen and chlorine
2. Sodium and chlorine
3. Magnesium and oxygen
4. Magnesium and calcium
5. Potassium and nitrogen
6. Aluminium and fluorine
7. Chlorine and fluorine
• Covalent bonding occurs only between
______________ atoms and they form small “clusters”
called _______________. For example, hydrogen and
____________ form the covalent compound
_____________, CH4. Non-metal atoms can only form
______________ ions, so ionic bonding is impossible.
Therefore, they must ___________ electrons with
each other. Every shared _________ of electrons
represents a single _____________ bond. The atoms
are held together by the _________________
attraction between the two positive ______________
and the shared electrons in the bond.
Draw dot-and-cross diagrams to represent the covalent bonding
in each of the following molecules :

1 Hydrogen H2
2 Chlorine Cl2
3 Water H2O
4 Methane CH4
5 Ammonia NH3
6 Hydrogen chloride HCl
7 Methanol CH3OH
8 Ethene C2H4
9 Oxygen O2
10 Carbon dioxide CO2
11 Nitrogen N2
 GIANT COVALENT SUBSTANCES
In these materials strong covalent bonds join atoms together with
other atoms of the same type to make giant structures, rather than
little groups.

DIAMOND Every C atom

joined to 4
others
Carbon
atom

(this is only part of the

structure - the same
pattern carries on in
Only every direction)
STRONG
bonds
 SIMPLE MOLECULAR SUBSTANCES

These are substances like carbon dioxide CO2, water H2O and
methane CH4 which are always made of simple molecules whether
they are SOLIDS, LIQUIDS OR GASES

H atom

O atom

Whole thing
= H2O molecule
MOLECULES ONLY WEAKLY ATTRACT EACH OTHER

VERY STRONG bonds BETWEEN

ATOMS
(so molecule is very hard to
break up)

WEAK bonds BETWEEN

MOLECULES
(so molecules are easy to
separate)
 Definition of Metallic Bonding
Electrostatic attraction between a lattice of
positive ions and a sea of delocalised electrons.
 SUMMARY - Descriptions METALLIC
IONS IONIC Strong malleable solids
ONLY IONS +
Crystals FREE Don’t dissolve
Dissolve in water ELECTRONS eg copper
eg sodium chloride (salt)

SIMPLE MOLECULAR GIANT MOLECULAR

Usually Gases ATOMS joined Hard strong solids
eg CO2, H2O into GIANT Don’t dissolve
MOLECULES eg diamond
MOLECULES (graphite – special case)
ONLY
 What kind of substance am I?

Substance Melting Conductivity Conductivity Solubility in Solubility in

Point when solid when liquid water hexane

A High Poor Good Soluble Insoluble

B Low Poor Poor Insoluble Soluble

C High Good Good Insoluble Insoluble

D High Poor Poor Insoluble Insoluble