NANOMATERIALS

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS 2023

Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
 Nanoscience is the study of the materials of nanoscale.

 Materials of nanoscale of 1 – 100 nm.

 Nanotechnology is the application of nanoscience

 Design, characterization, production and application, structures, devices

and system of nanoscale materials.

 Synthesis, manipulation, design and application of functional system or

materials at the nanoscale.

 Understanding and control of materials on the atomic or molecular scale

(National Geography, 2022)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0ZZa9YlsjE
Nanomaterials
 Nanoparticles, NPs

 Tiny materials having minimum sizes ranging from 1

to 100 nm

 Chemical substances or materials composed of very

small particles of different shapes and sizes no
larger than 100 nanometers, or about 1000 times less
than the thickness of human hair.
Classes of NPs
according to occurrences
Natural NPs
 Found in nature

 𝐅𝐞𝐎, 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 , 𝐅𝐞𝐒, 𝐀𝐠, 𝐀𝐮 produced from

ocean spray, forest fire, dust
storms, volcanic ash, and
biological particles like fungi and
virus.
 By Product NPs
 Industrially or biological produced
together with the major or principal
product particularly during combustion
reactions.

https://www.twi-global.com/
Engineered NPs
 Man-made NPs

 Specially produced NPs through

engineering to perform for special
purpose.
Classes of NPs
according to composition
Organic-based NPs
sourced mainly from living things like
proteins aggregates,
lipid bodies, milk emulsions, or
complex organized
structures like viruses.
 Inorganic-based NPs
 composed of a metal element or nonmetal
element, or take the form of 𝐎𝟐− , 𝐎𝐇 𝟏− ,
chalcogenide like 𝐒 𝟐− , 𝐒𝐞𝟐−
and 𝐓𝐞𝟐− , or 𝐏𝐎𝟑−
𝟒 compounds.
Carbon-based NPs
 composed mostly of 𝐂 like carbon
nanotubes, carbon nanofibers,
graphene sheets, graphene quantum
dots, graphene nanoribbons, and
graphene nanoparticles.
Composite-based NPs
• combined, hybrid, core-shell prepared
with other NPs or with larger, bulk type
materials.
Production of NPs
Top-down Approach
 involves the breaking
down of large pieces of
material to generate the
required nanostructure
of nanomaterials.
Top-down Approach for NPs
Bottom-up Approach

The Bottom-up approach

involves assembling of single
atoms and molecules into
larger nanostructures of
nanomaterials.
Bottom-up approach for NPs
 Synthesis of NPs
Chemical Vapor Deposition

The substrate is
exposed to one or more
volatile precursors,
which react and
decompose on the
substrate surface to
produce the desired thin
film deposit.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=9XKGVHPXXho
Precipitation Processes
or Co-precipitation Process

The simultaneous
precipitation of more than
one compound from a
solution
Sol-gel Process or
Chemical wet process

The molecular precursor is dissolved in

water or alcohol and converted to gel
by heating or hydrolysis or alcoholysis.
Aerosol Process
The aerosol is suspended in a liquid
which is heated to 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝒐 - 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒐 C under
pressure and passed through orifice
to form aerosols.

 Flame hydrolysis – an exothermic

combustion of the liquid phase,
followed by evaporation, oxidation,
and nucleation under high flame to
form subsequent solid nanomaterials
via coagulation, sintering, and
agglomeration.
Determinants in NPs Synthesis
 Particle size

 Chemical composition

 Crystallinity

 Shape

 Temperature

 pH

 Concentration

 Surface modification

 Process control
Properties of NPs
 Highly mobile in free state – ability to move freely or easily

 High surface areas – ability to cover void surface area

 Unusual phase transformation – ability to absorb or emit energy

 Defect stabilization – ability to keep the structure by minimizing or avoid

imperfection

 Surface strain – ability to reduce breaking the surface due to excessive force
applied.

 Controlled aggregation – ability of material to form into clusters

Uses of NPs  Environmental preservation

 Drug delivery

 Carbon Nanotubes

 Sunscreen or UV protection

 Morphing wing
Properties of CNTs, Carbon nanotubes
 High thermal conductivity

 High electrical conductivity

 Ratio

 Very elastic

 High tensile strength

 High flexible

 Low thermal expansion coefficient

 Good electron emitters

 Uses of CNTs
 Energy storage  Thin-film electronics

 Modeling device  Coatings

 Automotive parts  Actuators

 Boat hulls  Electromagnetic shields

 Sporting goods  Water filters

 Carbon nanotube baseball bat  Nano-Ti𝐎𝟐 camouflage uniform

 Antibacterial nanomaterial towels

 Self-cleaning coating

 Solar panels
 Electronic circuits
Metal oxides NPs (𝐍iO, 𝐙𝐧𝐎, 𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟐 , 𝐅𝐞𝟐 𝐎𝟑 , 𝐓𝐢𝐎𝟐 , 𝐂𝐨𝟑 𝐎𝟒 NPs)
Properties of Metal Oxides NPs
 Crystalline solids containing metal cations and oxide anions.

 Reactive with 𝐇𝟐 𝐎 to form acids and bases, and forms salts.

 UV absorption

 Color absorption within visible region dichroism

 Photoluminescence
Uses Catalyst – substance that speeds up or slows
down chemical reaction without itself
of going any permanent change.
Metal Oxides Adsorbent – substance that allows for other
substance to stay on its surface.

Superconductor – substance that have

superconductivity at very cold
temperature, no electrical
resistance, and does not allow
magnetic field penetration

Semiconductor – substance that have conductivity

between conductor and insulators

Ceramics – crystalline, glassy non-reactive substance

Antifungal agents – substance to prevent fungus

growth
 Nanotechnology in the Philippines

 Department of Science and Technology –

Philippine Council for Advanced Science and
Technology Research and Development

 Semiconductor, IT, Energy, Agriculture,

Medicine, and Environmental Protection

 Nanosilica-based Fertilizer to increase

germination and growth rate of tomatoes;
fruitect coating technology to boost shelf life
of high valued-fruits like mango and papaya;
nanoencapsulated plant growth regulators to
enhance germination and root development of
coffee, banana and cassava
REFERENCES
Austrian Academy of Sciences. (2022). Accessed on September 30, 2022 at
https://www.nanowerk.com/how_nanoparticles_are_made.php

Bhayarai, Sneha Mohan., Oluwafemi, Oluwatobi Samuel (2018). Nanothechnology: The Science of
the Invisisble.
Accessed on September 16, 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/

Brown, Katherine B., Brown, Cristine Marie B., and Nepomuceno, Robert A. (2022).
Nanotechnology in the
Philippines: Status and Intellectual Property Rights Issues. Accessed on September 15,
2022 at
https://www.researchgate.net/

Khan, Ibrahim & Saeed, Khalid. (2019). Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities.
Accessed on
September 3, 2022 at https://www.sciencedirect.com/

Public Health (2007). Nanotechnology.

https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/nanotechnologies/l-
3/4-