College of Engineering,

Architecture
and Technology

Introduction
to
Chemistry

Presented by

Prof. Ederlina
Maniquiz Sagales
Contents

01 02 03
The Periodic Table Chemical Formula Chemical Reaction

Metals Writing Formulas Chemical Equation

Non-Metals Naming of Compounds Types of Chemical
Metalloids Reactions
Balancing Chemical
Equation

Presented by

Prof. Ederlina
Maniquiz Sagales
The Periodic Table
The Ultimate Guidebook of Students
in Chemistry

The elements are arranged by

atomic number in horizontal rows
(Periods) and vertical columns
(Group or Family
Three Categories of Elements:
1. Metals – a good conductor of heat and electricity because the
outermost electrons are mobile. Loose an electron during
chemical reactions.
2. Non-Metals – Usually a poor conductor of heat and electricity
because the electrons in them are not free to move around.
They hold on to their electrons tightly. Most of them gains
electrons from metals. They are mechanically weak in its
stable form and brittle if solids.
3. Metalloids – has properties that are intermediate between
those of metals and non-metals
Majority of the elements are metals; 17
elements are non-metals and only 8
elements are metalloids.
From right to left across any period,
the physical and chemical properties
of the elements change gradually from
metallic to non-metallic.
 Group A elements are representative
elements.
Group 1A: Alkali Metals (li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr)
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra)
Group 7A: Halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At)
Group 8A: Noble Gases/Innert Gasses (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn)

Stable Atoms – Not reactive. They are the elements in

Group 8A
Molecules – A combination of at least 2 atoms in a specific
spatial arrangement held together by attractive forces called
chemical Bonds.

Compounds – are molecules consisting of 2 or more elements

represented by a chemical formula.
Diatomic Molecules – contains only 2 atoms
Ex: H2, O2, Cl2

Polyatomic Molecules - contains more than 2 atoms

Ex: H2O, NH3, CH4
IONS – an atom or group of atoms that has
a positive (+) or negative charge (-)

Cations – lose electrons, metals

Anions – gain electrons, non-metals

Charges on Common monoatomic ions
Examples of polyatomic ions:
CHEMICAL BOND – is a strong force of attraction or linkage between atoms due to
the interaction between them.

 Octet Rule states that in compound formation, atoms of elements lose,

gain or share electrons in such a way that each atom
participating in a chemical bonding acquires an electron configuration
resembling that of the noble gas nearest to it in the Periodic Table.
 Two Major Type of Chemical Bonding

1.Ionic bonding or Electrovalent Bonding. It is formed by a transfer of electrons from a

metal to non-metal. As a general rule in ionic bond formation, metals lose electrons to
form positive ions and non-metals gains electron to form negation ions. The compound
formed is called ionic or electrovalent compound. These compounds are usually hard,
non-volatile solids with high melting point.

2. Covalent Bonding. A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between

two non-metals. It consists of an

electron pair shared between two bonded
atoms. The compound formed is
called covalent compound. These
compounds are usually gases
or liquids with low boiling point.
Chemical Formula – is a representation of the composition of compounds.
It contains:

1. The symbol and formula of the elements or radicals, and

2. The number of atoms of each element present written as numerical
subscript to the right of each symbol.

Things to know in writing a chemical formula

1.Correct symbol of element and radical.

2.Corresponding valence or oxidation number
Valence Electrons – denote the number of electrons in the
outermost energy level. It also describes
combining power of an atom in a compound.

Oxidation Number – refers also to the combining capacity of an

atom but specifying charge (whether
positive or negative charge).

Radicals – are group of elements which act as one ort single atom in
a chemical reaction and show
definite valence.
Rules in Writing Formulas
1. Criss-Cross Rule. Chemical compounds are electrically charge.
The total number of positive charges is equal to the number of
negative charges. Hence the valence of positive entity equals the
subscript of the negative entity. The net charge should equal to
zero. The positive ion is written first followed by the negative ion.

Example: write the formula of Aluminum oxide

Rules in Writing Formulas

2. When valence number is 1, subscript 1 is not written

Example: sodium chloride - NaCl

3. When the oxidation number of both elements are greater than 1 and
numerically equal, the subscript are not also equal.
Example: Calcium oxide – CaO
Rules in Writing Formulas

4. All radicals with subscript of 2 or more must be enclosed in a

parenthesis

Example:

5. All subscripts must be reduced to lowest term except for

molecular or covalent compounds.
Naming of Compounds
I. Naming Molecular Compounds – compounds of non-metals only
Rule: name of the first element and the root word of the second
element plus “ide”. Use Greek prefixes to denote the number of
atoms.
Naming of Compounds

II. Naming of Ionic Compounds-

Do not use Greek prefixes when naming ionic compounds because the subscript can be inferred from the charges
of the ions.
Many of the transition metals (1B, 3B-8B) can assume different charges all positive (+). Their charge can be inferred
from the number and charges of the ions present in the chemical formula
To indicate the charge (of the metals that can have different charges only) you have to include Roman Numerals in
the parenthesis after the cation’s name.
Naming of Compounds

III. Naming of Acids

ACIDS – are substances that produced H+ when dissolve in water.

Anions usually come from dissolving acids in water

In order to use the acids to help remember the names of the

polyatomic anions, lets start with oxoacids. Acids containing H, O
and one central atom
Naming of Compounds
III. Naming of Acids

If one O is removed from the formula, the “ic” becomes “ous”

If we remove another O from chlorous acid , the name becomes hypochlorous

acid. If we add an O to Chloric Acid the name will be hyperchloric acid.
Naming of Compounds
III. Naming of Acids

Anions derived from oxoacids are called oxoanions.

Rules in Naming Oxoanions

1. When all H are removed from the “-ic” acids, the anion’s name
ends with “-ate”

2. When all H are removed from the “-ous” acids, the anion’s name ends in”-ite”
Rules in Naming Oxoanions

3. The names of anions in which one or more but not all H atoms have
been removed must indicate the number of H atoms
Bases - substances that produce OH- ions when dissolved in water.
Chemical Reactions

Atoms undergo chemical change when they react to form

molecules and ions
The chemical change can be described using chemical
equations

Chemical Equations - a written statement that use symbols and

formulas instead of words to describe that changes that occur
in a chemical reaction.
Parts:

1.Reactants – are substances that combine in the reaction. Formulas

of the reactants must be correctly written on the left side of the
equation.

2.Products – are the substances that are formed by the reaction

written at the right side of the equation
Symbols:

“reacts to form”, yields, produce

Separate each reactants and each product. Means

“reacts with”

Placed at the formula that is gas.

Means precipitate, insoluble solid

Coefficients – the number placed before the formulas to balance
equations

Conditions – words or symbols placed above or below the arrow.

Catalyst – substance that alters the speed of the reactions without

being consumed in the reaction.

Use of abbreviations g, l, s, aq – describe the physical state of the

atoms or compounds
 Major Types of Chemical Reactions

1.Precipitation – usually occur in aqueous solution and result in the

formation of an insoluble substance or precipitate

2.Acid-Base Reactions – protons transfer reaction, important in the

industrial processes and essential in sustaining biological system.

3.Oxidation-Reduction (REDOX Reaction) – involves transfer of

electrons between substances.
Steps in Writing and Balancing a Chemical Equations

1. Write the correct formula for the reactants and products.

Elemental substances are usually shown as monoatomic (their

symbols require no subscript)
EXEMPTIONS:

Formulas of compounds can be obtained from the oxidation

number of the elements in the compound
Steps in Writing and Balancing a Chemical Equations
2. In balancing equations, start with the more complex parts (the
compounds that have several elements).

3. Balance the element one at a time by placing the smallest

possible whole number before the formula. Hydrogen and oxygen
are the last to be balanced.

4. A balanced equation should have the same number of atoms of

each element on both sides of the equation. In making the
adjustments, to balance the equation, do not change the formula of
any substance correctly written in step 1

5. Polyatomic ions or radicals are balanced as a group.

Steps in Writing and Balancing a Chemical Equations
Example:
Barium Chloride + Silver nitrate Barium Nitrate + Silver Chloride
Types of Chemical Reactions

1. Direct Combination or Synthesis – is a reaction in which two or

more substances (either elements or compounds) combine to
form one product

A+B AB

2. Decomposition or Analysis – is a reaction in which one

compound breaks down into 2 or more new substances (either its
constituent elements or simpler compound)

AB A+B
Types of Chemical Reactions
3. Replacement or Displacement (Substitution) – is a reaction between element
and a compound wherein the element replaces another element in a compound.
Replacement reactions takes place when the free element is more active than
the combined element. The element may be metal or non-metal.

The Electromotive Series or Activity Series is used to predict the products of the replacement reaction. The
activity series is an arrangement of metals in the order of their activity. Hydrogen is also included in the series. In
using this series, any free metal or non-metal higher on the list will displace another that is lower in the series.
Also any metal above hydrogen on the Activity series will displace hydrogen in acids and in water.

A + BC AC + B
Types of Chemical Reactions
Activity Series for Metals For Non-Metals
Types of Chemical Reactions

4. Double Replacement or Metathesis – in this type of reaction, two compounds react to

form new compounds. There is an interchange of ions or radicals.

AB + CD AD + CB