How can it strike with such force?

Could its punch injure you?

In addition to accelerating and decelerating
matter,

forces can also affect the size and shape of

matter.
Some materials can stretch, flex or bend when a force is applied to them and then
return to their original shape
Some materials cannot…

They will be permanently deformed or changed.

This depends on the molecular structure of the material

Forces and Matter

L/O:

Can list some of the different effects forces can have on matter

Can state Hooke’s Law in words

Can solve mathematical problems about Hooke’s Law

We are now going to look at the effects of stretching springs
by hanging weights from them.

There is a relationship between the weight or force applied

and the stretch or ‘extension’

Load: The weight attached to the spring

Extension: How much the spring stretches

To calculate the extension you first note the un-stretched length
of the spring.

Next hang the weight from it and measure the new length.

The extension is the difference between the two

 Hooke’s Law

The extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it.

We can see the extension increases in a regular steady pattern until the final
weight is added and the spring is now deformed (permanently damaged)
At what length is the spring stretched too much and
damaged?

At what length is there a change in the pattern?

We can see this easily if we graph our measurements
Let’s recall!

Think of an equation that makes it work.

Think of Force and Extension

Raise your hands!
The formula for Hooke’s Law is F=k.x

Force = spring constant x extension

(weight hanging from spring) = (strength rating of spring) x (extension)

N = N/ cm x cm
 If a Force of 50N increases the extension by 0.025m, what is the spring constant?

F= k.x

50= k.025

k= 2000 N/m

We can then calculate the extension for other loads eg. 100N

Re-arrange the formula x= F/k

x= 100/2000

x= .05m
Hooke’s Law is applied in many machines as well as bridges even tall buildings to
determine safe limits for how much force can be applied.
 The limit of proportionality

A spring has a limit of how far it can stretch and not be damaged

If the load is too great and the spring’s extension will no longer increase by a steady,
regular amount (a)

It will be damaged and now be permanently longer (b)

10 10

In (b) the weight has been taken off and

5 the graph returns to load 0 but the
5 extension will not return to 0

5 5
0 0
10 10
 On a graph the limit of proportionality is shown by a change in slope of line

At this point the extension no longer increases

by a consistent amount related to the load.

What load causes this spring to reach the

limit of proportionality?
 Hooke’s Law

The extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it,

* provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

Formula: F= kx
Force= ‘spring constant’ x ‘extension’

*spring constant is rating of much a spring can stretch, measured in N/cm

 Important notes

• Hooke’s law mostly only applies to springs but there are

other examples like metal wires and elastic or rubber
which can also obey Hooke’s Law

• Increasing the load x2 will increase the extension x2, not

the total length x2

*note the difference

Group task!
What are some important design
considerations for these devices?

Raise your hands!

The materials it is made of are either super high strength alloys or for the transparent materials –
thick curved high strength plastics.

The pressure 600m below the surface of the water is 61

times the normal atmospheric pressure

The curved surface allows for the transfer of pressure or force evenly around the device.

A flat rectangular shape would be more likely to break at its weakest point, in the middle
The pressure in a fluid is caused by the weight (mass x gravity) of the water above.

However it is important to note that the pressure doesn’t just act downwards,

it pushes in all directions

This is why dams need to be wider and stronger at the base (bottom), to resist all of the
pressure

Why is the shape of the dam curved?

Why do they not make very long snorkels? Why can you not just use a long hose?

Why do you need specialised equipment to breath deeper under water?

 Your lungs have a lot of empty space- if you dive deep under the water they are compressed by
the pressure and decrease in size.

If you had a very long snorkel you would need to push the C02 rich air you have already used
all the way out the top so you could then inhale fresh new O2 rich air.

Your lungs are not strong enough to

do this under pressure
Elephants are capable of using their trunk as a long snorkel, why do you think this is?
Pressure on a surface

Pressure = Force / area

N/m2 or Pascal (Pa) = N / m2

 Pressure= Force/ area Unit: N/m2 also known as Pascal (Pa)

A dancer of mass 60kg spins around on the heel of one shoe with an area of 1cm2.

The surface of the floor will be damaged by any pressure exceeding 5 million
Pascals. Will she damage it?

Calculate the pressure exerted by the shoe

Convert mass (kg) to weight (N)

(convert cm2 to m2 = ÷ 100^2)

Calculate the pressure of you or your partner standing on 1 foot
Group task!
Let’s recall
What’s the formula for density?
Let’s recall
What’s the formula for pressure?
Break it down!
Rearrange!

ρ=m/v P=F/A
ρ=m/l.b.h P=m.g/l.b

m= ρ.l.b.h ρ.l.b.h=P.l.b/g
m=P.l.b/g P= ρ.g.h
Pressure in a fluid

The pressure in a fluid (or liquid) changes with depth, it increases the deeper you go

N / m2 or Pa = ( kg / m^3 ) x ( N / kg ) x ( m )
What is the pressure at the bottom of a
swimming pool 2.5m deep?

1000 x 10 x 2.5 = 25,000 Pa

Individual task!
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Pair task
Individual task
Pair task!
 Plenary

State the formula for Hooke’s Law:

State Hooke’s in words:

What is the limit of proportionality:

 Experiment: Using the principle of moments to find an unknown mass

Lab report

Title:

Instructions:

Diagram: Mass 1 (known): Weight 1:

Results: Distance 1 (measure):

Distance 2 (measure):

Weight (unknown) 2:

Mass 2:
Practical 2 Finding the centre of mass of an irregular shaped object

• You will be given 2 shapes to cut

• Write your name on them
• They will be given to another group to find the centre of mass
State the formula for Hooke’s Law: Memory Check

F= Kx
State Hooke’s in words:

The extension of a spring is directly proportional to the load applied to it provided

the limit of proportionality is not exceeded

What is the limit of proportionality:

The point at which the spring has been damaged and will no longer obey
Hooke’s Law

How can you find the limit of proportionality:

Point on the graph where the slope changes/ in the results table
where the extension increases by a greater amount than previously