Chapter 14

Biophysics
Chapter 14:
VISCOUS FLUIDS
1
Week 1/Lecture 2
Chapter 14: Mechanics Of Non Viscous Fluids
 Chapter Topics:
14.1 Viscosity
14.4 Flow in circulatory system
14.4 Flow resistance
2
 Introduction
• Fluids in motion exhibit some effects of frictional or viscous forces. Whenever the work done against these
dissipative forces is comparable to the total work done on the fluid or its mechanical energy , Bernoulli’s equation
cannot be used. Nevertheless, it can be used to describe adequately the flow of blood in the large main arteries of
a mammal, but not in the narrower blood vessels.
• The Viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to flow under an applied force.
• The greater the viscosity, the larger the force required to maintain the flow, and the more the energy that is
dissipated.
• Molasses has a high viscosity, water small viscosity and air still smaller viscosity.
• We begin this chapter with defining viscosity. We then examine the effects of viscous forces in the flow of the fluid
in a tube.
3
 Introduction
 Viscosity is responsible for the drag force experienced by object moving through a fluid.
4
14.1 Viscosity
Viscosity is readily defined by considering a simple experiment. The figure show two plates separated by
a thin fluid layer.
The lower plate is held fixed. A force is required to move the upper plate at a constant speed. This force
is needed to overcome the viscous forces due to the liquid and is greater for a highly viscous fluid.
∆
The force 𝐹 is observed to be proportional to the area of the plates 𝐴 and to the velocity gradient
∆
5
14.1 Viscosity
∆𝒗
 The force 𝐹 is observed to be proportional to the area of the plates 𝐴 and to the velocity gradient
∆𝒚
 The proportionality factor is the coefficient of viscosity represented by the Greek letter “eta”)  .
 The S.I unit of viscosity is the 𝑘𝑔. 𝑚 1 . 𝑠 1 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠
 The larger the viscosity, the larger force needed to move the plate at a constant speed.
6
14.1 Viscosity
The Relation between Viscosity and Temperature
Table 14.1: Typical values of viscosity in Pa.S
Temperature ℃ Castor Oil Water Air Normal Blood Blood Plasm
0 5.3 1.792 10 3 1.71 10 5
20 0.986 1.005 10 3 1.81 10 5 3.015 10 3 1.810 10 3
37 ‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.695 10 3 1.87 10 5 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 1.257 10 3
40 0.231 0.656 10 3 1.90 10 5
60 0.080 0.469 10 3 2.00 10 5
80 0.030 0.357 10 3 2.09 10 5
100 0.017 0.287 10 3 2.18 10 5
• As the temperature increases, viscosity decreases for liquids.

• As the temperature increases, viscosity increases for gases.
• Because viscous forces are usually small, fluids are often used as lubricants to reduce friction
7
14.1 Viscosity
Example 14.1: An air track used in physics lecture demonstrations, supports a cart that rides on a thin cushion of
air 1𝑚𝑚 thick and 0.04 𝑚2 in area. If the viscosity of the air is 1.8 10−5𝑃𝑎. 𝑠, find the force required to move the
cart at a constant speed of 0.2 𝑚/𝑠.
8
14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System
The Blood
9
The Blood
• Blood is constantly in motion. Asleep or a wake the blood flows in a circulation system at almost the same rate. It
brings oxygen and nutritive substances to the capillaries (smallest blood vessels) and removes metabolic waste
products and carbon dioxide, which are then eliminated from the body by the excretory organs.
• The blood coordinates activities of various organs by carrying chemical regulators called hormones. Blood
regulates body temperature and protects the body against disease
• For our purposes, it is sufficient to treat blood as a uniform fluid with viscosity
𝜂 2.084 10 5 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 and a density 𝜌 1059.5 𝑘𝑔Τ𝑚3 at normal body temperature.
• Blood accounts for 7 to 9 percent of the total body weight.
 A person weighing 70 kg will have about 4 to 6 liters of blood.
10

The cardiovascular system
• The cardiovascular system includes the heart (pump),
and an extensive system of arteries, vascular beds
containing capillaries, and veins(vessels).
• The arteries carry blood (rich in oxygen) to the
organs, muscles and skin.
• Veins transport the returned blood (poor in oxygen)
to the right atrium , and passes to the right ventricle
to be pumped again through the pulmonary artery to
the lungs for re‐ oxygenation.
• The left atrium receives the newly oxygenated blood
from the lungs as well as the pulmonary vein which is
passed to the strong left ventricle to be distributed
through the aorta to the different organs of the body.
11

The cardiovascular system
• 2:. Properties of the human cardiovascular system for typical adult. All
Table
pressures listed are gauge pressures (1𝑎𝑡𝑚 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Mean pressure in large arteries 12.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Mean pressure in large veins 1.07 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Volume blood (70‐kg man) 5.2 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 5.2 10 3𝑚3
Time required for complete circulation 54 seconds
(resting)
Heart flow rate 9.7 10 5𝑚3𝑠 1
Viscosity of blood (37°C) 2.084 10 3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

Density of blood (37 °C) 1059.5 𝑘𝑔 𝑚 3
12

The Flow Resistance.
• The Flow resistance is defined in general, as the ratio of the pressure drop ∆𝑃 to the flow rate 𝑄,
𝑅𝑓 ∆𝑃/𝑄 , whether the flow is laminar or not.
• According to the Bernoulli’s theorem, for non viscous fluid flowing in a horizontal tube with
constant cross section the pressure is constant along the tube: 𝑃1 𝑃2, then ∆𝑃 0 and 𝑅𝑓 is
zero.
13

• Nevertheless for a viscous fluid, a pressure drop is observed between the two cross sections, this
pressure drop is proportional to the flow rate 𝑄 and defined by:
∆𝑷 𝑷𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝑹𝒇 𝑸
• For laminar flow, the flow resistance can be calculated using the Poiseuille's law:
 𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 are respectively the length and the radius of the tube, 𝜂 is the viscosity of the fluid.
 Usually the flow resistance in a large artery is small. Consequently, the pressure drop in such
arteries is small.
 The unit of flow resistance is the 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠 𝑚−3
14

Example 14.5:
The aorta of an average adult human has a radius 1.3 10 2 𝑚. What are the resistance and the
pressure drop over a 0.2 m distance, assuming a flow rate of 𝐴 10 4 𝑚3𝑠 1.use table 1
Answer:
This is very small value of the pressure drop, compared to the total pressure drop in the system, which is about 13.3
𝑘𝑃𝑎. Most of the flow resistance and pressure drops occur in the smaller arteries and vascular beds of the body (Table
14.4).
15

Flow resistance in blood vessels
The flow resistance of a collection of arteries can be calculated by considering each category of arteries
separately (in series or in parallel).
Vessels in parallel:
Suppose two vessels in parallel (Fig. 14.7) each one carries its equal share of the 𝑅𝑓 and 𝑄: ∆𝑃 is the pressure across
all of the arteries, then:
An equivalent flow resistance is obtained by:
Fig. 14.7
16

Vessels in parallel:
• One can easily observe the analogy with the electric equivalent resistance in electric circuits in
parallel. For N vessels in parallel :
• For 𝑁 identical arteries, the equivalent flow resistance is:

𝑹𝒇
𝑹𝒑
𝑵
Fig. 14.7
17

Vessels in Series:
• Given two vessels connected in series (Fig. 14.8) , the total pressure drop between the ends of these
vessels is:
• An equivalent flow resistance is obtained by:

𝑹𝒔 𝑹𝒇𝟏 𝑹𝒇𝟐
• For N vessels in series:

Fig. 14.8
𝑹𝒔 𝑹𝒇𝟏 𝑹𝒇𝟐 ⋯ 𝑹𝒇𝑵
18

Example 14.6:
• From Table 14.2, the radius of a single capillary is 4 10 𝑚 and its length is 10 𝑚. What is the resistance of
4.73 × 107 capillaries in the mesenteric vascular bed of a dog if they are assumed to be parallel?
19
APPENDIX: Tables
Table 14.2: Derailed structure of the mesenteric (intestinal) vascular bed of a small dog. This is one of many such vascular beds in the body.
Structure Number, N Inner Radius, R (m) Total Inner Cross‐ Length, / (m) Equivalent Flow
Sectional Area, Resistance RN (kPa s
NaR2 (m² m‐3
Mesenteric artery 1 1.5X 10‐3 7.0 X 10‐6 6.0 X10‐2 6.67 X 10
Main branches 15 5.0 X10‐4 1.2 X10‐5 4.5 X10‐2 2.55 X10
Secondary branches 45 3.0X10‐4 1.3 X10‐5 3.91 X10‐2 5.69 X10
Tertiary branches 1,900 7.0X 10‐5 2.9 X10‐5 1.42 X10‐2 1.65X 10
Terminal arteries 26,600 2.5 X10‐5 5.2 X10‐5 1.1 X10‐3 5.61 X10
Terminal branches 328,500 1.5 X10‐s 2.32 X10‐4 1.5 X10‐3 4.79 X10
Arterioles 1,050,000 1.0X10‐5 3.3 X10‐4 2.0 X10‐3 1.01 X10
Capillaries 47,300,000 4.0 X 10‐6 2.378 X 10‐3 1.0 X10‐3 4.38 10
Venules 2,100,000 1.5 X10‐5 1.484 X 10‐3 1.0 X10‐3 4.93 X10
Terminal branches 160,000 3.7 X10‐5 6.73 X10‐4 2.4 X10‐3 4.27 X10
Terminal veins 18,000 6.5 X10‐5 2.39 X10‐4 1.5 X10‐3 2.53X 10
Tertiary veins 1,900 1.4 X10‐4 1.17 X10‐4 1.42 X 10‐2 1.03 10
Secondary veins 60 8.0 X10‐4 1.47 X10‐4 4.19 X 10‐2 9.33 X10
Mesenteric vein 1 3.0 X10‐3 2.8 X10‐5 6.0 X 10‐2 4.0 X10
20

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0 5.3 1.792 10 3 1.71 10 5

20 0.986 1.005 10 3 1.81 10 5 3.015 10 3 1.810 10 3

37 ‐‐‐‐‐‐ 0.695 10 3 1.87 10 5 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝟏𝟎 𝟑 1.257 10 3

40 0.231 0.656 10 3 1.90 10 5

60 0.080 0.469 10 3 2.00 10 5

80 0.030 0.357 10 3 2.09 10 5

100 0.017 0.287 10 3 2.18 10 5

• As the temperature increases, viscosity decreases for liquids.

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

Viscosity of blood (37°C) 2.084 10 3 𝑃𝑎. 𝑠

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

An equivalent flow resistance is obtained by:

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

• For 𝑁 identical arteries, the equivalent flow resistance is:

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

• An equivalent flow resistance is obtained by:

• For N vessels in series:

14.4 The Flow The Circulatory System

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