Lesson 7.

Formation of Ions
and Ionic Compounds
 Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

competency should be met by the students.

Explain how ions and ionic compounds are formed

(S9MT-IIe-f-16).
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

do the following:

● Discuss how ions are formed.

● Predict the charge of an atom when it is transformed to
an ion.
● Discuss the formation of ionic compounds.
● Determine the formula of simple ionic compounds using
the criss-cross rule.
 Learn about It!

Ion Formation
● An atom is made up of protons,
neutrons, and electrons.
● Protons are positively-charged
subatomic particle found in the
nucleus.
● Also in the nucleus are the neutrally
charged neutrons.
A condensed model
● The electrons are moving around of an atom
the nucleus in allowed orbits.
 Learn about It!

Ion Formation
● The atomic number (Z) is equal to the number of protons.
● The mass number (A) is equal to the sum of the numbers
of protons and neutrons.
● The charge is equal to the difference between the protons
and electrons.
 Learn about It!

Ion Formation
● In a neutral atom, the number of protons are equal to the
number of electrons.
● When electrons are gained or lost by an atom, the atom
becomes an ion.
● Ions can be classified according to the number of atoms
present—monatomic or polyatomic.
 Learn about It!

Ion Formation
● When an atom loses
electrons, it becomes a
positively charged cation.
● When an atom gains
electrons, it becomes a
negatively charged anion.
 Learn about It!

Cations
● Cations are positively
charged ions.
● Metals tend to lose
electrons to form cations.
● The metals lose as much
electrons to be
isoelectronic to the closest Sodium loses one electron
noble gas. to produce a sodium cation.
Learn about It!

Number of electrons lost by metals

No. of Electron
Group Metals Charge
Lost

1 Li, Na, K 1 electron +1

2 Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba 2 electrons +2

13 Al, Ga, In 3 electrons +3

14 Sn, Pb 4 electrons +4
 Learn about It!

Cations
● Transition metals also lose electrons to form cations but
the number of electrons they lose varies.

Ions commonly formed by transition metals

 Learn about It!

Anions
● Anions are negatively
charged ions.
● Nonmetals tend to gain
electrons to form anions.
● The nonmetals gain as much
electrons to be isoelectronic Chlorine gains an electron to produce
to the closest noble gas. the chlorine anion.
Learn about It!

Number of electrons gained by nonmetals

Group Nonmetals No. of Electron Charge
Gained
15 N, P 3 electrons –3
16 O, S, Se, Te 2 electrons –2
17 F, Cl, Br, I 1 electron –1
 Learn about It!

Ionic Compounds
● Ionic compounds are formed when cations and anions
are combined. The ions form an electrostatic attraction
when they combine.
● Ionic bonds are the bonds holding the cations and anions
together.
● A binary ionic compound is composed of a metal and a
nonmetal.
 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

● Sodium is a group 1 element and tends to lose one
electron.
● Chlorine is a group 17 element and tends to gain one
electron.
● The electron that sodium loses will be transferred to
chlorine. This makes both sodium and chlorine
isoelectronic with neon and argon, respectively.
 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

Formation of sodium chloride

 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

● The crisscross rule is used to determine the chemical
formula.
○ In this rule, the magnitude of the charge of the cation
becomes the subscript of the anion and vice versa. When
the subscript is one, the number 1 is usually not written.
● The formula is simplified by dividing the subscripts by the
same number. The subscripts must only be whole numbers.
● The chemical formula for sodium chloride is NaCl.
 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

Formation of magnesium sulfide

 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

Formation of aluminum phosphide

 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

Learn about It!
 Learn about It!

Binary Ionic Compounds

Metal Group Nonmetal Group General Formula Example
1 17 MX NaCl
2 17 MX2 CaCl2
13 17 MX3 AlCl3
1 16 M2X Li2O
2 16 MX CaO
13 16 M2X3 Al2O3
1 15 M3X Na3P
2 15 M3X2 Ca3P2
13 15 MX AlN
 Try It!

Write the chemical formula for the ionic

compound lithium fluoride.
 Try It! (Answer)
Write the chemical formula for the ionic
compound lithium fluoride.
The chemical formula for lithium fluoride is LiF.
Lesson 7.2

Writing and
Naming Ionic Compounds
 Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given enabling competency

should be met by the students.

Write chemical formulas and names of ionic

compounds.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

do the following:

● Give the correct name and write the formula for

binary ionic compounds.

● Use the classical and stock systems to name ionic

compounds containing metal cations of variable
charge.
 Learning Objectives

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

do the following:

● Give the correct name and write the formula for

ternary ionic compounds.

● Give the correct name and write the formula for

hydrates.
 Learn about It!

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

1. Retain the name of the metal.
2. Change the name of the nonmetal ending in —ide.
 Try It!

Write the chemical name for the compound

RbBr.
 Try It! (Answer)

Write the chemical name for the compound

RbBr.

The chemical name of RbBr is rubidium bromide.

Learn about It!
 Learn about It!

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

There are two ways of naming a metal with multiple charges:
the classical and the stock system methods.

1. The classical system is mostly for elements having Latin

names and have two possible charges. Instead of
retaining the name of the metal, the Latin name of the
metal is used ending in —ous or —ic.
Learn about It!
 Learn about It!

Naming Binary Ionic Compounds

There are two ways of naming a metal with multiple charges:
the classical and the stock system methods.

2. The stock system uses Roman numerals to identify the

charge of the metal. The name of the metal is retained
while adding the charge in Roman numerals within a
parenthesis after the name of the metal.
Learn about It!
 Try It!

Write the chemical name for the compound

CoCl3 using the stock system.
 Try It! (Answer)

Write the chemical name for the compound

CoCl3 using the stock system.
The name of the compound is cobalt (III) chloride.
 Learn about It!

Naming Ternary and Higher Ionic Compounds

As a general rule in naming ternary ionic compounds, follow
the steps below.

1. Name the metal or the polyatomic cation. A polyatomic

cation is a group containing two or more elements with a
positive charge.
2. Name the nonmetal ending in —ide or the polyatomic
anion. A polyatomic anion is a group containing two or
more elements with a negative charge.
Learn about It!
 Try It!

Write the chemical name for the compound

RbCN.
 Try It! (Answer)

Write the chemical name for the compound

RbCN.

The chemical name of RbCN is rubidium cyanide.

 Learn about It!

Writing Ternary and Higher Ionic Compounds

To write formulas of ternary ionic compounds, follow the
steps below.

1. Write the symbol of the cation and anion. Include the

electrons lost or gained as charges.
2. Crisscross the charges. For polyatomic ions, the subscript
is written outside of the parenthesis.
Learn about It!
 Try It!

Write the chemical formula for the compound

potassium nitrate.
 Try It! (Answer)

Write the chemical formula for the compound

potassium nitrate.

The chemical formula of potassium nitrate is KNO3.

 Learn about It!

Naming Hydrates
In naming hydrates, the number of hydrates is added to the
name of the ionic compound by using Greek prefixes
together with the word hydrate.
Number Greek prefix Number Greek prefix
1 mono 6 hexa
2 di 7 hepta
3 tri 8 octa
4 tetra 9 nona
 Try It!

Write the chemical name for the compound

CuSO4∙6H2O.
 Try It! (Answer)

Write the chemical name for the compound

CuSO4∙6H2O.

The chemical name for the compound CuSO4 ∙ 6H2O is copper

sulfate hexahydrate.
Lesson 7.3

Properties of
Ionic Compounds
 Learning Competency

At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning

competency should be met by the students.

Recognize different types of compounds (ionic or

covalent) based on their properties such as melting
point, hardness, polarity, and electrical and thermal
conductivity (S9MT-IIb-14).
 Learning Objective

At the end of this lesson, the learner should be able to

describe the properties of ionic compounds.
Citrus fruits
contain citric
acid, an ionic
compound.
● Have you seen certain experiments wherein citrus fruits
can light up a small light-emitting diode (LED)?

● Citrus fruits contain citric acid, an ionic compound.

● The mobilization of the ions in citrus makes it possible for

the LED to light up.

● What are the properties of ionic compounds?

 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

● Ionic compounds are generally solid at room temperature.
● When the cations and anions combine, they arrange
themselves in an alternating pattern called a crystal
lattice (the symmetrical three-dimensional structural arrangements
of atoms, ions or molecules)
 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

The crystal lattice of an ionic compound

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

sodium chloride crystal lattice

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Properties of Ionic Compounds

● Cations are smaller than their neutral atom due to the
loss of an electron. Similarly, the anions are larger than
the neutral atom due to the gain of electron.
 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

● Ionic compounds have high boiling and melting points.
This means that high energy is required to break the
forces that connect the lattice.
 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

● The structured position of the ions is also the reason why
ionic solids are brittle. When enough force is applied, the
ions shift position that adjacent ions have the same
charge causing repulsion.
 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

When a hammer strikes a compound,

the crystal lattice is distorted.
 Learn about It!

Properties of Ionic Compounds

● Most ionic compounds are soluble to water.

● Ionic compounds can conduct electricity in the molten

state and aqueous state.
 Learn about It!

Useful Ionic Compounds

Chemical Uses Chemical Name
Formula

CaCO3 Also known as limestone, a component of calcium carbonate

cement and corals

KNO3 Used in explosives and matches potassium nitrate

NaHCO3 Used as baking ingredients sodium bicarbonate

NaF Cleansing agent, an ingredient in toothpastes sodium fluoride

CaSO4∙2H2O Also known as Plaster of Paris, used as cast to calcium sulfate dihydrate
sculpt materials