DP1 BioHL - Topic 8 - Revision

Worksheet [113 marks]

1. Antifreeze is a compound called ethylene glycol, which is metabolized in [1 mark]
mammals to poisonous compounds that cause kidney failure, amongst
other symptoms. The first step in metabolism involves an enzyme called alcohol
dehydrogenase. Two inhibitors of this enzyme used in treating antifreeze
poisoning are ethanol and fomepizole. The chemical structures of antifreeze and
the two inhibitors are shown.

Studies have shown that fomepizole may be preferred to ethanol as a treatment.

What is a reason for this?
A. Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor and may be given in small doses.
B. Ethanol is a non-competitive inhibitor and may be given in small doses.
C. Fomepizole is a non-competitive inhibitor and must be given in very large
doses.
D. Ethanol is a competitive inhibitor and must be given in very large doses.
2. An electron micrograph of a mitochondrion is shown. [1 mark]

The distance between the inner and outer membranes, which are shown by the
box, is always very small. What is the advantage of this small distance?
A. Enables a high concentration of electrons to build up quickly
B. Enables a high concentration of protons to build up quickly
C. Allows fast diffusion of glucose into the mitochondrion
D. Allows fast diffusion of reduced NAD out of the mitochondrion

3. What occurs in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis? [1 mark]

A. Glycerate 3-phosphate is reduced to triose phosphate.
B. Ribulose bisphosphate is regenerated using reduced NADP.
C. Ribulose bisphosphate is oxidized to two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate.
D. Both ATP and NADP are used to produce triose phosphate.
4. The graph shows the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the [1 mark]
rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction.

Which type of inhibition corresponds to the labelled curves?

5. Where in the mitochondrion does the formation of acetyl CoA occur? [1 mark]

6. Which products of the light-dependent reactions are used in the Calvin [1 mark]
cycle?
A. O2 and hydrogen ions
B. ATP and CO2
C. Electrons and reduced NADP
D. ATP and reduced NADP
7. The mitochondrion in the electron micrograph shows some features that [1 mark]
make it efficient for its function. Which labelled feature allows a rapid
build-up of proton concentration for chemiosmosis?

8. Photolysis and carboxylation of RuBP occur during photosynthesis. Where [1 mark]

in the chloroplast do these reactions occur?
9. Some bacteria can synthesize the amino acid isoleucine from threonine, a [1 mark]
process involving five enzymes (E1 to E5) and four intermediary products
(P, Q, R and S). The production of isoleucine is controlled by end-product
inhibition.

Which statement describes this end-product inhibition?

A. If isoleucine accumulates, it inhibits the production of P.
B. End-product inhibition causes a build-up of intermediary products.
C. Isoleucine inhibits E5, so no more isoleucine is produced.
D. Isoleucine affects the structure of threonine.

10. Where are protons pumped, to allow chemiosmosis in aerobic respiration [1 mark]
to occur?
A. From outside the mitochondrion through the double membranes
B. From carrier to carrier in the inner mitochondrial membrane
C. From the matrix of the mitochondrion to the space between the membranes
D. From the space between the membranes to the cytoplasm outside the
mitochondrion

11. The diagram shows some of the intermediate compounds produced [1 mark]
during the Calvin cycle. At what stage does carboxylation take place?
12. A plant is allowed to photosynthesize in an atmosphere containing [1 mark]
radioactive 14C. Where in the plant stem would radioactive sugars be
found?

[Source: sinhyu/123rf.com.]

13. Which equation is an example of decarboxylation? [1 mark]

A. Pyruvate → Acetyl CoA + CO2
B. CO2 + H2O H2CO3
C. CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
D.

14. What does electron tomography allow mitochondria researchers to do? [1 mark]
A. To produce images of cristae.
B. To produce images of ATP synthase molecules.
C. To trace the movement of electrons through the electron transport chain.
D. To visualize oxidation/reduction reactions.
15. Which process does not take place in the stroma of chloroplasts? [1 mark]
A. Synthesis of carbohydrates
B. Fixation of carbon
C. Reduction of NADP
D. Synthesis of ribulose bisphosphate

16. A summary diagram of photosynthesis is shown. Which molecule [1 mark]

represents ATP?

17. What molecule functions as the final electron acceptor in the [1 mark]
mitochondrial electron transport chain?
A. Oxygen
B. ATP
C. Reduced NAD
D. Reduced FAD

18. The Hill reaction occurs when isolated chloroplasts are exposed to [1 mark]
sunlight in the presence of DCPIP. DCPIP replaces NADP as the final
electron acceptor for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. What are
products of the Hill reaction?
A. H2O and ATP
B. ATP and CO2
C. O2 and ATP
D. C6H12O 6 and O2
19. Sulfanilamide inhibits an enzyme that catalyses a reaction involving [1 mark]
PABA, an intermediate in the synthesis of folate in bacteria. The
structures of sulfanilamide and PABA are shown.

The graph shows the rate of reaction with increasing substrate concentration and
with fixed low concentration of different types of inhibitors. Which line on the
graph represents the effect of sulfanilamide?
20. The diagram shows a section through a thylakoid. Electrons move from X [1 mark]
to Y.

[Source: Courtesy Alyse Da Quynh.]

What do the letters X, Y and Z represent?

21. Two reactions of the Krebs cycle are shown. [1 mark]

What type of reactions are isocitrate and oxalosuccinate undergoing?

22. The grey line in each of the graphs below represents the rate of reaction [1 mark]
catalysed by an uninhibited enzyme as substrate concentration is
increased.
Which graph shows expected results if a competitive inhibitor was added to the
reaction?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

23. The diagram shows the link reaction between glycolysis and the Krebs [1 mark]
cycle.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

Which type of reaction is occurring?

A. Pyruvate is carboxylated.
B. CO2 is oxidized.
C. NAD+ is reduced.
D. Pyruvate is phosphorylated.

24. Which structure in the chloroplast diagram is adapted to carry out [1 mark]
chemiosmosis?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

25. The first enzyme in the metabolic pathway that produces isoleucine is [1 mark]
threonine deaminase. Which graph illustrates the relationship between
threonine deaminase activity and threonine concentration?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

26. The electron micrograph shows a section through part of an animal cell. [1 mark]

[Source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrion#/media/File:Mitochondria,mammalian_lung_-
TEM.jpg,
by Louisa Howard.]

Which process is occurring on the structures labelled X?

A. The Krebs cycle
B. The link reaction
C. Glycolysis
D. Phosphorylation of ADP

27. Which process is common to photosynthesis and cell respiration? [1 mark]

A. Photolysis
B. The Calvin cycle
C. The Krebs cycle
D. Chemiosmosis
28. The diagram shows compounds in the Krebs cycle labelled as X, Y and Z. [1 mark]

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

How many carbon atoms are there in Y and in the acetyl group of acetyl CoA?

29. What are final products of photosynthesis and of aerobic respiration? [1 mark]
30. The graph shows the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of an [1 mark]
enzyme-catalysed reaction with and without an inhibitor.

What do the curves J, K and L on the graph indicate?

31. What term is used for ATP synthesis coupled to electron transport and [1 mark]
proton movement?
A. Chemiosmosis
B. Oxidation
C. Glycolysis
D. Cell respiration
32. The diagram shows the structure of a chloroplast. Where is chlorophyll [1 mark]
located?

33. Which is a reduction reaction? [1 mark]

A. ATP changing to ADP
B. Maltose changing to glucose
C. FAD changing to FADH2
D. NADPH changing to NADP

34. What happens when pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the link [1 mark]
reaction?
A. Decarboxylation
B. Phosphorylation
C. Hydrolysis
D. Reduction of pyruvate

35. ATP is needed to change products of the carboxylation of ribulose [1 mark]

bisphosphate into triose phosphate. What other substance is also
needed?
A. Rubisco
B. NADP
C. NAD
D. Reduced NADP
36. Metabolic pathways are dependent on enzyme-catalysed reactions. Which[1 mark]
term corresponds with the description?

37. The following processes occur in aerobic cell respiration. [1 mark]

I. Decarboxylation of pyruvate
II. Diffusion of protons through ATP synthase
III. Phosphorylation of glucose
Which is the correct sequence for these processes?

38. What is reduced by Photosystem I ? [1 mark]

A. ADP
B. NADP
C. NAD
D. FAD

39. Which reaction does not cause a net release of energy? [1 mark]
A. ADP combines with inorganic phosphate to form ATP
B. ATP releases inorganic phosphate to form ADP
C. Loss of hydrogen from reduced NAD
D. Oxidation of reduced FAD
40. Which process occurs during the light-dependent reaction of [1 mark]
photosynthesis?
A. ATP, CO2 and H2O are produced.
B. CO2 is used to produce carbohydrates.
C. ATP and O2 are produced.
D. RuBP is phosphorylated.

41. The image shows a portion of a cell containing a mitochondrion.

[Source: ‘TEM of a mitochondrion’ by Prof. R. Bellairs. Credit: Prof. R. Bellairs. CC

BY 4.0.]
Where do glycolysis and electron transport occur?
42. The diagram shows a mitochondrion. Which letter indicates the structure [1 mark]
where ATP synthase is located?
43. The graph shows the rate of an enzymatic reaction versus the substrate [1 mark]
concentration, in the absence or presence of an enzyme inhibitor.

Which condition is indicated by lines Y and Z?

44. Which technological advance enabled Calvin to perform his lollipop [1 mark]
experiment on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in 1949?
A. Methods for tracing radioactive carbon incorporated in molecules produced by
the alga Chlorella
B. Development of electron microscopes enabling the molecules produced by the
alga Scenedesmus to be viewed
C. Methods for changing the wavelength of light shining on the alga Scenedesmus
contained in the lollipop
D. Development of X-ray diffraction techniques enabling the molecules produced
by the alga Chlorella to be identified
45. This reaction occurs in mitochondria. [1 mark]

What explains that this reaction enables energy to be converted into a usable
form?
A. The oxidized NAD+ will transfer the energy from the C6 compound to ATP.
B. The chemical energy stored in the C6 compound is used to reduce NAD+
allowing ATP production.
C. Energy stored in the CO2 molecule will generate an electron gradient.
D. The C6 compound is reduced and the energy resulting from the removal of one
carbon is used to oxidize NAD+.

46. What is used to reduce NADP in the light-dependent reactions of [1 mark]

photosynthesis?
A. Conversion of ATP into ADP+Pi
B. Electrons from Photosystem I
C. Protons from the thylakoid space
D. Oxygen released by photolysis of water

47. The graph shows an example of an enzyme-catalysed reaction. [1 mark]

What does the curve labelled X represent?

A. No inhibition
B. Competitive inhibition
C. Non-competitive inhibition
D. Reversible inhibition
48. Which process requires oxygen in aerobic cell respiration? [1 mark]
A. Oxidation of triose phosphate
B. Reduction of hydrogen carriers
C. Maintaining an oxygen concentration gradient in mitochondria
D. Accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

49. The electron micrograph shows part of a plant cell. Where do the light- [1 mark]
independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
 The image shows part of a plant cell with a chloroplast in close proximity to
mitochondria.

[Source: Photo © E. Newcomb.]

50a. State two structural similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts.[2 marks]
1.
2.

50b. Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplasts in terms of the [2 marks]
substrates they use and the products they produce.

50c. Outline how the compounds produced by chloroplasts are distributed [3 marks]
throughout the plant.
 The electron micrograph shows part of a cell including a mitochondrion.

[Source: Used with permission of McGraw-Hill Education, from Harrison’s Principles

of Internal Medicine,
J L Jameson et al., 16th edition, 2004; permission conveyed through Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc.]

51a. Outline how the structures labelled X and Y are adapted to carry out the [2 marks]
function of the mitochondrion.
X:

Y:

51b. Explain how ATP is generated in mitochondria by chemiosmosis. [4 marks]

 Mutagens can be removed from the body by converting them to readily excreted
metabolites. NNK is converted to a metabolite, NNAL-Gluc, which can be used as
a biomarker for the uptake of NNK. Cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, is an
indicator of tobacco smoke uptake. The graph shows the relationship between
these two metabolites in the urine of 233 smokers.

52a. State the highest concentration of cotinine in the urine, giving the units. [1 mark]

52b. Deduce, with a reason, whether the concentrations of cotinine and [1 mark]
NNAL-Gluc would be higher in the urine or in the blood plasma of a
smoker.

52c. Suggest one advantage of using the urine concentration of cotinine [1 mark]
rather than NNAL-Gluc to give a measure of the amount of tobacco
smoke inhaled by a person.
 Boreal forests stretch across Canada, Russia and Scandinavia. This northern
ecosystem accounts for 29 % of the world’s forest areas. The long, cold winters
favour tall evergreen trees with either needles or scale-like leaves. These trees
are wind-pollinated and their seeds are not enclosed in a fruit. The photograph
shows a typical boreal forest in winter.

53a. Identify the dominant plant phylum in the boreal forest. [1 mark]

53b. In some areas there are gaps in the boreal forest where trees fail to [2 marks]
grow and peat tends to accumulate. Suggest reasons for this.

53c. An increase in global temperatures poses a critical threat to boreal [2 marks]

forests. Explain the consequences of climate change to this northern
ecosystem.

53d. Suggest one advantage for the evergreen trees of the boreal forest [1 mark]
being pollinated by wind.

53e. Discuss the advantages of the production of seeds enclosed in fruit. [2 marks]
53f. The boreal forests are situated close to the north pole and even in [2 marks]
summer the intensity of sunlight is lower than at the equator. Sketch a
graph showing the effect of light on the rate of photosynthesis, labelling the axes.

53g. In some boreal species, Rubisco is down-regulated during the winter [2 marks]
months. Describe the role of Rubisco in photosynthesis.

54a. Calcium is absorbed from food in the human gut by both active and [3 marks]
passive processes. Outline active transport, including the benefits of the
process.

54b. Describe the role of oxygen in aerobic cell respiration. [5 marks]

54c. Adult humans may absorb more than five hundred litres of oxygen per [7 marks]
day. Explain how gas exchange is maintained in the human respiratory
system.
 The image shows a cell in a section of an onion root tip seen under a light
microscope.

55a. Identify the structure labelled X. [1 mark]

55b. State the stage of mitosis of this cell. [1 mark]

55c. Compare and contrast the location of ATP synthase and the movement [2 marks]
of protons during aerobic cell respiration and photosynthesis.

55d. Using the table, distinguish between the production of ATP, use of [3 marks]
oxygen and release of CO2 in aerobic cell respiration between the
cytoplasm and the mitochondrion.
55e. The graph shows energy levels throughout an uncatalysed reaction. [1 mark]
Draw a curve to show how the action of an enzyme would affect this
reaction.

56. Describe the process of photolysis in photosynthesis. [3 marks]

57a. The sketch shows the relationship between the reaction rate and [2 marks]
substrate concentration in the presence and the absence of a
competitive inhibitor.

Explain the effect of the competitive inhibitor on the reaction rate.

The enzyme ATP synthase has an essential role in aerobic cell respiration.

57b. Describe its location. [1 mark]

57c. Describe its function. [2 marks]

 58a. Identify the following processes as either anabolism or catabolism by [2 marks]
placing a tick (√) in the correct box.

58b. Outline the importance of enzymes to metabolic processes. [4 marks]

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