Carbon Compounds

Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

Testosterone
Thujone
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g.

Carbohydrates
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g.

Carbohydrates
Proteins
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g.

Carbohydrates Vitamins
Proteins
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g. fuels

Petroleum Coal
Natural gas
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g. fuels

Petroleum Coal
Natural gas
 Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)

e.g. fuels

Petroleum Coal
Natural gas
Synthetic materials
Carbon Compounds

Inorganic Organic
carbon compound carbon compound
(from living things)
Synthetic plastic
e.g. fuels

make
Petroleum Coal
Natural gas
Synthetic rubber
 Carbon Compounds as fuels
When carbon compounds are completely burnt,
the reaction needs O2
and produces CO2 and H2O
 Carbon Compounds as fuels
When carbon compounds are completely burnt,
the reaction needs O2
and produces CO2 and H2O

For example,

C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

C2H5OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 3H2O

 Carbon Compounds as fuels
When carbon compounds are incompletely burnt,
the reaction needs O2
and produces CO and H2O

Incomplete combustion happens when there’s not enough oxygen

 Carbon Compounds as fuels
When carbon compounds are incompletely burnt,
the reaction needs O2
and produces CO and H2O

Incomplete combustion happens when there’s not enough oxygen

For example,

C6H12O6 + 3O2  6CO + 6H2O

C2H5OH + 2O2  2CO + 3H2O

Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the complete combustion (burning) of:

1) C2H5COOH

2) C3H7OH

3) C12H12O11
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the incomplete combustion (burning) of:

1) C2H5COOH

2) C3H7OH

3) C12H12O11
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

 Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen Carbons

Hydrocarbons are chemical substances with only hydrogen and carbon

 Hydrocarbons

Hydrogen Carbons

Hydrocarbons are chemical substances with only hydrogen and carbon

Practice Questions
Identify if the following substances are hydrocarbons:

C2H5OH C2H4 C3H8 CH4

HCN C6H12O6 C3H8COOH C3H6

 Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

All C-C At least one C=C or CC
 Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

All C-C At least one C=C or CC

Practice Questions
Identify if the type of hydrocarbons
 Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

All C-C At least one C=C or CC
called called

Alkane Alkene
 Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

All C-C At least one C=C
called called

Alkane Alkene
 Hydrocarbons

Alkane Alkene
All C-C At least one C=C

Practice Questions
Identify if the type of hydrocarbons
 Hydrocarbons

Alkane Alkene
All C-C At least one C=C

Practice Questions
Identify if the type of hydrocarbons

Alkane Alkene Alkane

 Summary

1. Hydrocarbons ONLY contains hydrogen and carbon

 Summary

1. Hydrocarbons ONLY contains hydrogen and carbon

2. Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated

 Summary

1. Hydrocarbons ONLY contains hydrogen and carbon

2. Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated

3. Saturated hydrocarbon only C-C

4. Unsaturated hydrocarbons has C=C or CC
 Summary

1. Hydrocarbons ONLY contains hydrogen and carbon

2. Hydrocarbons can be saturated or unsaturated

3. Saturated hydrocarbon only C-C

4. Unsaturated hydrocarbons has C=C or CC

5. Saturated hydrocarbon with only C-C is called alkanes

6. Unsaturated hydrocarbon with C=C is called alkenes
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

 Carbon compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkane Alkene
Esters
s s
Alkanes
 Alkanes
• Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds
• Only has C-C or C-H bonds
 Alkanes
• Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds
• Only has C-C or C-H bonds
 Alkanes
• Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds
• Only has C-C or C-H bonds

Each carbon only four valence electrons

(can only form four bonds)
 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 1,
Molecular formula Structural formula

CH4

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 1,
Molecular formula Structural formula

CH4

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H6

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H6

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C3H8

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkanes
The general formula of alkanes is CnH2n+2

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C3H8

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

No. of carbon Prefix Alkane Suffix Type of
compound
 Carbon Prefix
number
1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop
4 But
5 Pent
6 Hex
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec

No. of carbon Prefix Alkane Suffix Type of

compound
 Carbon Prefix Carbon number Formul Name of
number a compoud
1 Meth 1 CH4 Methane
2 Eth 2 C2H6 Ethane
3 Prop 3 C3H8
4 But 4 C4H10
5 Pent 5 C5H12
6 Hex 6 C6H14
7 Hept 7 C7H16
8 Oct 8 C8H18
9 Non
9 C9H20
10 Dec
10 C10H22
No. of carbon Prefix Alkane Suffix Type of
compound
Do your practice sheet
 Carbon Prefix Carbon number Formul Name of
number a compoud
1 Meth 1 CH4 Methane
2 Eth 2 C2H6 Ethane
3 Prop 3 C3H8 Propane
4 But 4 C4H10 Butane
5 Pent 5 C5H12 Pentane
6 Hex 6 C6H14 Hexane
7 Hept 7 C7H16 Heptane
8 Oct 8 C8H18 Octane
9 Non
9 C9H20 Nonane
10 Dec
10 C10H22 Decane
No. of carbon Prefix Alkane Suffix Type of
compound
One last thing about naming alkanes

You can number the carbons by:

1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Count the number of carbons
One last thing about naming alkanes

You can number the carbons by:

1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Count the number of carbons
 One last thing about naming alkanes

You can number the carbons by:

1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Count the number of carbons

1 2 3 4 5
Practice Questions
Name the alkanes below:
Physical properties of Alkanes
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

Melting point and boiling point INCREASES down the Alkane group

Weak IMF Stronger IMF

Larger Surface area = Stronger IMF

Weak Intermolecular forces

Weak Van der Waals’ forces
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
4. Density lower than water
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
4. Density lower than water
5. Insoluble in water Covalent
6. Does not conduct electricity compound
Chemical properties of Alkanes
 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Alkanes as fuels

All of these are alkanes

Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the complete combustion (burning) of:

1) Methane

2) Propane

3) Octane

When carbon compounds are completely burnt,

the reaction needs O2
and produces CO2 and H2O
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the incomplete combustion (burning) of:

1) Methane

2) Propane

3) Octane

When carbon compounds are incompletely burnt,

the reaction needs O2
and produces CO and H2O
 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Substitution Reaction
Substitution Reaction
- When an atom (H) in a molecule is replaced by another atom (Halogen)
 Substitution Reaction
Substitution Reaction
- When an atom (H) in a molecule is replaced by another atom (Halogen)
Mono-substitution
 Substitution Reaction
Substitution Reaction
- When an atom (H) in a molecule is replaced by another atom (Halogen)
Mono-substitution Multi-substitution
• Di-substitution

• Tri-substitution
 Naming the products of Substitution Reaction

Mono-substitution

Methane Chloromethane

Ethane Chloroethane

Methane Bromomethane
 Naming the products of Substitution Reaction

Multi-substitution
• Di-substitution
Methane Dichloromethane

Methane • Tri-substitution Trichloromethane

 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

Structral
formula

Molecular
formula

Word
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

Structral
formula + +

Molecular
formula

Word
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

Structral
formula + +

Molecular
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
formula

Word
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

Structral
formula + +

Molecular
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
formula

Word Hydrogen
Methane + Chlorine Chloromethane + chloride
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

uv
Structral
formula + +

Molecular uv
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
formula

Word uv Hydrogen
Methane + Chlorine Chloromethane + chloride

Note: This reaction needs ULTRAVIOLET light.

 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

Structral
formula +

Molecular
formula

Word
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

uv
Structral
formula + +

Molecular
formula

Word
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

uv
Structral
formula + +

Molecular
formula

Word

Note: For one H replaced, one Cl2 is needed and one HCl produced
 Writing chemical equation of Substitution Reaction

uv
Structral
formula + +

Molecular uv
C2H6 + 2Cl2 C2H4Cl2 + 2HCl
formula

Word uv Hydrogen
Ethane + Chlorine Dichloroethane + chloride

Note: For one H replaced, one Cl2 is needed and one HCl produced
Do your practice sheet
 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Cracking
Cracking
- Breaking long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon

Long chain Shorter chains

 Cracking
Cracking
- Breaking long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon

Long chain Shorter chains

Note: Need to use either:

a) Hot alumina (Al2O3)
b) Hot silica (SiO2)
as catalyst
 Cracking
Cracking
- Breaking long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon

Hot Al2O3
+

Long chain Shorter chains

Note: Need to use either:

a) Hot alumina (Al2O3)
b) Hot silica (SiO2)
as catalyst
 Cracking
Cracking
- Breaking long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon

Hot SiO2
+

Long chain Shorter chains

Note: Need to use either:

a) Hot alumina (Al2O3)
b) Hot silica (SiO2)
as catalyst
 Cracking
Cracking
- Breaking long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon

Hot SiO2
+

Long chain Shorter chains

Note: Need to use either: Note: Hard to predict products

a) Hot alumina (Al2O3)
b) Hot silica (SiO2)
as catalyst
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for cracking of:
1) Nonane (with one product being pentane)

2) Octane (with one product being butane)

3) Decane (with two products being propane)

When carbon compounds are incompletely burnt,

the reaction needs O2
and produces CO and H2O
 Chemical properties of Alkanes
Unreactive because strong C-H and C-C bonds

Alkanes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Substitution Cracking reactions

 Summary

1. Alkanes undergo THREE chemical reactions:

a) Combustion
- requires O2
- complete combustion produces CO2
- incomplete combustion produces CO (and maybe C)

b) Substitution
- one H replaced by one Halogen atom
- requires ultraviolet light/sunlight

c) Cracking
- long chain hydrocarbon to short chain hydrocarbon
- requires hot alumina or silica as catalyst
Practice Questions
1. What is the general formula of alkanes?

2. Write the molecular formula for an alkane that has four carbon atoms
and name the alkane.

3. Explain why the melting point and boiling point of alkanes increases when
the number of carbons increases

4. Write the chemical equation for the:

a) combustion of pentane in excess oxygen
b) reaction between ethane and chlorine in sunlight
 Carbon compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkane Alkene
Esters
s s
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Alkenes
 Alkenes
• Has at least one C=C (unsaturated)
 Alkenes
• Has at least one C=C (unsaturated)
 Alkenes
• Has at least one C=C (unsaturated)

H H

C C

H H

Double bond
 Alkenes
• Has at least one C=C (unsaturated)

Functional groups
- Atoms responsible for the for the chemical
properties
 Alkenes
• Has at least one C=C (unsaturated)

Functional groups
- Atoms responsible for the for the chemical
properties

e.g.
 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

Ethane
General formula = CnH2n+2
 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

Ethane Ethene
General formula = CnH2n+2 General formula = CnH2n
 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

Ethane Ethene
General formula = CnH2n+2 General formula = CnH2n
 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H4

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H4

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

When C = 3,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C3H6

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

 Alkenes
The general formula of alkenes is CnH2n

When C = 3,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C3H6

Each C can have a maximum of 4 bonds

Do your practice sheet
Carbon number Formula Name of compound
1 - -
2 C2H4
3 C3H6
4 C4H8
5 C5H10
6 C6H12
7 C7H14
8 C8H16
9 C9H18
10 C10H20
No. of carbon Prefix Alkane Suffix Type of
compound
Carbon number Prefix
1 Meth
2 Eth Alkane (c=2)
3 Prop Eth + ane = Ethane
4 But
5 Pent Alkene (c=2)
6 Hex Eth + ene = Ethene
7 Hept
8 Oct
9 Non
10 Dec
Carbon number Formula Name of compoud
1 - -
2 C2H4 Ethene
3 C3H6 Propene
4 C4H8 Butene
5 C5H10 Pentene
6 C6H12 Hexene
7 C7H14 Heptene
8 C8H16 Octene
9 C9H18 Nonene
10 C10H20 Decene
 One last thing about naming alkenes
You can number the carbons by:
1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Number the carbon in the longest chain, starting with the carbon atom that has
the double bond closest to the end of the chain

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
But-1-ene But-2-ene But-3-ene
(?)
 One last thing about naming alkenes
You can number the carbons by:
1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Number the carbon in the longest chain, starting with the carbon atom that has
the double bond closest to the end of the chain

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
But-1-ene But-2-ene But-3-ene
(?)
 One last thing about naming alkenes
You can number the carbons by:
1. Find the longest straight chain
2. Number the carbon in the longest chain, starting with the carbon atom that has
the double bond closest to the end of the chain

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
But-1-ene But-2-ene But-2-ene

Same molecule
Practice Questions
Write down ALL the different alkenes that you can form from:

1) Pentene

2) Heptene

3) Hexene
Physical properties of Alkenes
 Physical properties of Alkenes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkenes exists as gas
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

m.p. and b.p.

Same as
alkane
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
4. Density lower than water

m.p. and b.p. Alkene

Same as
alkane
Water
 Physical properties of Alkanes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Density increases down the group
3. First four alkanes exists as gas
4. Density lower than water
5. Insoluble in water Covalent
6. Does not conduct electricity compound

m.p. and b.p. Alkene

Same as
alkane
Water
Chemical properties of Alkenes
 Chemical properties of Alkenes
Reactive because of C=C bonds

Alkenes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Addition Polymerization

Note: Alkane is substitution

Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the complete combustion (burning) of:

1) Ethene

2) Propene

3) Octene

When carbon compounds are completely burnt,

the reaction needs O2
and produces CO2 and H2O
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the incomplete combustion (burning) of:

1) Hexene

2) Nonene

3) Decene

When carbon compounds are incompletely burnt,

the reaction needs O2
and produces CO and H2O
 Practice Questions
Why is the combustion flame of hexene more sooty than that of hexane?

Calculate the percentage of carbon in both hexane and hexane

Alkenes are sootier because it has higher percentage of carbon by mass

 Chemical properties of Alkenes
Reactive because of C=C bonds

Alkenes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Addition Polymerization

Note: Alkane is substitution

 Addition Reaction
Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules
 Addition Reaction
Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Addition

ALKENES
 Addition Reaction
Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Substitution Addition

ALKANES ALKENES
 Addition Reaction
Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation Addition Reaction Oxidation

Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation
Hydration
 Addition Reaction
Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation Addition Reaction Oxidation

Hydrogenation Hydrohalogenation
Hydration
Generation Reaction:

+ X-X
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation

+
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation

+
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation

1,2- dichloro
+
pentane

+ 2,3- dichloro
pentane
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation Chlorination

1,2- dichloro
+
pentane

+ 2,3- dichloro
pentane
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation

1,2- dibromobutane
+

+ 2,3- dibromobutane
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Halogenation Bromination

1,2- dibromobutane
+

+ 2,3- dibromobutane
 Addition Reaction

Chlorination Bromination

C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2 C2H4 + Br2  C2H4Br2

Observation Observation
Pale yellow colour of chlorine water Brown/orange colour of brominewater
decolourized decolourized
 Addition Reaction

Chlorination Bromination

C2H4 + Cl2  C2H4Cl2 C2H4 + Br2  C2H4Br2

Observation
Brown/orange colour of brominewater
decolourized
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydrogenation
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydrogenation

But-1-ene Butane
Alkene Alkane
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydrogenation

Ni
+
180

But-1-ene Butane
Alkene Alkane

Conditions: Ni or Pt, 180

Do your practice sheet
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydration
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydration

But-1-ene Steam Butanol

 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydration

But-1-ene Steam Butanol

Alkene HOT Alcohol
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydration

H3PO4
+
60 atm, 300

But-1-ene Steam Butanol

Alkene HOT Alcohol

Conditions: H3PO4, 60 atm, 300

 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydrohalogenation
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Hydrohalogenation

But-1-ene 1-chlorobutane
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Oxidation
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Oxidation

+ +

But-1-ene Butan-1,2-diol
 Addition Reaction

Addition Reaction
- Atoms are ADDED to molecules

Oxidation

+ +

But-1-ene Butan-1,2-diol

Conditions: KMnO4 as oxidizing agent (a chemical that gives O)

 Addition Reaction

Oxidation

Before reaction After reaction

Potassium permanganate turns from PURPLE to COLOURLESS

Do your practice sheet
 Chemical properties of Alkenes
Reactive because of C=C bonds

Alkenes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Addition Polymerization

Note: Alkane is substitution

 Polymerization Reaction
Polymerization reaction
- Combining small molecule units (monomers) to form
one long chain molecule (polymer)
 Polymerization Reaction
Polymerization reaction
- Combining small molecule units (monomers) to form
one long chain molecule (polymer)

Monomer Polymer
 Polymerization Reaction
Polymerization reaction
- Combining small molecule units (monomers) to form
one long chain molecule (polymer)

Monomer Polymer
 Polymerization Reaction
Polymerization reaction
- Combining small molecule units (monomers) to form
one long chain molecule (polymer)

Monomer Polymer

Condition
1. High pressure
2. High Temperature
n n
Ethene Poly(ethene)
 Chemical properties of Alkenes
Reactive because of C=C bonds

Alkenes
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Addition Polymerization

Note: Alkane is substitution

 Summary
1. Alkanes undergo THREE chemical reactions:
a) Combustion
- requires O2
- complete combustion produces CO2
- incomplete combustion produces CO (and maybe C)

b) Addition
- H2C=CH2 + X-X  C2H2X2
1. Halogenation 4. Hydration
2. Hydrogenation 5. Polymerization
3. Hydrohalogenation

c) Polymerization
- small molecules to long chain
Practice Questions
1. Write the chemical equation for the reaction between:

a) Propene and bromine

b) Butene and steam
c) Butene and hydrogen
d) Propene and hydrogen bromide
e) Butene and acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution

2. Describe two tests that can be carried out to differentiate alkenes from
alkanes
 Similarities between alkanes and alkenes

Alkanes AND Alkenes

• Hydrocarbon compounds
• Insoluble in water
• Does not conduct electricity
• Low density
• Low m.p. amd b.p.
• Burns in excess oxygen to form CO2
 Differences between alkanes and alkenes

Alkanes Alkenes
CnH2n+2 General formula CnH2n
Saturated Type of hydrocarbon Unsaturated
Only C-C or C-H Type of bond in At least one C=C
molecule
1. Substitution Type of chemical 1. Addition
2. Cracking reaction 2. Polymerization
No change Reaction with bromine Brown to colourless
water
No change Reaction with KMnO4 Purple to colourless
Less sootier Combustion Sootier
Carbon Alkane Alkene Homologous Series
number (Family)
1 Methane -
2 Ethane Ethene Properties of Homologous Series
3 Propane Propene 1. Same general formula
4 Butane Butene 2. Each member differs by –CH2
5 Pentane Pentene 3. Similar chemical properties
6 Hexane Hexene 4. Physical properties follow a trend
5. Can be prepared using same methods
7 Heptane Heptene
8 Octane Octene
9 Nonane Nonene
10 Decane Decene
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane Methyl group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane - group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane - group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane - group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl 2,3-dimethylpentane
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane - group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Naming more difficult molecules

Carbon Alkane Alkyl Rules:

number 1. Find the longest carbon chain
2. Determine the position of the alkyl
1 Methane - group (must have the lowest number
2 Ethane Ethyl when counted from the end of the chain)
3 Propane Propyl 3. Name the long chain
4. Name the alkyl chain (side chain)
4 Butane Butyl
5. Put in the number of the alkyl chain
5 Pentane Pentyl
6 Hexane Hexyl
7 Heptane Heptyl 2-ethyl-4-methylhexane
8 Octane Octyl
9 Nonane Nonyl
10 Decane Decyl
 Isomerism

Isomers
- Compounds of the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Molecular formula Structural formula

C4H10
 Isomerism

Isomers
- Compounds of the same molecular formula but different structural formula

Molecular formula Structural formula

C4H8
Practice Questions
Pentane has three structural isomers. Draw and name all of them.
Practice Questions
Pentane has three structural isomers. Draw and name all of them.

Pentane

2,2-dimethylbutane
2-methylbutane
Practice Questions
Pentene has five structural isomers. Draw and name all of them.
 Practice Questions
Pentene has three structural isomers. Draw and name all of them.

Pent-1-ene

3-methylbut-1-ene
Pent-2-ene

2-methylbut-1-ene
2-methylbut-2-ene
Do your practice sheet
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
Alcohol
 Alcohol
• Has at least one O-H
 Alcohol
• Has at least one O-H
 Alcohol
• Has at least one O-H

Functional groups
- Atoms responsible for the for the chemical
properties

Hydroxyl group
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

Ethane
General formula = CnH2n+2
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

Ethane Ethanol
General formula = CnH2n+2 General formula = CnH2n+1OH
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

Ethane Ethanol
General formula = CnH2n+2 General formula = CnH2n+1OH
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H5OH
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H5OH
 Alcohol
The general formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C2H5OH
Carbon number Formula Name of compound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Do your practice sheet
 Isomerism in Alcohol
Isomerism: Same molecular formula, different structural formula

When C = 3,
Molecular formula Structural formula

C3H7OH
 Isomerism in Alcohol
Isomerism: Same molecular formula, different structural formula

When C = 3,
Molecular formula Structural formula

Propan-1-ol

C3H7OH
 Isomerism in Alcohol
Isomerism: Same molecular formula, different structural formula

When C = 3,
Molecular formula Structural formula

Propan-1-ol

C3H7OH

Propan-2-ol
Practice Questions
Butanol has five isomers. Draw and name all of them.
Preparation of Alcohol
 Preparation of Alcohol

Hydration of
ethene
 Preparation of Alcohol

Hydration of
ethene

H3PO4
+
60 atm, 300

But-1-ene Steam Butanol

Alkene HOT Alcohol

Conditions: H3PO4, 60 atm, 300

 Preparation of Ethanol

Hydration of Fermentation
ethene

Fermentation
- Breaking down carbohydrates into ethanol and carbon dioxide using yeast

Glucose Ethanol Pure ethanol

Step 1 Step 2
 Step 1: Fermentation

Glucose

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

 Step 2: Distillation

Ethanol vapour
condenses
Pure Ethanol
vapourized
Mixture of
yeast, ethanol
and water Ethanol collected
Physical properties of Alcohol
 Physical properties of Alkenes

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Does not conduct electricity or heat
3. Has sharp smell
4. Soluble in water (but solubility decreases down the group)
- as the alkyl chain becomes longer, the molecules becomes insoluble
 Physical properties of Alkenes

Alkyl chain
Insoluble in Hydroxyl
water Soluble in water

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Does not conduct electricity or heat
3. Has sharp smell
4. Soluble in water (but solubility decreases down the group)
- as the alkyl chain becomes longer, the molecules becomes insoluble
Chemical properties of Alcohol
 Chemical properties of Alcohol

Alcohol
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Dehydration Oxidation

 Combustion
Alcohol burns very easily to produce a sootless blue flame

Alcohol is flammable, so often used in cooking - flambé

Practice Questions
Write the chemical equations for the complete combustion (burning) of:

1) Methanol

2) Butanol

3) Pentanol
 Chemical properties of Alcohol

Alcohol
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Dehydration Oxidation

 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule

+
 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule

Two methods to do dehydration

Method 1: Using porcelain chips
Method 2: Concentrated sulphuric acid
 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule
Method 1 Method 2
 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule
Method 1 Method 2

Porcelain
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule
Method 1 Method 2

Porcelain Conc H2SO4

C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
180
 Dehydration
Dehydration
- Removal of H2O from molecule
Method 1 Method 2

Porcelain Conc H2SO4

C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
180
Note: Porcelain and conc H2SO4 are dehydrating agents
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equation for the dehydration of:

a) Ethanol

b) Hexa-1-ol

c) Penta-1-ol
 Chemical properties of Alcohol

Alcohol
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Dehydration Oxidation

Do your practice sheet
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboyxlic acid

C3H7OH + [O] C2H5COOH + H2O

 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboyxlic acid

C3H7OH + [O] C2H5COOH + H2O

Note: 2H is lost from the alcohol

 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboyxlic acid

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

H+/KMnO4
C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O Heat

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

H+/KMnO4
C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O Heat

H+/K2Cr2O7
C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O
Acidified Acidified
potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4 potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7

Observation: Observation:
KMnO4 turns from purple to colourless K2Cr2O7 turns from orange to green
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

Mix alcohol and H+/KMnO4

together and heat

This is called REFLUX

 Oxidation
Oxidation Why do you need a
- Molecule gains O Liebig condenser?

Mix alcohol and H+/KMnO4

together and heat

This is called REFLUX

Alcohol is volatile
(evaporates easily)
 Oxidation
Oxidation Why do you need a
- Molecule gains O Liebig condenser?

Mix alcohol and H+/KMnO4

together and heat

This is called REFLUX

Alcohol is volatile
(evaporates easily)
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

Reflux
 Oxidation
Oxidation
- Molecule gains O

Reflux

Distillation
Practice Questions
Write the chemical equation for the oxidation of:

a) Ethanol

b) Hexa-1-ol

c) Penta-1-ol
 Chemical properties of Alcohol

Alcohol
Chemical
Reactions

Combustion Dehydration Oxidation

 Summary
1. Alcohol undergo THREE chemical reactions:
a) Combustion
- requires O2
- complete combustion produces CO2
- incomplete combustion produces CO (and maybe C)

b) Dehydration
- removing H2O
- using dehydrating agents such as porcelain or conc H2SO4

c) Oxidation
- adding O
- using H+/KMnO4 or H+/K2Cr2O7 and heat in reflux
 Uses of Alcohol

Lord Nelson’s
body inside
Uses of Alcohol

Uses of Alcohol
1. Alcohol drinks
2. Medicine (e.g. antiseptic)
3. Cosmetics (solvent)
4. Fuel
 Abuse of Alcohol

Liver cirrhosis Fetal alcohol syndrome

(Hardening of liver) - Learning disabilities
- Memory impairment
- Communication
Practice Questions
1. What is the general formula of alcohol?

2. Draw all the structural formulae of an alcohol that has three carbon atoms
and name each of the isomers

3. Name the alcohol molecules below:

Practice Questions
Write the chemical equation for the reactions below:
a) Complete combustion of propan-1-ol
b) Dehydration of ethanol
c) Oxidation of butan-2-ol
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
Carboxylic Acids
 Carboxylic acid
• Has COOH

Functional groups
- Atoms responsible for the for the chemical
properties

Carboxylic acid group

(Carboxyl group)
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

Ethane
General formula = CnH2n+2
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

Ethane Ethanol
General formula = CnH2n+2 General formula = CnH2n+1COOH
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 1,
Molecular formula Structural formula

HCOOH
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 1,
Molecular formula Structural formula

HCOOH
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 1,
Molecular formula Structural formula

HCOOH

Methanoic acid
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

CH3COOH
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

CH3COOH
 Carboxylic acid
The general formula of carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COOH

When C = 2,
Molecular formula Structural formula

CH3COOH

Ethanoic acid
Carbon number Formula Name of compound
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Do your practice sheet
Practice Questions
Draw the structures of:

a) Propanoic acid

b) Butanoic acid

c) Hexanoic acid
Preparation of Carboxylic acid
 Preparation of Carboxylic acid

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboxylic acid

C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O

 Preparation of Carboxylic acid

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboxylic acid

C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
 Preparation of Carboxylic acid

+2 +

Propanol Propanoic acid

Alcohol Carboxylic acid

C3H7OH + 2[O] C2H5COOH + H2O

[O] from oxidizing agents such as

1. Acidified potassium permanganate, H+/KMnO4
2. Acidified potassium dichromate (VI), H+/K2Cr2O7
Physical properties of Carboxylic Acid
 Physical properties of Carboxylic acid

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Does not conduct electricity or heat
3. Has sharp smell
4. Soluble in water (but solubility decreases down the group)
- as the alkyl chain becomes longer, the molecules becomes insoluble
 Physical properties of Carboxylic acid

Alkyl chain
Carboxyl
Insoluble in
Soluble in water
water

1. Melting point and boiling point increases down the group

2. Does not conduct electricity or heat
3. Has sharp smell
4. Soluble in water (but solubility decreases down the group)
- as the alkyl chain becomes longer, the molecules becomes insoluble
Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid is a weak acid
So it has all properties of an acid
Note: Weak acid ionize partially in water to provide H+
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid is a weak acid
So it has all properties of an acid
Note: Weak acid ionize partially in water to provide H+

CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid is a weak acid
So it has all properties of an acid
Note: Weak acid ionize partially in water to provide H+

CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
Sign for
weak acid

Video
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid
Chemical
Reactions

Metal Carbonate Base

 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid
Chemical
Reactions

Metal Carbonate Base

 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid

Ethanoic acid Ethanoate Hydrogen ion

Note: Charge of the anion is at the back.

So metal cation also written at the back too.
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
1. Ethanoic acid with Metal

2. Ethanoic acid with Carbonate

3. Ethanoic acid with Base

 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
1. Ethanoic acid with Metal
CH3COOH + Na CH3COO-Na+ + H2
Ethanoic acid Sodium
ethanoate
2. Ethanoic acid with Carbonate

3. Ethanoic acid with Base

 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
1. Ethanoic acid with Metal
CH3COOH + Na CH3COO-Na+ + H2
Ethanoic acid Sodium
ethanoate
2. Ethanoic acid with Carbonate
2CH3COOH + MgCO3 (CH3COO-)2Mg2+ + H2O + CO2
Ethanoic acid Magnesium
ethanoate
3. Ethanoic acid with Base
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid
1. Ethanoic acid with Metal
CH3COOH + Na CH3COO-Na+ + H2
Ethanoic acid Sodium
ethanoate
2. Ethanoic acid with Carbonate
2CH3COOH + MgCO3 (CH3COO-)2Mg2+ + H2O + CO2
Ethanoic acid Magnesium
ethanoate
3. Ethanoic acid with Base
CH3COOH + LiOH CH3COO-Li+ + H2O
Ethanoic acid Lithium
ethanoate
 Chemical properties of Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid
Chemical
Reactions

Metal Carbonate Base

 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism
Esters
 Ester
• Has COO
 Ester
• Has COO

Functional groups
- Atoms responsible for the for the chemical
properties

Ester group
(Carboxylate group)
Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
 Preparation of Ester

+ +

Propanoic Ethanol Ethyl propanoate

acid Ester
H2SO4
C2H5COOH + C2H5OH C2H5COOC2H5 + H2O
 Preparation of Ester

+ +

Propanoic Ethanol Ethyl propanoate

acid Ester
H2SO4
C2H5COOH + C2H5OH C2H5COOC2H5 + H2O
 Preparation of Ester

+ +

Propanoic Ethanol Ethyl propanoate

acid Ester
H2SO4
C2H5COOH + C2H5OH C2H5COOC2H5 + H2O

Note: Requires concentrated sulphuric acid

 Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
Let’s look at how to write word equations for the formation of ester

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid  Alkyl Carboxylate + Water

Ester
 Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
Let’s look at how to write word equations for the formation of ester

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid  Alkyl Carboxylate + Water

Ester
Ethanol + Propanoic acid  Ethyl propanoate + Water
 Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
Let’s look at how to write word equations for the formation of ester

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid  Alkyl Carboxylate + Water

Ester
Ethanol + Propanoic acid  Ethyl propanoate + Water
Ester
 Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
Let’s look at how to write word equations for the formation of ester

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid  Alkyl Carboxylate + Water

Ester

Practice problems
Determine the word equation for the following reactions:
1. Ethanol + Butanoic acid
2. Butanol + Ethanoic acid
3. Methanoic acid + Propanol
4. Pentanol + Ethanoic acid
5. Butanoic acid + Butanol
 Preparation of Ester (Esterification)
Let’s look at how to draw ester

Ethylpropanoate

Propanoate Ethyl

Carboxylic acid Alcohol

 Preparation of Ester
Let’s look at how to draw ester

Ethylpropanoate

Practice problems
Determine the word equation for the following reactions:
1. Ethanol + Butanoic acid Ethylbutanoate + water
2. Butanol + Ethanoic acid Butylethanoate + water
3. Methanoic acid + Propanol Propylmethanoate + water
4. Pentanol + Ethanoic acid Pentylethanoate + water
5. Butanoic acid + Butanol Butylbutanoate + water
 Writing chemical equation of Esterification

World
equation

Structural
formula

Molecular
formula
 Writing chemical equation of Esterification

H2SO4
World Ethanol + Butanoic acid Ethylbutanoate + water
equation

Structural
formula

Molecular
formula
 Writing chemical equation of Esterification

H2SO4
World Ethanol + Butanoic acid Ethylbutanoate + water
equation

Structural H2SO4
+ +
formula

Molecular
formula
 Writing chemical equation of Esterification

H2SO4
World Ethanol + Butanoic acid Ethylbutanoate + water
equation

Structural H2SO4
+ +
formula

H2SO4
Molecular
formula C2H5OH + C3H7COOH C3H7COOC2H5 + H2 O
H2SO4
 Writing chemical equation of Esterification

H2SO4
World Ethanol + Butanoic acid Ethylbutanoate + water
equation

Naming and structures are done in opposite

Structural H2SO4
+ +
formula

H2SO4
Molecular
formula C2H5OH + C3H7COOH C3H7COOC2H5 + H2 O
H2SO4
 Esters are sweet smelling

Esters are found naturally in plants

- gives off a fragrant flowery and fruity smell

Food flavourings Fragrances Soap

 Esters are sweet smelling

Esters are found naturally in plants

- gives off a fragrant flowery and fruity smell

Type of flower of fruit Ester present

Jasmine flower Benzyl ethanoate
Pear fruit Propyl ethanoate
Apricot fruit Pentyl propanoate
Kiwi fruit Methyl benzoate
 Carbon
compounds

Hydrocarbons Alcohol Carboxylic acid

Alkanes Alkenes Esters

Isomerism