isan essential process.

Animals and
humans directly depend on plants for
nourishment, shelter, medicine, and
different compounds used for
industrial purposes.
Photosynthesis comes from the Greek
word phos, which
means “light” and
synthesis; which means “putting
together”.
Plants and other photosynthetic
organisms contain chlorophyll that
traps light energy from the sun and
converts it into chemical energy stored
in sugar (glucose) and other organic
molecules.
.In the roots, plants have tube called
xylem and phloem, tubes or veins
which run through the plants’ bodies
and bring water and minerals from the
soil to the leaves.
Cuticle - this is a waxy substance covering the
upper epidermis.
-It protects the leaf from dehydration.
Upper epidermis - this protects the leaf and it has
no chloroplasts.
Palisade mesophyll cell – this is a cell containing
chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts – this cell o8raganelle contains
chlorophyll.
Xylem – this is a vascular tube carrying water
throughout the plant.
Phloem – this is a vascular tube
carrying dissolved sugar molecules throughout
the plant.
Guard cell – this is one of the two
crescentshaped epidermal cells that open and
close a plant.
In photosynthesis; plants use carbon
dioxide, water and light to make sugar
(glucose) and release oxygen as a
byproduct. Photosynthesis occurs in
two sequential stages: the
Lightdependentreactions and the
Lightindependent reactions or Calvin
cycle.
occurs inside the chloroplasts,
specifically in the thylakoid
membrane, where to important
reaction centers are emebedded: the
electron transport chain (ETC) and the
photosystems.
isa series of enzymes embedded in
the membrane.
Electronsare passed along from one
molecule to the next, the energy is
given
off to make adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
arephotopigments such as chlorophyll a,
chlorophyll b, and carotenoids that are
embedded in a membrane.
They are efficient in absorbing light
energy, when they do, electrons are
boosted to a high-energy level.
Photosystem I or 700 – absorbs
 wavelengths og light at P700
nanometers.
Photosystem II or 680 – absorbs

wavelength of light at P680

 nanometers.
1. Noncyclic pathway – begins in
photosystem II or P680.
2. Cyclic photosystem – employs
photosystem I or
P700
is also known as the light-independent
reactions or dark reactions.
it takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts,
a liquid surrounding the thylakoids.
this cycle is aided by a set of enzymes
that catalyzes the reactions.
is dependent on the products of the
lightdependent reactions: ATP and NADPH.
occurs if there is
not enough carbon
dioxide in the stroma .
happens when the stomata are closed
due to an increase of atmospheric
temperature.
are greatly affected by
photorespiaration because their
stomata can only tolerate at
temperature of 15-25ºC. Beyond that
temperature, the guard cells close the
stomata to protect the plants from
losing too much water in hot dry
conditions.
 are efficient even in dry environments
They can tolerate a temperature from 30-40ºC
because their bundle sheets have chloroplasts
that can reserve enough carbon dioxide even if
the stomata are closed.
Carbon dioxide is taken in and uses an enzyme
to make 4 carbon molecules. These move to the
bundle sheets and introduce carbon dioxide
into the Calvin cycle.
takes place at the cellular level,
specifically inside the mitochondria.
itrefers to the breaking down of food
to produce ATP in the presence of
oxygen.
Aerobic respiration – happens in
the presence of oxygen.
Anaerobic respiration - happens in
the absence of oxygen.
take place outside the mitochondrion, in
the cytosol.
begins with breakdown of glucose.
is the metabolic process that serves as the
foundation for both aerobic and anaerobic
cellular respiration.
glucose is converted into pyruvate.
where the oxidation of glucose takes
place.
The pyruvate molecule formed
during glycolysis diffuses into the
mitochondrial matrix.