Nanotechnology refers to the branch of science and engineering devoted to

designing, producing, and using structures, devices, and systems by

manipulating atoms and molecules at nanoscale
 INTRODUCTION
Definition
Nanomaterials are all those materials with a particle size of less than 100 nm in at least
one of its dimensions.
The Japanese scientist called Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University of Science was first to
use the term "nano-technology" in a 1974
Handling of individual atoms and molecules was conceptually explored in depth by K. Eric
Drexler

Importance of Nanomaterials
1. Materials exhibit unique properties (at this scale unique optical, magnetic,
electrical, and other properties emerge)
2. More ductile at elevated temperatures
3. Low thermal co-efficient of expansion
4. Possess high surface to volume ratio (lead to greater chemical reactivity and
affect their strength)
Eye glass lens scratch-resistant coatings

Adding aluminum silicate nanoparticles to scratch-resistant polymer coatings

made the coatings more effective, increasing resistance to chipping and
scratching. Scratch-resistant coatings are common on everything from cars to
eyeglass lenses.
The invention provides bentonite dispersion liquid capable of covering polishing traces
of an automobile.
 INTRODUCTION
Classification of preparation methods
Atoms to nanoparticles
1. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to image and
manipulate atoms and structures on a variety of surfaces

2. The gas phase clusters are generally synthesized from metal

atoms vaporized in ultra-high vacuum by methods such as laser
ablation or magnetron sputtering

3. Gas aggregation is mostly used to synthesize large clusters of

nanoparticles
CLASSIFICATION OF NANOMATERIALS
 Nano material synthesis and processing
Mechanical grinding
Wet chemical synthesis - Sol gel process
Gas phase synthesis - Chemical vapor deposition
Nano material synthesis and processing
Calcination
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Compounds such as halides, hydrides, alkyls,
alkoxides, and carbonyls can be used as precursors.
Precursor gases are often diluted in carrier gases such
as argon and nitrogen and delivered to the reaction
chamber at ambient temperatures.

Germanium sulphide glass thin films have been

deposited on CaF2 and Schott N-PSK58 glass
substrates directly by means of chemical vapor
deposition (CVD). The deposition rate of
germanium sulphide glass film by this CVD
process is estimated about 12 microm/hr at 500
deg C. These films have been characterized by
micro-Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction
(XRD), and scanning electron microscopy
(SEM). Their transmission range extends from
0.5microm to 7microm measured by UV-VIS-
NIR and FT-IR spectroscopy
Characteristics of Nano particles
 Mechanical properties of nanomaterials:
The unique mechanical properties of nanomaterials are due to the increased number of
surface atoms and interfaces, which in turn leads to increased density of defects like grain
boundaries, dislocations, triple junctions, etc. Nanomaterials exhibit the following
mechanical properties as compared to bulk materials:

 Increased strength

 Increased toughness

 Increased hardness

 Increased ductility

 Decreased elasticity

Strength is typically measured by the stress required to cause permanent deformation or failure, while toughness is measured by the energy
needed to fracture a material. Hardness is a measure of the material's resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g. dent or scratch). Ductility
measures the amount of plastic deformation that a material goes through by the time it breaks. Ductility is said to be the property of a material
to stretch without getting damaged.
 Thermal properties of nanomaterials
Nanostructured materials have a higher thermal expansion coefficient, which measures
how the size of the material changes as a function of temperature.

Melting point of nanomaterials

Nanostructured materials have higher proportions of atoms on the surface and at grain
boundaries than in the interior as compared to bulk materials,

When heat is applied, the atoms in the surface and grain boundaries vibrate more readily than
the atoms in the interior, allowing melting to start on the surface and spread to the interior.
This characteristic causes the melting point of a freely standing nanomaterial to be lower than
that of bulk material.

In the presence of nanomaterial, a matrix exerts pressure that limits the oscillation of surface
atoms. Nanomaterial will have a greater melting point than bulk material under these
circumstances.
 Electrical properties of nanomaterials:
Nanomaterials have lower thermal and electrical conductivities than bulk materials.
Nanomaterials have a high density of grain boundaries, which reduces conductivity.

Magnetic properties of nanomaterials:

Materials with nanostructures have higher saturation magnetization and magnetic
coercivity values ( The amount of magnetic field required to get a ferromagnetic
material’s saturation magnetization to zero is known as magnetic coercivity)
Small particles have a single magnetic domain behavior that is easily aligned by an
external magnet, giving rise to improved magnetic properties.

Catalytic properties of nanomaterials

The surface area of a substance affects its catalytic activity
Greater surface area due to an increased fraction of surface atoms exerts stronger
catalytic activity than bulk material.
 Diffusivity
Nanostructured materials have more interfaces than bulk materials since they are smaller in
size.
The interface offers simple diffusion pathways.
Therefore, self-diffusion along the defect side is more effective in nanostructured materials
than in their bulk analog.

Optical properties of nanomaterials

When compared to bulk materials, nanomaterials exhibit distinctive optical characteristics
such as greater scattering, absorption, and luminescence.
The shape and size of nanoparticles can be altered to change their optical properties.
morphological analysis provides information about the physical relationships of the size,
crystallinity, and juxtaposition of the phases present.
Scanning Electron microscope
1. Accurately describe a 3D image of a sample
2. Image of the surface of the object can be captured perfectly.
3. Can magnify the image 10,000,000 times.
4. object is placed on a photographic plate and observed.
4. possible to take a large picture of the whole object.
5. resolution can be 1 nanometer or less.
6. A large number of samples can be analyzed simultaneously

1. Gun emits thermal electrons (by heating the tungsten filament)

2. The anode attracts electrons and turns them into electron
beams
3. Magnetic lens is used to focus the electron beam
4. scanning coil is to centralize the electron beam after it is
emitted from the electron gun
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) focuses on the primary electrons are
emitted from the electron gun and many symbols are generated.

These are secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, characteristic x-ray, sample

flow, etc.

The most used of these is the secondary electron, which is capable of producing
high-resolution images.

These symbols are generated by the collision of the electron beam with the atom
near the sample chamber.

With the help of the secondary electron signal of a scanning electron microscope, it
is possible to observe objects smaller than 1 nanometer.
Application of Nanomaterials