Ybo, Ruskin Angelo C.

1NUR-6

HW on Carbohydrate Metabolism

GYCOLYSIS

Glycolysis pathway: after digestion of carbohydrates, glucose enters the cell membrane and into the
cytoplasm, GLYCOLYSIS takes place where glu-6-P (a 6C-molecule) is split into two 3C molecules of
gly-3-P, producing 2 pyruvic acids.

The two pyruvic acids are then converted to two acetyl-CoA in the mitochondria where KREB CITRIC
ACID cycle occurs.

1) What reaction is involved in the so called, energy-investing reactions? What chemical compound is
needed to initiate the reaction?

The reaction involve in the energy-investing reaction starts from phosphorylation of the compound
glucose to initiate the reaction. Isomerization is also one of the chemical processes in the given
reaction.

2) The conversion from glu-6-P to fru-6-P involves isomerization. What is an isomer?

Isomers refer to the chemical compounds that differs between their arrangement of atoms but have
the same empirical formulae and numbers of their atoms.

3) What stages in the glycolysis pathway are considered energy harvesting reactions? What are the
products of these reactions that will prove its energy yield?

The second half of the ten stepped process of glycolysis are considered as the energy harvesting
stage in which yields four adenosine triphosphate and two nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride
molecules.

4) The conversion from gly3-P to 1,3-diP uses NAD+ and a dehydrogenase enzyme. What is the role
of NAD+? What reactions therefore are involved in these conversions?

The role of NAD+ is a carrier, an electron carrier in specific, that carries electrons throughout the
process of cellular respiration. When this picks up electrons, a reduction occurs in which transforms
NAD+ to NADH. Nonetheless, by its nature of being a carrier, it conveys and delivers electron to the
Electron Transport chain in which pumps protons through their identified gradient. Hence, synthesis
of ATP is then aided.
.
5) The formation of pyruvic acid (a keto-acid) involves what reaction? Account for the total ATP
produced from glycolysis.

Prepared by: Dr. Marites D. Saludares / Chemistry Department, UST

College of Science / mdsaludares@ust.edu.ph

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 The formation of pyruvic acid is formed from the glucose that was used in the process of glycolysis.
In addition, the total account of ATP yield from the mentioned process is 6 ATPs.

KREB CYCLE

The 2 moles of pyruvic acids produced per molecule of glucose from glycolysis in the cytoplasm,
enters the mitochondria, successively.

Initial Reaction:
pyruvic acid + Co-ASH (co-enzyme A) + NAD+ to produce acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ ion as
products.

1) In the Initial reaction, considering the products in the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA,
aside from the condensation reaction of pyruvic acid with CoA-SH, what is the other reaction
involved?

The other reaction involved in the formation of acetyl-CoA is oxidation reaction that produces twho
carbon dioxide molecules which is then accompanied by the deduction of hydrogen and electrons.

2) In Step 1, how many carbon atoms are there in citric acid? What reactions between acetyl-CoA
and oxaloacetic acid are involved in forming citric acid?

Citric acid contains 6 carbon molecules. The process involved in yielding citric acid from both
acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetic is condensation reaction.

3) In Steps 2 and 3, what are the reactions involved in forming isocitric acid?

The reactions involved are dehydration and hydration reaction, respectively.

4) In Steps 4 and 5, the conversion of isocitric to α-ketoglutaric acid uses NAD+ to produce NADH
and CO2, what are the reactions involved? Compare the no. of carbon atoms between isocitric and
αketoglutaric acid.

The reactions involved in steps four and 5 are oxidation and decarboxylation, respectively. Isocitric
acid contains six carbons, whereas αketoglutaric acid consists of five carbons.

5) In Step 6, the conversion of α-ketoglutaric acid to succinyl CoA requires the removal of CO2 using
NAD+ and Co-ASH to produce NADH and succinyl-CoA. What reactions are involved in producing
succinyl-CoA? Compare the no. of carbon atoms between α-ketoglutaric acid and succinyl CoA.
The reactions involved in producing succinyl-CoA start from oxidation to carboxylation and ends
with thiol ester synthesis. Succinyl-CoA consists of four carbon molecules as to the previous one
that has five carbon molecules.

6) In Step 7, 1 mole of ATP is produced in the conversion of succinyl CoA to succinic acid? What
reactions are involved?

Prepared by: Dr. Marites D. Saludares / Chemistry Department, UST

College of Science / mdsaludares@ust.edu.ph

This study source was downloaded by 100000855050450 from CourseHero.com on 11-02-2022 21:42:22 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/120056139/1NUR6-YBO-BIOCHEM-FINALS-HWpdf/
 This reaction proceeds with the production of an ATP along with the hydrolysis of Succinyl CoA.

7) In Step 8, the conversion of succinic to fumaric acid uses FAD (same role as NAD+). What
reaction is involved? Identify the change in the functional group.
The reaction involved is oxidation reaction. Through this process, hydrogens are taken away from
a saturated alkyl carbon, yielding an alkene. This then forms the fumaric acid.

8) In Step 9, the conversion of fumaric to malic acid, what reaction is involved?

The reaction involved is the hydration of an alkene that yields an alcohol.

9) In Step 10, the conversion of malic to oxaloacetic acid uses NAD+. What is the reaction involved?
Identify the change in the functional group.
The reaction involved is the oxidation reaction. Through this the alcohol functional group changes
into ketone group, forming the oxaloacetic acid.
10) Account for the sum total of ATP produced from glycolysis and Kreb cycle.
The total sum of ATP produced from glycolysis and Kreb cycle is thirty-six adenosine triphosphate.

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)

Cross section of the mitochondria consists of:

1) outer membrane
2) intermembrane space
3) inner membrane
4) mitochondrial matrix

The inner membrane has specialized protein channels (co-enzymes) where H+ ions and electrons
pass through and get translocated, from inner to the intermembrane space.

1) As NADH generated from Kreb cycle moves to a co-enzyme and delivers its H+ ions and electrons,
what happens to NADH?

NADH oxidizes to NAD in the initiating process.

2) As H+ ions remain in the intermembrane space, electrons are continuously passed on through
series of co-enzymes. Which acts as the final acceptor of electrons?

The one that acts as the final acceptor of electrons is oxygen.

3) What compound is produced when electrons react with the final acceptor?

Water or H2O is produced from the reaction of electrons.

4) As H+ ion increases in the intermembrane space, the proton gradient also increases. What is the
effect of this increase in proton gradient on the H+ ions?

Prepared by: Dr. Marites D. Saludares / Chemistry Department, UST

College of Science / mdsaludares@ust.edu.ph

This study source was downloaded by 100000855050450 from CourseHero.com on 11-02-2022 21:42:22 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/120056139/1NUR6-YBO-BIOCHEM-FINALS-HWpdf/
 The effect causes the diffusion of hydrogen ions through the membrane.

Prepared by: Dr. Marites D. Saludares / Chemistry Department, UST

College of Science / mdsaludares@ust.edu.ph

This study source was downloaded by 100000855050450 from CourseHero.com on 11-02-2022 21:42:22 GMT -05:00

https://www.coursehero.com/file/120056139/1NUR6-YBO-BIOCHEM-FINALS-HWpdf/
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