CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION TO NANO TECHNOLOGY

2. ORGIN OF NANO TECHNOLOGY
3. SIZE DEPENDED PROPERTIES
4. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
5. SCATERING,ABSORPTION AND EXTINCTION
6. PLASMONIC NANOMATERIALS
7. CATALYTIC PROPERTIES
8. SURFACE AREA DEPENDENT
9. CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
10. USES OF CARBON BASED NANO MATERIALS
11. USES OF COMPOSITE BASED NANOMATERIALS
INTRODUCTION TO
NANOTECHNOLOGY

•Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter of nano scale to

create new & unique materials and products. Nanotechnology is the technology
that deals with nano-particles(10-9 ).Its the type of technology developed by
humans to deal with nano particles present in a matter.

•Nanotechnology has a great potential to change the world .Just by altering the
alignment of atoms we can create enormous amount of technologies. And that’s
why little things matter.
Richard Feynman
 SIZE DEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF
NANAOMATERIALS
• In at least one dimension, nanomaterials deal with sizes of 100
nanometers or smaller. Because of the high surface area to volume ratio
and the possibility of quantum effects at the nanoscale, nanostructures
have distinct material properties than bulk materials. Because of its
scientific and practical importance, the study of size and shape effects on
material properties has garnered considerable attention.
• The following are some of the size-dependent properties:
 OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANO
MATERIALS

1. Nanomaterials have a wide range of unusual and

remarkable optical properties that differ dramatically
from those of the identical bulk material.

2. By carefully controlling the size, shape and surface

functionality of nanoparticles a wide range of optical
effects can generated with many useful applications. 

3. Depending on the nanomaterial size, composition, and

arrangement, an optical response in a nanomaterial can be
formed through a variety of methods, each of which has
benefits depending on the target application.
SCATTERING, ABSORPTION AND EXTINCTION

1. When light is incident on a nanoparticle, it can be scattered or absorbed

(the sum of scattering and absorption is referred to as extinction).

2. Nanoparticles are in the size regime where the fraction of light that is
scattered or absorbed can vary greatly depending on the particle
diameter. 

3. At diameters less than 20 nm, nearly all of the extinction is due to

absorption.  At sizes above 100 nm, the extinction is mostly due to
scattering.

4. By designing a particle with a larger or smaller diameter, the optimal

amount of scattering and absorption can be achieved. 

5. Another by product of this relationship between size and

absorption/scattering is that aggregation can increase the effective size
of a nanoparticle resulting in an increase in scattering. 
PLASMONIC NANOMATERIALS
1. Allowing for a wide range of color tunability. Nanoscale
structures made of metals such as gold, silver and
aluminum can support surface plasmon modes where
the free electrons in the material naturally resonate at a
frequency that depends on the composition, size and
shape of the particle. 

2. When the wavelength of incident light matches the

oscillation frequency, the particles can strongly absorb
or scatter the light resulting in a strongly colored
particle. 

3. By tuning the size and shape, the peak resonance

wavelength can be shifted across the visible and into the
infrared region of the spectrum
 CATALYTIC PROPERTIES

• Nanomaterial-based catalysts are usually heterogenous catalyst broken

up into metal nanomaterials in order to enhance the catalytic process. Metal
nanoparticles have high surface area, which can increase catalytic activity. 

•Reason for exhibiting catalytic properties-

Basically, when particles become very small and

due to the very high curvature they find, they have

many atoms on their surface, which are very weakly

bonded to the lattice atoms of the lattice.

• Therefore, these particles have very high surface energy and are highly active,
and it is said that surface atoms are in a state of physical instability and are
chemically active, and are prone to perform many chemical reactions.
• Here are advantages of using nano catalysis
 SURFACE AREA DEPENDENT
• Measuring the surface area of nanoparticles is a key to
understand nanoparticle properties, behavior, applications
and hazards.

• Nanoparticles of a material show different properties

compared to larger particles of same material.

• Forces of attraction between surface can appear to be weak

on larger scale , but on a nanoscale they are strong .

• In a nanoparticle this is very large . Atoms on the surface of

a material are often more reactive than those in the center ,
so a larger surface area means the material is more
reactive.
 CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
 Inorganic based nano materials

 Organic based nano materials

 Carbon based nano materials

 Composite based nano materials

 INORGANIC BASED NANO
MATERIALS
A metal or non-metal element can be used to make an inorganic nanomaterial (NM), which can
also be in the form of an oxide, hydroxide, chalcogenide, or phosphate compound.

Uses :
Chemical, electronics, photonics, energy, and medical industries all use inorganic
nanomaterials. Preparing a nanomaterial (NM) often necessitates the use of rigorous and
environmentally harmful physical and/or chemical processes. Inorganic NM biosynthesis has
recently been harnessed using wild-type and genetically edited microbes under mild and
environmentally favorable settings. Microorganisms including microalgae, fungus, and
bacteria, as well as bacteriophages, can be employed as bio factories to make single- and
multi-element inorganic NMs. The methods of inorganic-ion reduction and detoxification are
highlighted, as well as the proteins and peptides involved, in this review of the growing field of
inorganic NM biosynthesis. We illustrate how analyzing a Pourbaix diagram can aid in the
development of predictive biosynthesis methods for NMs with high producibility and
crystallinity, as well as other applications.
ORGANIC BASED NANOMATERIAL

Organic Nanoparticles are materials of two or more dimensions, with

a size in the range of 1–100 nm. Nanoparticles show unique size
dependent physical and chemical properties, for example, optical,
magnetic, catalytic, thermodynamic and electrochemical. The
chemical composition and the shape of a nanoparticle also influence
its specific properties. The main groups of organic Nano carriers are
liposomes, micelles, protein/peptide based and dendrimers.
Dendrimers are highly branched synthetic polymers (<15 nm) with
layered architectures constituted of a central core, an internal region
and numerous terminal groups that determine dendrimer
characteristics.
 USES OF ORGANIC BASED
NANOMATERIALS

• Used in making live saving drugs

• Used in research work
• Used in oral treatment
• Regeneration of cartilage, skin etc.
 CARBON BASED NANOMATERIALS
Carbon-based nanomaterials include fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene and its
derivatives, graphene oxide, nano diamonds, and carbon-based quantum dots. Due to
their unique structural dimensions and excellent mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical
and chemical properties, these materials have attracted significant interest in diverse
areas, including biomedical applications. Among them, there has been recent focus on
the imaging of cells and tissues and the delivery of therapeutic molecules for disease
treatment and tissue repair. The broad-range one-photon property of carbon based-
nanomaterials together with their biocompatibility and ease of functionalization has
made them candidate imaging agents for tumor diagnosis.
In particular, the intrinsic two-photon fluorescence property of carbon based-
nanomaterials in the long wavelength region (near-infrared II) allows deep-tissue
optical imaging. This review highlights the recent development on carbon based-
nanomaterials in the field of one-photon and two-photon imaging and discusses their
possible and promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications for the treatment of
various diseases including cancer.
 USES OF CARBON BASED
NANO MATERIALS
• Use in delivery of therapeutics
• Use in making of biosensors
• Plays vital role in tissue engineering, cancer therapy.
• Used in making of strong textile
 COMPOSITE BASED
NANOMATERIALS
• Nanocomposite is a multiphase solid material where one of the phases has one, two or three
dimensions of less than 100 nanometers (nm) or structures having nano-scale repeat distances
between the different phases that make up the material.
• The idea behind Nanocomposite is to use building blocks with dimensions in nanometer range to
design and create new materials with unprecedented flexibility and improvement in their physical
properties.
• In the broadest sense this definition can include porous media, colloids, gels and copolymers, but
is more usually taken to mean the solid combination of a bulk matrix and nano-dimensional
phase(s) differing in properties due to dissimilarities in structure and chemistry. The mechanical,
electrical, thermal, optical, electrochemical, catalytic properties of the nanocomposite will differ
markedly from that of the component materials. Size limits for these effects have been proposed:
 <5 nm for catalytic activity
 <20 nm for making a hard magnetic material soft
 <50 nm for refractive index changes
 <100 nm for achieving superparamagnetic, mechanical strengthening or restricting matrix
dislocation movement
 USES OF COMPOSITE
BASED NANOMATERIALS

• Heavily used in chemical industry

• Used in defence and in energy industry
• Used in electronics
• Used in optical industry