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•Relate Lewis structure of element to
its position of element in the periodic
table
•Define chemical bond and use the
concept of noble gas electronic
structure to account for the formation
of chemical bond.
•Why and how do atoms
combine?
•How does the Lewis Dot
Structure help in the
understanding of how
elements interacts with each
other?
Exercise ANSWERS
• Get the electron configuration, draw the Bohr
model of the following, and determine the
number of VALENCE ELECTRONS:
1. Si –
2. Ca –
3. Cu –
4. Kr –
Exercise ANSWERS
1. Si – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p2
Valence e-: 4 electrons

2. Ca – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p6 4s2
Valence e-: 2 electrons
Exercise ANSWERS
3. Cu – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
3p6 4s2 3d9
Valence e-: 2 electrons

3. Kr – 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2

3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6
Valence e-: 8 electrons
Review
• Define VALENCE ELECTRON.
 Why Do Atoms Combine?
• They combine to form STABILITY.
• Two or more elements combined to form
stability is called a COMPOUND.
Why Do Atoms Combine?
• So what constitutes
“stable” for elements?
• Let’s ask the noblest of
elements, the NOBLE
GASES.
The OCTET Rule
• Chemical compounds tend to
form so that each atom, gain,
lose, or share electrons, until
they are surrounded by 8
valence electrons (4 electron
pairs)
• All noble gases except He has an
s2p6 configuration.
• Caution: there are many
exceptions to the octet rule.
 The OCTET Rule
• This concept involves exclusively valence
electrons, so we need a system to REPRESENT
these electrons with their corresponding
elements.
• What could this representative concept be…?
 Lewis Dot Structure
• The Lewis structure of an atom is
a representation that shows the
valence electrons for that atom.
• Uses dots to show the valence
electrons of atoms.
• Devised in 1916, by this dude
Gilbert Newton Lewis (1875-
1946), American chemist
 Lewis Dot Structure
• Consists of the atomic symbol with dots around
it that represent its valence electrons
Ex. Carbon, with four valence electrons
 Lewis Dot Structure
• Try it with the following:
1. Sulfur
2. Potassium
3. Gallium
4. Neon
5. Tin
 How do atoms combine? How do they form
compound?
1. By transferring of electrons- metals tend to
lose electron(s), nonmetals tend to gain
electron(s)
give and take
2. By sharing of electron pairs between two
atoms.
 Types of Chemical Bonding
1. IONIC BONDING
• Chemical bonding resulting from
electrical attraction between cations
and anions.
• Occurs when elements with low EN
(metals) react with elements with high
EN (non-metals) to form ionic
compounds called salts.
• Examples: NaCl, CaO, Na2O, BaCl2 and
Al2O3
 Formation of NaCl :
Before electron transfer After electron transfer

Na [Ne] 3s1 Na+ [He] 2s2 2p6

11p +
11p+
10e- (isoelectronic with neon)
11e-
Cl [Ne] 3s2 3p5 Cl- [Ne] 3s2 3p6
17p+
17p+
18e- (isoelectronic with argon)
17e-
 Ionic Bond

• The charges on the cations and anions are equal to their

oxidation numbers (ON).
• The oxidation number of an element indicates the number of electrons lost,
gained, as a result of chemical bonding.
Naming Binary Ionic Compounds:

• Rule:

• Mention the name of cation first then the anion

(ending in IDE)
 Exercises:
Electron Formation of Ionic Bond Formula of Name of
Elements -dot Between Elements using e Compound Compound
Symbol dot symbol
12 Mg
35 Br

19 K

9 F

20 Ca

16 S

11 Na

7 N

56 Ba

15 P
More Exercises:
Electron Formation of Ionic Bond Formula of Name of
Elements -dot Between Elements using e Compound Compound
Symbol dot symbol

Li
S
Mg
F
Al
I
Cs

O
K
P
Generalizations: IONIC COMPOUNDS

1.Result from the transfer of electrons

2.Are held together by the attraction of oppositely
charged ions.
3.Consist of oppositely charged ions: cation and
anion
4.Are electrically neutral.
Properties of Ionic compounds
1.High melting and boiling points
2.As solids, are nonconductors of electricity but
when molten or dissolved in water are conductors
of electricity.
3.Have high solubility in water.
4.Most ionic compounds are crystalline solids.
 Transition Metal Ions
Transition Metal Cation and Charges Systematic Name Common Name
Cu1+ Copper (I) Cuprous
Copper
Cu2+ Copper (II) Cupric
Au1+ Gold (I) Aurus
Gold
Au3+ Gold (III) Auric
Fe2+ Iron (II) Ferrous
Iron
Fe3+ Iron (III) Ferric
Pb2+ Lead (II) Plumbous
Lead
Pb4+ Lead (IV) Plumbic
Hg2+ Mercury (I) Mercurous
Mercury
Hg1+ Mercury (II) Mercuric
Sn2+ Tin (II) Stannous
Tin
Sn4+ Tin (IV) Stannic
 Polyatomic Ions
Charge (Oxidation
Chemical Formula Chemical Name
Number)
NH4 Ammonium 1+
C2H3O2 Acetate 1-
CrO4 Chromate 2-
Cr2O7 Dichromate 2-
NO3 Nitrate 1-
NO2 Nitrite 1-
C2O4 Oxalate 2-
PO4 Phosphate 3-
PO3 Phosphite 3-
SO4 Sulfate 2-
SO3 Sulfite 2-
 Types of Chemical Bonding
2. COVALENT BONDING-
• chemical bonding resulting from the sharing of
electron pairs.
• Exists when the difference between the EN of
the atoms is not enough for an electron transfer
(non-metal and another non-metal).
 Types of Chemical Bonding
2. COVALENT BONDING-
• Two types:
• Non polar covalent bond- a covalent
bond in which the bonding electrons
are shared equally by bonded atoms,
resulting in a balanced distribution of
electrical charge.
• Polar covalent bond- a covalent bond
in which the bonded atoms have an
unequal attraction for the shared
electrons
Types of Chemical Bonding
3. Metallic bond
• Attractive force holding
pure metals together
 What determines whether atoms form
chemical bonds?
• It depends on how strongly the atoms of each
element attract electrons
• Electronegativity
• It is the measure of atom’s ability to attract
electrons.
• The greater the electronegativity difference, the
more ionic is the bonding.
Electronegativities of Elements

Electronegativity
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 ASSIGNMENT
Study on IONIC bonds