CHEMICAL BONDING

AND THE SHAPES OF

MOLECULES
AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS
LESSON , YOU ARE EXPECTED
TO:

⮚ Draw the Lewis structure of

ions
GUESS THE WORD

NODB
GUESS THE WORD

BOND
GUESS THE WORD

RERUCUTTS
GUESS THE WORD

STRUCTURE
DEFINITIONS

 BOND – is a lasting attraction

between atoms, ions or molecules
that enables the formation of
chemical compounds.

 STRUCTURE – the arrangement of

chemical bonds between atoms in a
molecule ( in an ion or radical with
multiple atoms )
TYPES OF BONDING AND THEIR
PROPERTIES

Ionic Bond Covalent Bond

 Ionic Bond

This type of interaction is

observed between atoms
with large differences in their An ionic compound is
tendencies to lose or gain formed when the two
is formed when metals on
electrons and is achieved via oppositely charged ions
the left side (Group 1(A) and
electron transfer. Once the attract each other. For
Group 2(A) of the periodic
electrons have been instance, positively charged
table and nonmetals on the
transferred to the non-metal, sodium ions and negatively
right side (except noble
both the metal and the non- charged chloride ions attract
gases, group 8A) interact.
metal become ions. The each other to make sodium
metal becomes positively chloride, or table salt.
charged and the nonmetal
becomes negatively charged.
IONIC BONDS
 Ionic Bond

Ionic compounds tend to have higher melting

and boiling points. They are hard and brittle
and conduct electricity when dissolved in
water. Some common ionic compounds are
magnesium bromide (MgBr2), magnesium
oxide (MgO), and potassium bromide (KBr).
 COVALENT BOND

 Covalent bonds are formed when atoms reach stability by

sharing electrons (rather than fully gaining or losing
them).
 Covalent bonds are more common than ionic bonds in the
molecules of living organisms.
 These bonds mostly occur between nonmetals or between
two of the same (or similar) elements.
 One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared
between atoms, resulting in single, double, or triple
bonds, respectively. The more electrons that are shared
between two atoms, the shorter and stronger their bond
will be.
 COVALENT BOND

 Compounds formed through covalent bonding are brittle

solid, have relatively low melting and boiling points, and
are poor conductor of heat and electricity.
 Several covalent compounds have high vapor pressure,
which makes them volatile and good as fuels.
 Propane, methane and gasoline are all covalent
compounds that readily undergo combustion, producing
energy as a bi-product. Water and almost all the
biomolecules that govern the chemistry in our body are
formed through covalent bonds.
 LEWIS
STRUCTURES AND
BOND
FORMATION
LEWIS DOT SYMBOLS

is very useful when learning about chemical

bonding, and chemical reactions. It consists of
the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. The
dots are placed on the four sides of the
symbol—top, bottom, left, and right—and each
side can accommodate up to two electrons.
 Also called Lewis electron-dot structures
Developed by American chemist Gilbert Lewis
A system of representing the valence electron of an
LEWIS atom using diagrams
STRUCTURE In writing Lewis structures, a dot is placed in each of
the four sides of the element symbol before pairing it
with another as needed to represent all valence
electrons of the element
ION FORMATION
Most metals have one to
three valence electrons, which
can be easily removed
because of their relatively low
ionization energy
Group 1A elements, having
the lowest ionization energy
can easily lose their one
valence electron to achieve a
noble gas configuration (duet)
for Period 2 metals, octet for
Period 3
ION FORMATION

Group 2A elements can lose Group 3A elements have three

two valence electrons using a valence electrons to lose with
higher ionization energy than even greater ionization energy
Group 1A than Group 2A elements
ION FORMATION

Groups 5A, 6A, and 7A can gain

three, two, and one electron(s),
Nonmetals, having high electron respectively to form their
affinity, can gain valence anions. Similar to cation
electrons to fill their s and p formation, the number of
orbitals and form an octet electrons gained by an atom is
numerically equal to the charge
of its anion
 LEWIS STRUCTURES OF
IONS
• Ions may be represented
using Lewis structures by
simply removing (or
adding) the number of
dots that corresponds to
the electrons lost (or
gained) by the neutral
atom.
 LEWIS STRUCTURES OF
IONS
• Ions may be represented
using Lewis structures by
simply removing (or
adding) the number of
dots that corresponds to
the electrons lost (or
gained) by the neutral
atom.
Lewis Structures and Bond
Formation
Lewis Dot Symbols

 is very useful when learning about chemical bonding, and chemical

reactions. It consists of the symbol of an element and one dot for each
valence electron in an atom of the element. The dots are placed on the
four sides of the symbol—top, bottom, left, and right—and each side
can accommodate up to two electrons.
Lewis dot symbols of some main block elements
OCTET RULE

• When atoms of the other elements in the periodic table tend to

achieve the configuration of the nearest noble gas by reacting
with the same element or with other elements to form more
stable compounds
OCTET RULE
OCTET RULE
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURE

 Lewis structures are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of
a molecule, and the unbonded electrons that may exist in the molecule.
A Lewis structure can be drawn for any covalently-bonded molecule.
Lines are drawn between electrons that are bonded to one another.
Excess electrons that are not bonded or lone pairs are represented as
pair of dots and are placed next to the atoms on which they reside.
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURE
WRITING LEWIS STRUCTURE
Formal charge

 is the difference between the valence electrons in

an isolated atom and the number of electrons
assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure. We can
calculate the formal charge on an atom in a
molecule using the equation
 Note that the central atom is the least electronegative atom in the molecule.
Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract toward itself the electrons. It increases
from left to right across a period and decreases down a group. Moreover, check the formal
charge of each atom. It is imperative to remember that atoms are more stable when they
have lesser charge or no charge at all. Negative formal charges should be assigned to more
electronegative atoms. The overall formal charges of the atoms being bonded should be
equal to the overall charge of the compound.
 Molecular
Geometry
and Polarity
Quarter 2
After going through
this lesson , you are
expected to:
1. Describe the geometry of
simple compounds
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-81);
2. Determine the polarity of
simple molecules
(STEM_GC11CBIId-g-82)
  relates to the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms
in a molecule.
 the size and shape of a molecule of a substance,
together with the strength and polarity of its bonds,
Molecular affect the physical and chemical properties of
molecules and play an important role in their
geometry interactions especially in the life-sustaining processes in
cells.
 the angles and distances between each atom, bonding
pair, and lone pair of electrons are determined by the
attractive and repulsive forces governing all matter.
 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair
Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory

 The approach in predicting molecular

geometry is called the Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR). This
prediction is anchored from the assumption
that all electron pairs in the valence shell
around a central atom repel one another.
The key ideas of the VSEPR theory
 A denotes to the central atom and X refers to
another atom bonded to it. If there are lone pairs
or unbonded pair of electrons attached to the
central atom, this is indicated by the letter E.
Hence, AX3E2 means that A has three atoms of X
bonded to it and A also has two lone pairs of
A,X,E notation electrons. To picture the three-dimensional shape
of a molecule, black wedges are used to represent
chemical bonds coming toward you, while dashed
lines are for bonds that extend back behind the
surface. Solid lines or “sticks” are used for the
backbone of the chemical structure and for
chemical bonds on the same plane.
LINEAR GEOMETRY

►For two electron pairs in

an atom to be as far apart
as possible, they should
be at 180o angle from
each other
TRIGONAL PLANAR

 Three electron pairs in an atom are widely

separated at 120o angle to one another, forming
an equilateral triangle
TETRAHEDRAL

 This arrangement of electron pairs reduces repulsions among four sets of

electron pairs
 The angle between any two electron pairs is 109.5o
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Predicting Molecular Geometry
Predicting Molecular Geometry
Predicting Molecular Geometry
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
AND BOND POLARITY

 Electronegativities can be used to

predict the nature of the chemical
bond that can exist between atoms
 The larger the electronegativity difference between
the atoms, the more polar the bond will be
₋ Ionic bonds has the highest electronegativity difference
and are therefore the most polar of the chemical bonds ELECTRONEGATIVITY
₋ Covalent bonds may be polar or nonpolar depending on
the electronegativities of the atoms involved
AND BOND POLARITY
 Polarity is a physical property of compounds which relates
other physical properties such as solubility, boiling and
melting points and intermolecular interactions between
molecules.

Molecular It is a measure of how equally the electrons in a bond are

distributed between the two atoms involved in a covalent
bond.
Polarity
Bond polarity increases with the increasing electronegativity
difference between the atoms in a molecule since there is a
shift in electron density towards the more electronegative
atom.
 Polar molecule always contain one or more polar
bonds; but some molecules with polar bonds can be
nonpolar overall.
 This difference can be explained by the net dipole
moment, measured in debyes and which is affected by
the shape of the molecule. Molecular
 Higher the value of net dipole moment, the more
polar is the molecule.
Polarity
 Depending on the symmetry in the molecules, dipole
moments may cancel out or add up.
 POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
 The polarity of substances
determines their solubility in
different solvents

 Solubility follows the general rule

“like dissolves like”
POLARITY OF
MOLECULES
⮚ A polar solute always
dissolves in a polar solvent

⮚ A nonpolar solute dissolves in

a nonpolar solvent

⮚ A nonpolar (or polar) solute

will not dissolve in a polar (or
nonpolar) solvent