TOPIC 4 CHEMICAL

BONDING
 STRUCTURE 2.1
Structure 2.1.1—When metal atoms lose electrons, they form positive ions
called cations. When non-metal atoms gain electrons, they form negative
ions called anions.Predict the charge of an ion from the
electron configuration of the atom.
Structure 2.1.2—The ionic bond is formed by electrostatic attractions
between oppositely charged ions.
Deduce the formula and name of an ionic compound from
its component ions, including polyatomic ions.
Binary ionic compounds are named with the cation first, followed by the
anion. The anion adopts the suffix “ide”.
Interconvert names and formulas of binary ionic
compounds.
Structure 2.2.1—A covalent bond is formed by the electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of
electrons and the positively charged nuclei.
The octet rule refers to the tendency of atoms to gain a valence shell with a total of 8 electrons.
Deduce the Lewis formula of molecules and ions for up to four electron pairs on
each atom.
Structure 2.2.2—Single, double and triple bonds involve one, two and three shared pairs of electrons
respectively.
Explain the relationship between the number of bonds, bond length and bond
strength.
Structure 2.2.3—A coordination bond is a covalent bond in which both the electrons of the shared pair
originate from the same atom.
Identify coordination bonds in compounds.
 LEANING GOAL: DESCRIBE CHEMICAL
IONIC BONDING AND COVALENT
BONDING
Chemical bond is a mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei
and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms
together.
Types of Chemical Bond
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
NOTE: Valence electrons are the only electrons involved during
chemical bonding.
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC
BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING

Ionic bond is formed between cation and anion.

* Cations are positively charge atoms.

* Anions are negatively charge atoms

 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE THE
FORMATION OF IONS (FORMATION OF
CATION (+)
LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE THE SIZE
CHANGE FROM AN ATOM TO AN ION
(ANION)
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC
BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING
a chemical bond that results from the
Ionic bond
electrical/electrostatic attraction between cations and
anions

* Cations are positively charge atoms.

* Anions are negatively charge atoms

LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC
BONDING
LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE ionic
BONDING
IONIC BONDING
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC
BONDING AND COVALENT BONDING
a chemical bond that results from the
Ionic bond
electrical/electrostatic attraction between cations and
anions

* Cations are positively charge atoms.

* Anions are negatively charge atoms

 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE
COVALENT BONDING
Covalent bond is formed by sharing a pair of electrons between
atoms (non-metals).
Show the sharing of valence electrons……provide examples
Types of Covalent bonds:
Polar Covalent bond
Non-Polar Covalent bond
 LEARNING GOAL: STATE THE
OCTET RULE
Octet rule states that ‘ chemical compounds tend to form so
that each atom, by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons, has
an octet electrons in its highest occupied energy level’.
Linking questions

What experimental data demonstrate the physical

properties of ionic compounds?
Reactivity 2.2—How does the presence of double and
triple bonds in molecules influence their reactivity?
LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE
COVALENT BONDING
COVALENT BONDING
LEARNING GOAL: DIFFERENTIATE THE
PROPERTIES OF IONS AND MOLECULES
CONDUCTIVITY TEST
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC AND
covalent bonding ; CLASSIFY COVALENT BONDING TYPE
ACCORDING TO ELECTRONEGATIVITY
Covalent bond results from the sharing of electron pairs between two
atoms.

Difference in Electronegativity:
above 1.8 is ionic
below 1.8 is covalent
above 0.4 is polar
0-0.4 is non polar

1.8 is 50% ionic = covalent

NOMENCLATURE
Structure 2.1.2—The ionic bond is formed by electrostatic
attractions between oppositely charged ions.
Deduce the formula and name of an ionic compound from
its component ions, including polyatomic ions.
Binary ionic compounds are named with the cation first,
followed by the anion. The anion adopts the suffix “ide”.
Interconvert names and formulas of binary ionic
compounds.
THE FOLLOWING POLYATOMIC IONS SHOULD BE KNOWN BY
NAME AND FORMULA: AMMONIUM NH4+,HYDROXIDE OH–
NITRATE NO3– HYDROGENCARBONATE HCO3– CARBONATE
CO32– SULFATE SO42–PHOSPHATE PO43–
 LEARNING GOAL: EXPLAIN THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF A CHEMICAL FORMULA

Chemical formula indicates the relative number of atoms of

each kind in a chemical compound.
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME IONIC COMPOUNDS
GIVEN THE CHEMICAL FORMULA

Rules in Naming Ionic Binary Compound

Name the positive ion first followed by the negative
ion
The negative ion’s name will take an ‘ide’ ending.
As long as metal ion is present (cation) DO NOT
INCLUDE THE NUMERIC SUBSCRIPT IN
NAMING
Examples:
Al2O3 -aluminum oxide, CaCl2-calcium chloride ,
Ba3N2 –barium nitride, RbF-rubidium flouride
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Classwork: write your answers in your notebook.
1. K2O 7. CsH
2. MgI2 8. Li3P
3. Al2S3 9. RbCl
4. BaF2 10. SrS
5. Na3N
6. CaCl2
 WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
GIVEN THEIR NAMES
Let us reverse the process…..
Please read the rules on the next slides...
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AND WRITE THE
CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
Oxidation number or oxidation state – is the combining capacity of
an atom of element.
Rules in Writing Chemical formula:
1. Write the correct symbol for the atom of element in a compound.
(Always write the metal symbol followed by the non-metal)
2. Assign their oxidation numbers then criss-cross their oxidation
numbers and write them as subscripts.
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AND WRITE THE
CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF IONIC
COMPOUNDS
1. Disregard the electrical charge on the subscripts.
2. Subscripts of one should not be written.
3. Numerically equal subscripts should not be written.
4. Polyatomic ions with subscripts of more than one should
be enclosed in a parenthesis.
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC COMPOUND
GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL FORMULA
Exceptions to the binary naming:

NH4+ (ammonium ion) – whenever the ammonium ion is present at beginning of

the chemical formula followed by non-metal or anion, read the compound as
binary with ‘ide’ ending even if it is not. (provide examples)
OH- (hydroxide ion) – hydroxide ion is always read with ‘ide’ ending even if the
compound is not a binary. (example: NaOH –sodium hydroxide)
CN- (cyanide ion) – cyanide ion is always read with ‘ide’ ending even if the
compound is not a binary. (example: KCN – potassium cyanide)
 LEARNING GOAL: WRITE THE CHEMICAL
FORMULAS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS
Potassium sulfide
Ammonium bromide
Aluminum phosphide
Calcium hydride (hydrogen has +1 oxidation state except in hydrides where it has -1)
Ammonium nitride
Barium oxide
Lithium fluoride
Cesium carbide
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME THE CHEMICAL
FORMULAS OF BINARY COVALENT
COMPOUNDS
In naming binary compounds of two non-metals, subscripts are included in
the compound’s name. The last element’s name will still end in ‘ide’.
NEVER use the prefix ‘mono’ in naming the first atom of element in the
binary compound of two non-metals (Ex. CO- carbon monoxide NOT
monocarbon monoxide; PCl3 – Phosphorous trichloride NOT
monophosphorous trichoride).
Prefixes
1- mono 6- hexa
2- di 7- hepta
3- tri 8- octa
4- tetra 9- nona
5- penta 10- deca
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AND WRITE THE
CHEMICAL FORMULAS OF BINARY
COMPOUNDS OF TWO NON-METALS
CO
CO2
PCl3
N2O5
N2O
CCl4
P2O5
 LEARNING GOAL: WRITE THE CHEMICAL FORMULAS
OF BINARY COMPOUNDS OF TWO NON-METALS

Reverse the process….....

Diphosphorous pentoxide – 2 phosphorous and 5 oxygen = P2O5
Sulfur hexafluoride
Carbon tetrabromide
Sulfur trioxide
Phosphorous pentachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
dihydrogen monoxide
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME TERNARY
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Rules in naming ternary compounds with metals
of fixed oxidation state.
1. Name the metal ‘as is’ for metals with fixed
oxidation number. Use classical and stock name
for metals with variable oxidation number.
2. Name the polyatomic anion ‘as is’
3. NEVER READ THE SUBSCRIPT IF THE
METAL OR CATION IS PRESENT IN THE
CHEMICAL FORMULA.
 EXAMPLES OF TERNARY
COMPOUNDS
Examples:
CaCO3 – Calcium carbonate (don’t change the ending of the
polyatomic anion’s name- name the ions in a compound ‘as is’). DO
NOT INCLUDE the numeric subscripts in the name as long as the
metal or cation is in the chemical formula.
Try these:

NH4NO3 K2Cr2O7
Mg(OH)2 AgNO3
KMnO4 NaClO
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Rules in Naming Ionic Compound containing transition
metals
In naming ionic compounds involving transition
metals, two methods are used:
Roman Numeral Method OR Stock Method of
Naming – the oxidation number of ions are
written in Roman numeral, enclosed in
parenthesis.
NOTE: Reduce the subscript using the smallest ratio
number
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Examples:

CuI –
- Copper (I) iodide

CuI2 -
- Copper (II) iodide
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Examples:
Name the following ionic compound with transition metals. Give their ‘classical
name’ and ‘Roman numeral name’:
1. SnO
2. Sn2S4 – final formula = SnS2
3. HgCl
4. HgS
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
1. FeS
2. Fe2O3
3. Cu2O
4. CuI2
5. Pb3N2
6. Pb3P4
7. AuCl
 LEARNING GOAL: NAME AN IONIC
COMPOUND GIVEN ITS CHEMICAL
FORMULA
Classwork:
Give the ‘classical name’ and ‘Roman numeral name’ of the
following:
1. CuF
2. SnCl2
3. PbO2
4. AuCl
5. HgBr
6. CuS
LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC AND
COVALENT BONDING
Conductivity between Ionic
and Covalent compounds

Conductivity

Ionic Covalent
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE ionic
AND COVALENT BONDING
Example of Ionic bonding
* Ca – crystal
* Sodium and Nitrogen
* Calcium and Nitrogen
* Magnesium and Phosphorous
* Lithium and sulfur
* Aluminum and Nitrogen
* Potassium and Fluorine
 LEARNING GOAL: DESCRIBE IONIC
AND COVALENT BONDING
Classwork:
1. Calcium and hydrogen
2. Aluminum and Phosphorous
3. Strontium and Sulfur
4. Sodium and Fluorine
5. Potassium and Chlorine
6. Lithium and Carbon
7. Magnesium and Nitrogen
Structure 2.2.2—Single, double and triple bonds involve one, two and
three shared pairs of electrons respectively.
Explain the relationship between the number of
bonds, bond length and bond strength.
Structure 2.2.3—A coordination bond is a covalent bond in which
both the electrons of the shared pair originate from the same atom.
Identify coordination bonds in compounds.
Structure 2.2.4—The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
model enables the shapes of molecules to be predicted from the
repulsion of electron domains around a central atom.
Predict the electron domain geometry and the
molecular geometry for species with up to four
electron domains.
 LEARNING GOAL: DETERMINE THE
GEOMETRY OF THE COVALENT COMPOUND
Exeption to the octet rule:
Some atoms like: B, Be and H might form stable compounds with incomplete octet.
 LEARNING GOAL: EXPLAIN HOW TO DETERMINE
THE LEWIS STRUCTURES FOR MOLECULES

Lewis structures are

formulas in which atomic symbols represent nuclei and
valence electrons by dot pairs or dashes between atomic symbols
represent electron pairs in covalent bonds.

Example: PCl3 Lewis structure – dash /dots

 LEARNING GOAL: DETERMINE THE
GEOMETRY OF THE COVALENT COMPOUND
Exercises:
PCl3
1. CH4
2. H2O
3. NF3
4. BF3
 LEARNING GOAL: DEDUCE THE
RESONANCE STRUCTURES

Resonance Structures
C6H6
CO3-2
O3
 LEARNING GOAL: DETERMINE THE
GEOMETRY OF THE COVALENT COMPOUND
Representations of Lewis structure

Bonding pairs of electrons

Non-bonding pairs of electrons
Examples:
PH3
CO2
CO
Structure 2.2.4—The valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR)
model enables the shapes of molecules to be predicted from the
repulsion of electron domains around a central atom.
Predict the electron domain geometry and the
molecular geometry for species with up to four
electron domains.
 LEARNING GOAL: DETERMINE THE
GEOMETRY OF THE COVALENT COMPOUND
Orbital Molecular Geometry/ shape (electron domain geometry)
Linear
Trigonal planar
Tetrahedral
Bent
Trigonal pyramidal

NOTE: count the electron domain (electron density) around the central
atom.
Electron domain is the region where electrons (bonding or non-bonding)
are likely to be found.
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
PREDICT THE MOLECULAR
GEOMETRY OF H2O
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
LEARNING GOAL: PREDICT
MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
 TOK IN CHEMISTRY
1) What determines the covalent nature and properties of a
substance?

What can be deduced from the temperature change that

accompanies chemical or physical change?

2)How does the periodic table help us to predict patterns and trend
in the properties of elements?
 LEARNING GOAL: DRAW LEWIS
STRUCTURE OF CATIONS AND ANIONS
NH4+ - ammonium ion (polyatomic cation)
Cl- - chloride ion (anion)
NO3- - nitrate ion (polyatomic anion)

NOTE: each electron pair is described as “ELECTRON DOMAIN” or “Negative

Center”