In groups draw a model of the following molecules:

● Carbon dioxide CO2

● Water H2O

● Ammonia NH3

● Methane CH4
Unit 3: Chemical Bonding

pg.47-62
Objectives:
● Understand the difference between covalent and ionic bonding.

● Relate properties of ionic and covalent compounds to their properties.

● Outline the giant covalent structures of diamonds and graphite and how
that relates to their uses.
 Atoms to molecules
As we all (hopefully) know, atoms can be
found individually or bonded together in
Molecules.

Turning atoms into molecules can drastically

change their properties.

For example:
NaCl
Sodium reacts violently with water.
Chlorine gas is deadly to humans.

When bonded, they are essential for life and can add flavour to food.
 Compounds Mixtures

● Water H2O

● Ammonia NH3

● Methane CH4
Is it a compound or a mixture?
Salt dissolved in water

mixture
 Salt

compound
Ethanoic acid

compound
Iron and copper powder

mixture
 Stainless steel
(steel, nickel, chromium)

mixture
 sugar

compound
The product of me dropping sodium in water

compound
Cake batter

mixture
 smoke

Compound and sometimes mixture of compounds

Answer these questions, use the
CB to help you if needed
1. What part of an atom is mainly responsible for the
bonds that are formed?

2. What are the three main types of bonding?

3. What types of elements are involved in these bonds?

4. How do these different bonds handle electrons differently?

5. Can you think of an example compound for each?

What group of elements exist naturally as a single
element?
Why?
What ways can other elements achieve an outer shell?
Covalent bonding
 Covalent bonding
(sharing)
● Between 2 non-metals
● Sharing electrons
● Typically low melting and
boiling points
● Not soluble in water
● Do not conduct electricity
● The more electrons shared,
the stronger the bond
● They share so they each get a full outer shell (2, 8, 8)

Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between atoms and are
attracted by the nuclei of both atoms.
The more electrons shared the
stronger but less stable the bond
(more likely to take place in
reactions).
Draw the dot and cross diagrams of the following
compounds:
1. H2

2. Cl2

3. H2O

4. O2

5. CH4 These aren’t dot

and cross diagrams,
6. NH4 just some nice
chemical models.
Covalent bonds - physical properties
As we learned before, covalent compounds typically have low
boiling/melting points and do not conduct electricity.

Why is this?

Low boiling/melting points - the forces holding the molecules together are weak.
They are easily broken.

Electrical insulators - the electrons are fixed in position, being shared. Electric
charge cannot be carried because the electrons cannot move.
 Intramolecular vs intermolecular

The intramolecular forces are strong, so the compounds and well bonded.

But the intermolecular forces are weak, so they require low energy to change state.
CB pg.56-57 Q1-4
What is an ion? What are the two types of ions?
What causes an ion to be formed?
Cation Anion
Positive charge Negative charge
Ionic bonding
 Ionic bonding
(giving and taking)
● Between a metal and a non-metal
● Giving and taking electrons
● Typically high melting and
boiling points
● Soluble in water
● Conduct electricity when
dissolved in water
● The more electrons given/taken,
the stronger the bond
● They give/take so they each get a full outer shell (2, 8, 8)

Ionic bonds form when electrons are given and taken between atoms and
the resulting ions are electrostatically attracted to each other.
Ionic Bond strength
Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent, hence the higher melting and
boiling points.

There are two factors that affect the overall strength of an ionic bond:

1. The number of electrons exchanged (difference in charge between the

ions)

2. The distance between the ions (smaller atoms will attract more
strongly)
 Research and discuss these questions
Work with a partner, use the book and a phone to research the answers to
these questions. Only 1 phone per group.

1. What does group tell us in the periodic table?

Bohr’s model of an atom

2. What does the period tell us?

3. How can we use the groups to predict

bonding?

4. How can we use the periods?

Using the information about bond strength and a
periodic table, which of these would be the strongest
and which the weakest? Why?

Sodium fluoride Sodium Chloride

NaF NaCl Sodium Bromide
NaBr
Sodium fluoride Sodium Chloride
NaF NaCl Sodium Bromide
NaBr
 What do you notice about these structures?

Sodium fluoride Sodium Chloride

NaF NaCl Sodium Bromide
NaBr
Draw the dot and cross diagrams of the following
compounds:
1. NaCl

2. LiF

3. KBr

4. MgCl2

5. Caesium iodide

6. Magnesium sulfide

7. Sodium oxide
Can we see a pattern?
Which groups like to bond with each other ionically?

Groups 1 and 2 Groups 7 and 6

make 1+ and 2+ cations make 1- and 2- anions

Li+ Na+ K+ O2- S2-

Be2+ Mg2+ Ca2+ F- Cl- Br- I-
CB pg.60 Q5 and 7 (skip 6)
5C

7A
Core:
Describe the differences between elements, molecules, compounds and mixtures.

State that a covalent bond is formed when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms leading to noble gas electron configurations.

Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules, including H2 , Cl2 , H2, O, CH4 NH3 and HCl.

Use dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic configurations of these and similar molecules.

Describe in terms of structure and bonding the properties of simple molecular compounds:
a low melting points and boiling points
b poor electrical conductivity.

Supplement:
Describe the formation of covalent bonds in simple molecules, including CH3 OH, C2H4O2 , CO2 and N2

Use dot-and-cross diagrams to show the electronic configurations in these and similar molecules. Explain in terms of structure and
bonding the properties of simple molecular compounds:
a low melting points and boiling points in terms of weak intermolecular forces (specific types of intermolecular forces are not required)
b poor electrical conductivity.
Core:
Describe the formation of positive ions, known as cations, and negative ions, known as anions.

State that an ionic bond is a strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

Describe the formation of ionic bonds between elements from Group I and Group VII, including the use of dot-and-cross diagrams.

Describe the properties of ionic compounds:

a high melting points and boiling points
b good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid.

Supplement:
Describe the formation of ionic bonds between ions of metallic and non-metallic elements, including the use of dot-and-cross
diagrams.

Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of ionic compounds:

a high melting points and boiling points
b good electrical conductivity when aqueous or molten and poor when solid.

Describe the giant lattice structure of ionic compounds as a regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions.
Review video
Review video
Giant structures
Giant Ionic Structures
The alternating positive and negative ions form a lattice. Each sodium cation is
surrounded by 6 chlorine anions. Overall the number of each is equal.

They are brittle because if you slide them over, then the positive ions line up
and do not attract, the structure breaks.
Giant Ionic Structures
When solid, they cannot conduct electricity.

But when melted or dissolved in a solution, the ions are free to move and carry a
charge.
Giant covalent structures
Carbon and silicon can form large lattices and create crystals.

This is the basis for life on earth and rock formation.

These massive lattices don’t rely on weak intermolecular forces, so they have
some different physical properties.

● Higher melting and boiling

points
● Some can conduct electricity
Diamond and silicon oxide

Each carbon/silicon atom is bonded to

4 others.

These bonds are very strong, so it

has a high melting/boiling point and
is incredibly hard. Although it is also
brittle.

Diamond and silicon (IV) oxide (SiO2)

have very similar physical properties.
Graphite
Each carbon atom is
strongly bonded to 3 others.

But these 2D layers are only

weakly bonded by Intermolecular
Forces.

This means the layers can slide over each other, making graphite a great
lubricant.
Uses of diamond and graphite

Diamond:

● Jewellery
● Cutting tools

Graphite:

● Pencil led
● lubricant
Metallic bonding
A positive cation lattice surrounded by a
sea of delocalised electrons.

The cation lattice gives the structure

malleability.

The free electrons make metals

electrically conductive.

Metals are also ductile, thermally

conductive, dense, strong and often good
catalysts.
 Malleability and conductivity

Layers in a pure metal Free electrons in a metal

• All atoms are the same shape and ●The electrons are completely free to
size move
• Layers can slide easily over one ●This means they can carry a charge
another - malleable from one area to another
Exam style questions
C
B
C
D
Electrons shared between shells; full outer shell achieved; electrostatic
attraction between nucleus and electrons; can be polar or nonpolar
Core:
Describe the giant covalent structures of graphite and diamond.

Relate the structures and bonding of graphite and diamond to their uses, limited to:
a graphite as a lubricant and as an electrode
b diamond in cutting tools.

Supplement:
Describe the giant covalent structure of silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2

Describe the similarity in properties between diamond and silicon(IV) oxide, related to their structures.

Describe metallic bonding as the electrostatic attraction between the positive ions in a giant metallic lattice and a ‘sea’ of
delocalised electrons.

Explain in terms of structure and bonding the properties of metals:

a good electrical conductivity
b malleable and ductile.