Assignment no 01

Semester: 2nd semester spring-2021

Submission Date: (June 4th,2021)

Submission By: Minahal Amin

Roll Number: 20012507-029

Course Code: CHEM-347

Course title: Basic Applied chemistry

Section: MSc-Chemistry Section-A

Submitted To: Prof. Dr. Waseem Mumtaz

Assignment topic: Nano-composites

Department of Chemistry

UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
WHAT ARE COMPOSITES…………………….03

DEFINITION……………………………………...03

Diff. from other composites……………………….04

Synthesis……………………………………………04

Properties…………………………………………..05

Characteristics……………………………………..05

General features…………………………………...05

Classification………………………………………06

Advantages…………………………………………08

Dis-advantges………………………………………08

Application…………………………………………08

Conclusion………………………………………….08

References…………………………………………..09

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 NANO COMPOSITES
What are composites??

word “composite” means “made of two or more different parts.”

or

“A composite is a combination of two or more different materials that are mixed in an effort to
blend the best properties of both.”

What are nanocomposites?

“ A Nanocomposite is a composite material, in which one of the components has at least one
dimension that is around 10-9 m.”

Or

“ A Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three
dimensions of less than 100 nm, or structure having nano-scale repeat distance between the
different phases that make up the material.”

Fig. : Formation of intercalated and exfoliated nano-composites from levered silicates.

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Why nanocomposites differ from composites?

Mechanically the term nanocomposites are differ from conventional composites due to the
exceptionally high surface to volume ratio of the reinforcing and/or its exceptionally high
aspect ratio.

In nanocomposites, either one of the constituents has dimensions on the nanoscale (<100 nm) or
instead the composite structure exhibits nanosized phase separation of the individual
components. Work in the Department tends to focus on other types of composite, designed for
more specialized applications.

CONVENTIAL

COMPOSITES NANO CAMPOSITES

1. Requires post forming modification of Better modulus.

surface
Thermal stability

2. Long cycle times. Fire retardancy

Dimensional stability

3. Expensive. Surface hardness

Heat distortion

4. Light weight material for non-cosmetic Mar resistance.

parts to reduce weight.

5. Processing of metal costly. Barrier properties

Synthesis of Nanoparticles
❖ Chemical Reduction
❖ Reverse micellar synthesis
❖ Sol-gel process
❖ Aero-gel Process
❖ Microemulsion
❖ Co-precipitation
❖ Decomposition of Organometallic Compounds
❖ Hydrothermal routes

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 ❖ Solution evaporation process,
❖ Sonochemical Ultrasonication
❖ Encapsulation in hosts (Zeolites, clays, buseritesbuserites, etc.)
❖ X- Ray γ irradiation in presence of redox mediators, etc.

Properties of Nanocomposites
✓ Tiny particels with very high aspect ratio, and hence larger surface area.
✓ Larger surface area enables better adhesion with the matrix/surface.
✓ Improvement in the mechanical performance of the parent material.
✓ Better transparency due to small size(>wavelength of light).

Characteristics of Nanocomposites
consist of one or more discontinuous phases of distributed in one continuous phase.
continuous phase is called “matrix”, whereas discontinuous phase is called
“reinforcement" or “reinforcing material”

General features of nanocomposites

Nano composites differ from traditional composites in the smaller size of the particles in the
matrix materials.

Small size may cause

a) Physical senstivity of bulk materials to physical or mechanical energy

b) Higher chemical reactivity of grain boundaries

Physical sensitivity

1) Small size effect

2) Quantum confinement effect

Chemical reactivity

1. Higher gas absorption

2. Increased non-stoichiometry
3. Regrowth
4. Rotation and orientation
5. Sub graining
6. Assembly

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Physical sensitivity
Small size effect: When the particle sizes in composite materials approach lengths of physical
interaction with energy, such as light wave, electromagnetic waves, the periodic boundry
conditions of coupling interaction with energy would behave different from its microscopic
counterparts, which results in unusual properties.

Quantum confinement effect: When electrons are confined to a small domain, such as a
nanoparticles, the electrons behave like “particles in a box” and their resulting new energy levels
are determined by quantum confinement effect. These new energy levels give rise to the
modification of optoelectronic properties such as “blue shift” light emitting diode.

Chemical reactivity
Higher gas absorption: large specific area of nano-partilces can easily absorb gaseous species.

Increased non-stoichiometry phases: Nanomaterials easily form chemically unsaturated bonds

and non-stoichiometry compounds.

Regrowth: Nanomaterials are probably easier to recrystallize and regrow in processing and
service conditions than traditional materials.

Rotation and orientation: Crystallographic rotation and orientation of nanoparticles have been
found in processing of nanocomposites.

Sub-grain: Nanoparticles enveloped into larger particles act as dispersed pinholes to divide the
large particles into several parts.

Assembly: Nanoparticles are easy to aggregate and assemble in liquid or gaseous media.

Classification of Nano-composites:

Nano-
• polymer based
composites
Nano-
• non-polymer based
composites

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Polymer based Nano- Composites:
 Polymer/Ceramic Nanocomposites (Layer structure) Eg. Barium-titanate with polymers

 Inorganic/Organic Polymer nanocomposites (clusters) Eg. Polymer nanofiber with zero

valent nanoparticles.

 Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Nanocomposites (Nanocrystal) Eg. CdS nanocrystals, Poly N-

vinyl carbozole- photo-refractivity.

 Polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposites Eg. Nylon-6 (N6)/ montmorillonite(MMT) with

silicate.

 Polymer/Polymer nanocomposites (fillers) Eg. Poly(p- phinylene oxide )- plastic scrap

recycling.

 Bio-composites Eg. Elastin- collagen

Non-polymer Based Nano-composites

 Metal/Metal nanocomposites (either in the form of alloy or core-shell structure) Eg. Pt-Ru

 Metal/Ceramic nanocomposites (either in the form of nanotube or complicated

nanostructure) Eg. Polysilazane/polysiloxane

 Ceramic/Ceramic nanocomposites (alloy or ceramic) Eg. Zirconia-toughened alumina.

Fig. Schematic Classification of Nano-composites.

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Advantages of designing novel nanocomposites:
• Mechanical properties (strength, bulk modules, withstands limit, etc.)
• Thermal stability.
• Hinders flame and reduce smoke generations.
• Permeability of gases, water, and solvents are reduced.
• More surface appearance.
• Improved electrical conductivity.
• Increased chemical resistance.
Disadvantages of nanocomposite application are mostly toughness and impact performance
associated with nanoparticle incorporation to the bulk-matrix of composite;
• insufficient understanding between formulation/property/structure relationship, need for
simpler particle exfoliation and dispersion.
• cost-effectiveness.

Applications:
a. electro catalyst in batteries for energy saving
b. light weight materials for less fuel consumption.
c. in artificial joints, economically beneficial
d. carbon nanotubes most widely speaking nanomaterial which can be made as
nanocomposite fibers. Abrasion and wear Applications
e. Marine Application
f. Food packaging
g. Fuel tanks
h. Films
i. Environmental protection
j. Flame ability reaction
k. Erosion and corrosion Applications.

Conclusion:
Nanocomposites are upcoming materials which shows the great changes in all the industrial
fields and it is also going to be a economical barrier for developing countries as a tool of
Nanotechnology.

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References:

➢ https://www.slideshare.net/ShivaniPandya/nanocomposite
visited at: june 03,2021
➢ https://www.slideshare.net/krishslide/nanocomposites visited
at: June 03,2021
➢ https://www.intechopen.com/books/nanotechnology-and-the-
environment/nanocomposite-materials visited at: 3 june,2021
➢ https://www.slideshare.net/karthikkrishnask/1st-seminar-
karthik visited at: 3 june,2021