Lewis octet

theory
 ②
whatischemi_cabndfti@Et.O
It is attraction between -

two atoms
of same or different element which .

binds them together .

/ Bond
= .

Strong bond 74214J /MY weak bond .

H→→→ .
Is
Covalent coordinate Metallic Vander
.

Hydrogen
'

Ionic
-

bong bony bond Waal

98kt
8<+942
'

KJ
1 theory of chemical bond

÷
"

|ra1eofpotent
Lewis Modern
theory
/ octet
theory
t
.

"

classical ,
 Ne= 2,8
/ octet theory 2e
.

1% ,

Atom's of element
-1 me

€
.

try to get eight Ai

electron in their
'
:
Ra .

←
-

compound
.

outermost shell to get

'

were
not found .

stability like noble gases except

.

for It which seek 9 electron & complete

-
-
-

It's duplet they

•
In 1962 =
Neil Bartlett

Otzfftc / g) Oz =
F- F- =

-1975+5 / MY
comp/ e
'

salt ptclg
Xe I. E -1970 KJ / Md
-

/ "
Xefptcls)

First Inert gas compound .

 Bartlett discovery led to scrapping
of octet potential
theory & led to

energy rate
.

Potentialenergyrale@P.E Kn = .

Repulsion .

|H2] Attract
'

Repulsion
(
.

②
>
ñu +

(A) Attraction .

H - -
- -- - - - -.
.

µ
IBJ

na -
e 'D = Attraction .

HB
-

CA = 11

MA -
NB =
Repulsion

e. A -
EB =
, -
?⃝
 - - - - - - -

④
No Attraction repulsion
.

or

- - - - - - -

Attraction -

Repulsion
>

④- -

I ,
- -

1 Attraction =
Repulsion .

y .

chemical bond Formation -

takes place .

t
Repulsion > Attraction
mill ecole will be unstable .
?⃝
?⃝
 When two atoms approach each other then attractive and
repulsive both KIND of force work but when atoms come
closer to each other at starting attraction is more
dominating then repulsion and after some time attraction
is equal to repulsion where chemical bond formation
takes but if we keep approaching atoms then repulsion
will dominate and bond will break

①
②

z., µy,.
PE ⑥
Bond length
⇐ →
i
,
distance 't Btw atom I

* , ,, ,g , , , ,,, , , , , ,

- - - - - -

-4€
'

Attraction = Repulsion

1 Covalent Bond
A-chemical bond which
is Formed by sharing of equal no
electron between two atom
'

lcovalenif.NO of covalent bond

.

Formed tj any atom of

'

element .
 °
/ How to draw lewis dot structure

doe) 2. + -
-

c µ HIT)

lewis symbol .
Go ✗ H

②
cTentra1ato①
O

IT
② Atomicity.TO
'

t
More
valency F- N
-

( less atom,

I
③ u - c -

H
-

!
n
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
 of electron shared bj
.
-

an atom
-

or no

in covalent compound
'

[ No of unpaired electron in ground

.

valency)
-

state or
any excited state is
-

d- What / are CI ?
is valency of
'

(a) lb ) I 5 (d) 7
'

1 3 "

zjzps 81
/ 9)
'

F =3 >
8%
=

II -25528<353*455340
'
.

ran .

-1-197=2,70 8-7

1=15) ton ☒ I 'll '

unpaired
152 212 215 E- =
-1
.

valency -1 / ground
.

= state )
 ctfu) =
2-8,7
=
+52 ? zÉ 3_3IÉ3d°-
G. 5=4
valency ☒
/ FF⑤
'

-
e- -

F-

E.SI , )= ☒ tIT☒
3s JP 3d

valency FI=§
=3
In

F-
S2 ☒ Ft€
Valency
=3 3s 34

E-
Sj Ti f t
valency -7 35 3P
31

)%§z
'

which compound exist

in nature '
,p
* :* ,
- i :* "
CI
valency _③ that ency 5
#
018J

×e÷ !÷i÷1÷f¥=
:÷ :
 q§z§2p
"
C / 6) =

[ GIL
⇐
☒ F④
rat "eng=2
( G. f)

01¥) -
-
iszszpk

☒t7
valeniy-2.IO
-1=0

E- a
ki
-

E-
É É T CI -28,7
-

'

v=

It q 2 197 )
,

F- N CT 0

÷:
 '

:
501
0

s¥#É
•

:#
/
42C
-
a

o
=

☐ =

+
✗ ±

structure
.
×

o
✓ 1 Lewis

a 43
nzBo←①N
e
a
Lewis dot
structure +
formal
charge
 / How to draw Lewis dot structure
.

④
4) Identify central atom
.

1_T§ valency T

↳
☒ Atomicity
+
EN di
② all element with their
'

write
-

Lewis symbol
.

② put central atom intetween .

④ Make atleast one single bond

.

⑤
)
check its octet / 2nd period c- A
'
-

peripheral = octet

⑥ If octet is not complete

atom
.

then make multiple bond

⑦ check octet again

.

⑧ If positive charge is
.

present then
remove electron need to the positive

change & For negative charge

.

add electron acd -

to the change
on the species .
 """

f) Os
Ze te se Ge je 8g -

I *¥÷¥÷+É•÷
:

¥:* .

'
'

Ai g , p 5 a an
semi "

Ya
.ae
.

In
.

Sn
'

Sti Te É Xe '
'

'

T1 Pb B Al Ra

In →

B- go ;É%

contradi%¥
•

O
O O

tewiss.sn#c.A-8e=

⑤ 02
fc.tt?8e#
E±

✗
§? :O " °O° n

✗ ✗ ou ou
super octet
'

or Expanded

:& :
:
octet

✗ ✗ ✗ ✗

er

✓Ñij1atcocte
•e
←
 r

✗e- 01=2
III
T
0

①
o
-
+

'

not
- '

Pda 50-+2
.

a
:[ 1 :

¥¥÷
o
④

o-jl-o-io-i.li
"
!

Pdf
*
NOT
co
 F % :

"

É-iÑ÷o;
✗
§
✓ g
-
N = 0

Ñ= .

F
-

i :C ;
e)
-

0=1-9 E.
CEO
:

E -50
ÉÉO
 ?
E- goons 4

¥B¥:@ →
→
> e-
.

H
Ge

t.PT#,=,B--+N-H
e

'

( t ) Head
l negative .

F H

oñ→µ+ nÉ_ É
t

Ho -
t
 -

F°"""""=±+"""**""
between
'

electron '

in Isolated state R

combined state .

I charge
t→iii
ideation state

i
H -
d F. c=o D= -1 .

0×-170
F- f- 0
NÉcT F- c- TINA ) 4=1--1
 7

1-21-2
-2 -2
no

F- C- =
Valence E- Ifshared e- 7- non
'

2 bonding
etectroa .

Valen e- line dog

.

= -
-

✗ ✗

0:

-2=4-3-2
F- c. f-
§
=

(c)
do )= 6- z
§
F- -

É=o =)

0:
t

4- 3-2
N%É-oN%
② + ✗
0 0

:01:

l÷Jt÷
✗ ✗
0_N@QIzTTri odideIonJCtzideIon.tI-I-i.I -

"
N=N①→Ñ :O -
É
:O

'
① ①

NEÑ ÑZ
191J
-

'

'

- I t -1 -

.
-1

N=N=N
Ionic bond +
LDS
 AIFF E) Sick +
(3) 502 .

}
4) IoT (5) Iciztz 6) Xeoit
⑦ IO.dz#HzPo4l9)HCl0t4o)HNI
④ 1112104 =

A1= laid '

✓

-
×

0 .

¥1
'

O
0=9 • -
-

y
"
O
9£

# '

2nd period atom

central
?⃝
|HzP ortho phosphoric acid

otriproticaadl3.
)
t t

coordinate bond twill be

'
.

Formed
by 2^9 period
'

element only
o
Hzp 03 •

Hzpoz
Ortho phosphorous Hypo phosphorous
'

Aclg A CIG
 HzP03_
diprohc Acid
121€
9- Reducing -4
Hzp 02
Mono proto
-

acid

2-
Reducing ti

9 Acidic to
 AIF ? E) siѢ+C 3) 502 .

}
4) IoT (5) IÉZFI (6) ✗ e0I+
⑦ IO.dz#.HzPo4l9)HC10tl9o)HN0a
④ ¥-3 '

o=c=%
F- Al - F

I ✗ T

FF F
'
O
→
-
a ✓
② É_- 0
Lewis dvtstructu
. .

si
o→ .
S← / silicate )
Ios

③
0=5-70
0-25=0
0
⑥

o
-

o
?⃝
 Tfs;
Ioztz
o=É :O
-

¥
E eÑ o o
✗

0 É :&
Idol -

0
Iodj "
Cl -
I -
C 1
/①
a

?=o
'

Hcl per chloric acid

'

0k "
c
4-0 -

"
o
 0 N O
'

= - -

H
① Nitrous Acid
( HN 02
]
/ Azide IoT .qoo_|Airb
~ÉÉ¥¥ ¥

02NaNz0-i2Nat3N@F-sx22.t
767€
1- it

1- it

g-
v5
' -

N' =- N' → N' ✓

NlN=N+_
Ñ=É=N- ]
-
i
ÑZ ✓

R
 IJ How Ming 1. P.

are present on C- 172

I -0¥ -
-
I

3 toner air

I -
I" I -
I -
I
✗

cant orbital If -
c)
+ { '
✗

, ✗
a-
a which do not follow octet rule 2
-12

BF
} ☒ Beck SFF

⑤ 03 A) HONOJ
921
5K¥ +

17143 (9) 171 Fj

Fy ☒ GE ✗ L
ite
-

Ion

portraits on in octet A
# f-
z.ge a. e-

Betz Bella .

,
B -1-3
,
Bob -
BBM BIT ,

RICH /At ✗→ ^
Pcs
Apt F-
its Ionic
?⃝
 it
171dg covalent Al
/
C1 →I
171dg / za ) Ionic
1+3 fact
→
A

(
NO NO
F
, ,
,
clog .

,
C 103 .

•
I
✗
o=&→Q①
✗
•

NEO : o=N I
i.
'
-70,0¥:-C ¥:O
I
"

t
.

①
pg , , , , ,, , , ,
, g, , ,,
, , ,, , ,

"
o

Electron deficient = NO ,N 02 .

Which has least

-

tendency for dimerization

2

4) NO (2)
Ñg✓ b)
•

CH>

¥"µ÷
not

deficiency
e-
t.CH
•

Te Ge 8

dimer
?⃝
?⃝
/ Limitation of octet theory
(1) Expanded octet super octet
'

or

Ex 503 Ha 04 I
-1-7
.

,
,

(2) Contraction in octet

1=-1 Be -1-2 , BB , 17193 - -

(3) Odd electron species

F-s NO NO 2 C/ 02
, , .

④ Noble gas compound

.

can
-

.
-
-

form

Krtz ,
✗ e- 03 ✗ esta ✗ e0
Ft
, ,
/ Ionic Bond
chemical bond which
formed by
'

are complete transfer

of electron atom to another :

'

From one

'

covalent / Ionic bond

FENT ,

✗
¥ Yy -4¥
-

[
.

metal
'
non Metal Non
Fretz /
"
-

metal

CI CI Na

(1--2-8,70)
-

E- =
28

1Na+
/ valency
°

cÉÉonk
( covalent)
Electro

)
valency
.
 171=2
S Block
,
②

E:÷: ①¥
I I

¥ ¥
I
"Ev=zl⇐r=③±1Er
t.mil )
*

pocÑ
'

soil
d- The Formula of a metal sulphate .

is then
Alsop its formula
.
.

Metal phosphate ?
'

For

g.jp
pqt2 POP |Mj(P0¢)a
Resonance
 .

/ Resonance
-

Actual
Hekate
¥39170Tg- ;
benzene
.

t ,

structure .

I 13917° 0
,
'

BI

④ Hybrid
'

C- C 9.5417° ④
f- C 9.3+170 ④
w

distant
When a molecule can not be represented by a single Lewis dot
structure to define its properties and two or more than 2 structures are
needed to define its properties then those structure are called
resonating or canonical structure and this phenomenon is called
resonance

Or delocalisation of pi electron in conjugated system is

called resonance

I electron $Resonan
7 - fM
.

/ ectron a
rite
.

Static electro ,
H¥¥
Mokleelearo@
( systems

;¥¥
"" " '
ii
i
 / Mobile electron vac ;%rb
.-a→→→
Ve Lone pair bond vacant
chao
( t )
'

IT
'

Ion
.

orbital

-1=0 dtfc-E.nl )
or

+ at

/
BH .

8,11
-

vacant

" orbital

/ Conjugated system Resonance ✓

'

(1) More than

'

one mobile species

1 Same is also Fine )
(2) One bond gap between mobile
-

'

species
Planer
'

13)
d- Which compound can Show resonance ?

(1) Hz -

ÉHZ ( T) tip + ✓

(2) One bond gap -

② H -
CH =CHz It > up =✓

(2) ✓

② CH =CH2
CHE CHA CH
-
-

HE
⑨
cHz=CH -
CH =CH2 -

-
1 bond gas

③ CHI -

CH __CHz
←

⑥ HzC=C=CHz
☐ bond gap
⑦
dipso 13157=2 ,③
I
T.DE#j--cy-cn=cn-8ii
'

I. → 0

⑨ H-cÑz☒⑧ n°8 -

ÑH ,
-
I
-
I ' Noiracant
' orbital
H vacant orbital / [ d-
,N+=No
]
HۃH3 X Resonance

2nd period
~
No vacant orbital
3rdp_eriod✓

pig . .

Inorganic benzene
Y ↳y
.

H
4-
-
'

① -

or
Borazine
'

Bfg,
4- B -

H or
'

I '
Borazole -

µ
 / Arrow rule
'

①
+ -

z,
Head
Tain '

( t) f) ¥
/ rich →eÑ1po = electron .

donate deficient
*
T☒* ☒¥→ ,

f-
Cl
NHz / Lone .
(t ) Vacant
orbital
-

OH
chains Pa it
; ⑤ .

BHS
Ctzt
Beta
•

\ .

donate electron .

/yñ
niñ ?

riepairT_N7ITbon@7v.o iIf.TfLowP.F -
(t ) -
?⃝
ztype.ofresom.me#o-eArrow
"

case-t-L.rs 'M ;)
-
ve

orv.ci

IT
cHJ→a§+ -

cHz
case-f-I.pe:X IT

aj~az-EE.in?
+ breaking

t
Bond Formato ,

.no#Ht HÉ -
É
t

→ 14-0-42
Naotit tic I → Hao

Bf
0
Hg→|izÑ-B
 ÉH
0o*
CHI CH ;
,

f -

B. F ,

g
Ctb
f ab
- -

CH3
Resonance
hybrid
( bond order &
formal charge )
 / How to draw resonating structure ,

B. F-
|cas -

ve
'

N
( tj
'

L P -

IT

)cas -

ve
-

ÑÉ ( °
LP .
'
H )
IT

ÑÉg
→
☐ +
Ex
7MHz -

CH
z

At
Ñuz=+µ
+

, .

neck .
E
CHa=-ÉHz
I
ÉHZ -
CH =CH& .

ctb-C-o.j-cus-c-o.CO
⇐ BIG ? I

BE

11
E- p How many R s -
-
= ?

b- ①

io
-
F-

"
P= 0 12
)

it
pl
-
=P- o
°

0 -
T

'
tis, b- ④
'÷÷÷÷¥÷÷÷:÷÷
( No of bond )

B- 0=1
NEN
B- 0--3
.

B. 0=2

E- Find 13.0 .
& Formal changed j
in
pop ? -

in g-
0=p⑤
•

E-
p 5-
i i b-
o-I
- -

B.
0=+5--4.25 -
If

F. c- = -

¥ =

-07£

|"=¥¥%÷
 11%

|B-0-=t+¥m
(Resonant +

, 0--7%-0 -

B. 0
1T¥
'÷÷
-1-21
-

= =

B. 0=9 1-
2- 1-61 =

✓ 3

d- Find B. 0 I F. c ( Oj o
=
?
1-
¥
B.
" 2 '

coj so
I
=

is
,

Is
=

o=§
-

all

•
a-
"

÷÷±f .
Ct
'

troofuboacf
SÑ %
2

"

inorganic =
Negative change

E Fi
µ ii. *
n-C.EE-4 charge
)

2 m¥ (

T
µ*j]Y =B¥ '

/ Bond Length .

F
H -0=0
0 →
⇐
u
In
'

=
y

CH -50h
-10 CH, .

Ets
E HÉÉ¥-n .

Brb

Fy
H¥
Iii
4- É=Éh
" '

Ñ 04 (Nodarse)
chaijedispers.io
f. ¥=
, change separation
'

Equally
.

stable .
E
Less
( change ) ✓
stable

⇐
.

Me"crosS_ resonance
All resonating structure are hypothetical (not real) and they do not
contribute equally to real structure that is resonance hybrid(real)

§
-

COJZ
-

E
i ⇐
i
→

Equally
c
€-5
.

"§
to
o/\o -01
contrite a. g. , IRS ) (R -
S
,
'

-213
⑥
- -
-

/Hybrid
'

ME:
•
3- t.EE
⑥
"
-

"
-213
⑤
→

it
E. → H -

C- 0+-4
f ↳ ( egligiblen ,
4-1%-0-4
.

Major
/ Actual )
contrib ( Hybrid )
Q what is cause of resonance 2
resonance give 's
.

to
stability compound
'

II fi
Rs -1 p.s. , ,
%④④
0 Hybrid .
/ ☐ 6=44 -

T
'
I

TFntrop①
.

Disorder ness
or Randomness
Resonance increases stability of the compound because it increases
entropy of the system

BÉ2 Unstable .

1,7
VBT(overlapping
 &
given big Helter
-

VBT .
=

London .

t
deterred
'

Valence bond theory .

•

big pouting
.

P E tr
I.
77--7 .
.

|⑧veHaPPi
-

lttybridisatioftheorj.IT
Repulsion
+0 . . . . -

①
'

① Shape Bond Bond

-
-
-
-
-

Attraction . Angle Length .

Overlapping condition
Ii , Energy of orbitals should be .

approx equal
-

Same -

or

( effective
.

overlapping )
.

(2) they must have phase

-

same
'

② they must have -

same
.

symmerty
 Same phase ,

① +0
t
-0 -0
t
✓
Same phase
① -0
f- ¥
✓
=B_ond✓

€F It ✗ Bend
*
② Same symmetry
HE
_#
985

7¥ Px

→ NO
oven 7
?⃝
② orbital energy =
approx Samo

TS -

TS
7 Is -257 IS
-

35

-0=-0
VBT theory
-

A chemical bond is
Formed big overlapping of two orbital
containing unpaired electron with
'

opposite spin .

④ ④
'

-
SII opposite
'

Oberlapping
→
lHeado
coaxial
|Sidewa
or
lateral
'

or co -
 v-bond-onlg.IN#- - - -t- - O- - .i- - - :-@- - -xa- eS
Headon =

Px
'

II s

✗ ¥9 -

overlapping
-
No Repulsion between tudeuj
due to electron
S S

"* -

|d_orHt① yddµiEy3dÉ]
Between
axes /
"

) tag
the '

(
on
"

egj
the axe's
?⃝
 Head
dig
on '
dz "
=

overlapping
,

fsidehiayorerlappig-day.dyz.de#
✗

¥¥¥
d±p÷,a,÷f
"
?

da j 2 .

|d=zs_"
-
I'D
o: .

L .

onthea
 d&# Head-on
= .

drop + Px / or Py )

→¥É--→←f--÷÷
t
.

#s¥¥
|d&d# Head-on =
.

÷÷ÉÉi
 -

Sideway
5 can not
overlapping
.

(
do
sideway overlapping
7 bond
'

cant Form IT

T¥ Pig -

Pig

- -

-- IN # lamest

t.fi#8i-----*..f*&---o.t=
-

2
Nappi

/ day day
y
"
-
/

** E

t=orY -21-01=9%7,
+
?⃝
?⃝
I 8/ delta Bondj =AIonI

" Sideway overlapping

4PM
¥;µ . "

|d¥-d±yFN-A=ZaÉ#
"
4 Lobe overlapping
bond .

"

÷:
€E
 Strength of bond

-1-1
+
'
78 bona > IT bong '

Head -

w
on
4- lobe 2- to be
.
.
.

overlapping overlapping

tfbeomC-tt-2-i
ndlcentrai -too-o.m.T i#t#ifMnz(c0)iFfInlcEf
£ bonds are only found in .

:
Coordination compound
sts -
"

④i ✗

↳
↳ I 2- T

⑤ +

÷¥÷÷⇐¥+
a-

¥Ñd f-
 Pol
nonpondimorj.fi
'

"
- - - -
Not effective
.

overlapping
-

Hp.¥¥!
t.EE#-i1Tboag
'

* E.
⑨-¥E¥:
?⃝
 Headon Nodal plane
'

= = 0

Py te

1÷ probability
where
.

of
Finding e-

IV. F- I lxz )
|SidewaIT Nodal plane = ✓
'

PTP ( it bond / T
=

Pt d l bond 1=9
'

it

dtd littoral =2 .

É7✗-
2 '

IN.A= bond
'

E-
¥ .

y AKI
É zoxis = IT
?⃝
VSEPR
Theory
£ N.no

④_ iv. • -1 =gz
.
=

Py
-
N .P= -1 2-

PI NET
ay

me -2
.
-

HISD

OECD
n
 *

FN^→z
,

H+•÷¥€
IN.t-gz-pyd.io#P-x- -T-N.-n- Xtd*?iQ:-o-
q¥N
-
P F_-I
 •i¥¥:¥¥
IT

riv
:÷÷÷::÷÷÷:÷÷÷:÷
÷E€
Pztdyz

orbital
.

b- bond it bond d bond

day-dxy-t-Y.tt If NIH -2
MP
✓
7
dzxtdzx
.

diiitdsi;
ditch -
 form S bond
day dyz-dzx.dz?y2
/
can
,

1 Not deaf
 tone
( Valen
.pe#terp:Ysion.j,NHg
shell '
"

Pa

7=2,⑤

H n
ti]
Bond pair

0
IT
11:
f. c ?
*
at a

i i.
LP LP >
-

L-P-B.PT
Bo > B. P
.
.

Repulsion

I
?⃝
E- * Di
÷j¥
:* "

:
c D is

/ 0+790
it
E-

qq.tl#*=cMEFHtE9tloanzo
-¥¥§QT \
"
f
•

03T€
-120

¥171T
•

it! ;§i>÷D
# Fo¥\fF
its axial bond
ri
i
101=0-22
on
( ]
Resonance

"

'
Eauitoria
% bony
'

i. trigonal bipyramid "

-

.
 /
bjv.s.E-P.RS/--p-K
How to predict a geometry

) First
'

Count steric no / s.tv ) .

lone pair
.

( G. N +
)
.

.
=

Pick basic electronic

'

structure
'

(2) -

a .

with minimum repulsion

If 1- P then
'

13J -

are present put

in place bond
'

t.pe of pair
in basic structure
'

⇐
Chp s .N=4t=4
4
^

1*1090281
'

C-H tetrahedral
'

H
n
ti Hr

B.ec/2-g.w=z d-Be -4
E-

Linear

0-0=-0
 Ex NH, Cock H2O
ii.
H-Y-tlcf-c-c.lu -

H -
S.N=3
g. No=2+2LP
301-91--8
f. No
o"o
__

=p
=p

HE .¥ "

H/µ Trigonal planer

'

M
y
→ Tetrahedral
H

electronic
-

Electronic
.

geometry
geometry
--

tetrahedral
4¥14
/sk
.

shape
geometry or

( pyramidal ) 9-

⑤
4 4

✓ shape '
.

Pent or

Angular
.
?⃝
?⃝
 peripheral / Shape ) =p A / Peripheral
atom
.

Basic MIC -17 ) 17

geometry
-

.
r F- ✗ atom
St no
-

. structure F- =
tone pair
ftp. ) too .

d- Be CI
Linear ,0=c=O
-

2
( MA ;) "" " CB.tt-qqo.gl
trigonal c,
,B - ai (1.31--3,1343) ,
17143
3 ' 2° .

planer
(1417-5) -0-11=0Planer) ^

(3--1)
'

3 Angular E

¥72 Ej rvsh
☐ ,
✗+ 20° )
, planer 0

§ gogo I 4

:* .in#--o-.-.fF*&Et?hedmdEn,f-y
A
, , ,
,§ -
,
,
H
' C1
Noor
Gang/ e planes '

a
Pyramidal
#
§ -0
,
.

MBE '
H
HF
-

ly ti

(Montaner)
4 ① a. D ① A
HAH HAH
/
shape

JV
'

MAZE
-

. .

or Bent

(planer:)
?⃝
?⃝
 peripheral / Shape ) =p A / Peripheral
atom
.

Basic M( c- A.) A
geometry
-

• F- ✗ " ° "

Sotho . structure F- =
tone pair

→ axial -
00
5 Trigonal ids ,IGda
'

* '

MAS d
i -
'"
bipyramid 'd
F)
-

IT B.
,
, - .

Eallltorial Non planer d

-

'

5 si
¥
'
' >

④ A&E) y 7428
seesaw II 5ft
Fontane
i

5 ⇐ " 1=3
'

BEY yTh /
("

"
(planer)
IJ
'

5 Linear II
* 4721=-510*0 →
I

①
'

,
pane
?⃝
?⃝?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
?⃝
 peripheral / Shape ) =p A / Peripheral
atom
.

Basic MIC -17-1 A

geometry
-

r
.
F- ✗ atom
St no-

, structure F- =
tonepz , ,

6. ②
( MAG)
'

Octahedral Ex SFG
-
.

( all go ]
(Non planet)
6
Itg
'

Square E

¥ÉgI
'

MASE Pyramidal :
.

)
"

on planer

6
"" * ""
**
Planer I

Plane .
-

☒§

T§¥EE.a/m#pentagonYt- xIFy
.

.
'

,
'"

7 .

" "
bipyramid at

-0
②

Nopoianer
.
 "搝
i
"

.is/-orteoiE-iIFaoctahedratF-i-XeFG-O-
-0
¥
Capped
'

octahedral -

MA En .
(
Non planer)
•

€¥¥→p1an_en⇐×eÉs
pentagonal

⇐
0
?⃝
?⃝
 predict the shape
by V-s-E-P.KZ
'

4) 5oz ( zj Hoop 13 ) NOÉ It >

NOT
(5) Xeo, 161 Xe -1-2 13 He -1-4

181 ✗eOzFz 19J pdj

190 ) I -1--5 119 Hcldz 192 Xeo
, /
-1-4
-

# NO .CI ( Tt ) -03 195 ) BrFÉ

"
4617705 47 ,TeFs→ 118 ) NJ

* .

0=61-0-4
• " :

*
o

=s•d-
☐
=Ñ=o

-
F-xten.to/-orer.PPimf.=-sf--s-Es
s
s Sj pp

1strengthotBon#
A) Smoker shell no (9) Extent d- oratory
I⑤ > Is -172s -2.54s -2K¥?P
.
's
Hybridisation
 Hybridisation = Hypothetical
Cooicept
o
what is need ?

F-x-IC.TT To
É
them
n
,¥ T
ti

C / 6) = T§2§zp2
FI
2.si//2P4 \
☒ ☒ ☒
HH )= is ;D %
' '
ti '
%

pts
2s

as
"
§¥ as
,
Acd-tooverlappingtheonyf.CH
have Same
-

bond strength
bond Length
&

I 9- Ch has different

9E✗tentoforer1appin#
is
zp
7 2s TS
- -

3¥ ¥

Iso ⑥
2 ÷qg 2s IS

101797
 *
Actually all C- H bonds are same
-

is strength I length
.

in CH+

So which means orbitals

'

pure

making bond
'

are a here .

F✗_2P^ zp
525
-

F- Be -

F Be / a) =/
25 -
28
IF HI
orertdtP÷zp > 2s -2£
2§µ 2\-
Both band Length tf
ct
.

are
equal

Ax CFµ 5ft 431 ①

* *:O
E. s

⑤÷¥ai→
•

Inti
⑧
?⃝
 / Hybridisation
.

It is hypothetical concept
-

•
a

of
o
Intermixing of atomic orbitals
approximately
'

same energy energy

'

or same

& Formation of new equivalent

orbital 's of shape
'

is
.

same & energy

-

called hybridisation &

-

orbitals are .

orbitals
Called hybrid .

Bigger
Lobe

S F Intermixing
-

← o_O
smaller
Lobe -

②
.

. '

2 Hybrid
orbital

Hybrid orbital has one bigger Lobe

• .

as pure orbital Lobe

'

compare -

☒ Tvlyyprid orbital > Toure -

orbital

He# overlapping / bigger Lobej

'
?⃝
 # Sigma bonds are
generally
Formed
by hybrid orbital I 1T

bonds are Formed big pure orbitals

-0 total moot hybrid orbital =

total no of atomic orbitals

used for
'

hybridisation

IHowto-tind.tt/Pridisatio#
"
É TÉño
By Formula By structure .

f.
n =
( v.
etfve change) ( tnechanscjtttono
-

valent
atony

|n=§v.et0+tve)-(tre Monovalent atom

?⃝
:
 Monovalent
+
E

(421--4)
n -

=p
-

[ 16 ) -2,4
/S
-

É
Stp =
sp I
St2P=§I
'

St3P=s§ 4

51-3101-24=51342 6

St 3PtBd=sPd+7 /
-

E NHI
Nl 7) =2,⑤
n=gtJ_=t
'

gÉ
s¥=r=É =
 Éoz
4/2=2--21 n=zI =2=sP_
"

=sp3
✗ CHJ n =

4zt3 =
A

dis 3=55
n=4zt3-1_
F =

ftp.t/diamoad,graphite-,Q0#
t 58
④
,

n=

:# n=F -1¥ 0=5, 0

h=÷#spJ
€←¥
I
a

,
c-
&¥_¥diam
: "
graphite
 01
It
3ds-odgls.PT
o¥{ to
'
-

|Method-2] In=v-tL
*
t-4-tot.ro
EH µ =4 = gp3
'

F-
I ? n =3 =
SF
¥
( Nas )
0--5=0
E 502
D= 2+1--11-1
?

=3 =
Spb
?⃝
 nai
SP Stix -0--0-0=-1--0 tinea
%S=zI=5o

}
-

.
. "

SPZ Stinting
P '
"

Trigonal planer
,
✗
f-1- =

,
3 33%

rivet
SP stpsitpytpzf Tetrahedral
/ ¥-10 " 8--251
q
Oz
. =

s.FI/st--y+TYTdiiod--rigonaiE-hboIAxia1+
←
0
.

2
bipyramid at
20%

s+Px+p
$ =

cisplo.at

say"FÉy⇐¥÷
'

tdñ-4 "
' di
'
: .

£N
-

8¥
octahedral
 sp
>
4£

÷÷.
'

1- Pz
'

is +
Patty pz

1-
dz2
'

pentagonal bipyramid at
ds.ph
'

square planer
'

'

ock= Coordination .
µ .

|djofts+t
come 0*1

FISH 49

d
a
orɥ% used in
.

Igeometry
2

dye ☒ dairy
-

4) ✓daily dir
go.FI/ Application Of hybridisation 'g.
'

Bond parameter Ssp's d

÷ ::÷÷ :|
A Bond Angle .
oasts

t.sn#rE
.
-

Bond strength of c- H bond

in GHz CHICK GHG
'

'

,
,
gogo

Psp
>
980°
"

sp
H
-12 ,

H -
CIC
-471-4=4 -
H > H -

f - C -

H
site
til
'

i.stts.n-aE.N.li?.#Rondstrenqtnp-f
¥
-

n
>
'
i. 8=50
'

sp 331 251

a
E- N
'

CE

Sf
3.25
@
"
-0-0
c- 2.75
c- 2- É
x.PT/2-LT-

t.HR#dcEi-iiii--n.&-n
/

iffy
n

925
n ✗ if
 0-1 Bond Angle
-

IMI
v.

(1) |HybridisaHoi sp
-
>

sp
E- B- 1=377 CHI
✗ ST B. AT
>

ESP 7 SF 7 SP ↳ 427 8447 GHG

SP SP Spf
%
② B- A ☒ "" "
'

pair
""
a
nt¥¥ "

_ '

② B- A d-
E-lectr-ehtof-gqgtmr.at
I
;¥F¥±
>
"
I
' in "
y

ÉhE-
-Éeo--

E¥ N>
Pz As> S3
?⃝?⃝
?⃝?⃝
 EN '

⑤ >
p

Fly
'

µ µ
µ
High e-
density
Repulsion
TB.tt#
⑨ B- A
¥f peripheral atom
.

' -0
" '

⑦ % P
# Pr
Cl
,
① Repulsion

asifgebtyer.gs?ena1a+om:F/-+-4/lapr-pV
B- A

0000
 :
:÷ ÷!Hi÷÷:A÷m:!•÷*µi:÷om÷aq;m÷*.ati¥*÷m¥:i÷,i÷µp!q*:;A÷i*:
A
^

\
-
MBftr.p'kaBoq*a.kµq÷tBm•oB
•gaBa. pB.B• :n-Mao.p
Bents
rule
 / Drago 's rule
-

= v. p -1
. .

( Hybridisation )
not
is
Hybridisation
applicable
SÑ y Sb

.li/H&#-jin1E.atiH1*y.se.---
'

qggrou.sn
'

As

H¥÷
so
①
Te
'

96

grad µ
tot -5
µ ngg-s.int?HHgo.IH '

I
= 90° No Hybridisation
>
PT
=

Sp ✓

%
÷¥÷⑤ "÷¥ ..
"

¥¥E
?⃝
 fonditiofc.p-qs.HR/d-hgr0UP0MY-J
F-
/
Write
'

periodTo

T
-7!
Issad
order
'
E- m

of
)

bond Angle 2
"
5 pit let
'

§
①
④ WHINE ①
A-SHJ Hate
ÑHJ Astiz hate
Ff
>
>
✗
'
h Nhs > NB >
?⃝
 Bent 's rule
/ part V-s.EP.pe
'

is
-

=
It

A- theory
.

Non Equivalent 'd Equivalent hybrid

f- spy
sp

Hybrid orbitals
>
-
orbital .

|statemeo , , more EN .

occypicies that
position where is higher
'
'

p
.

%
'
'
.

(2) Lone pair & double bond occupy

that where i.
position g character
.

ismore.IE#.---xiE--C1fAxial
/ Sp
>
of
)
Repulsion
'

Axial > Eguito

E- Pd
- µ
\pÉ4
's at r

# a) >

¥
d
'

/
KIR Ll
sp

I
-

a
113-1 Ax -71=-4 '

2 Cl 97K '

equitorial
'

Axial bond have repulsion From 3

.

'

From 90° where a 's 3 F- guitarist bond

bond
have repulsion 2 axial bond
'

From -
 1 Axial Equitorial

t.GR#p--zC/2.F--MoreEN--Y.Pr
t.PT

Axial
.

⑦
Cl =
Lessen =
Y-st-F-q.fi/-ori2/

:-. f.pp
'

a -

y
113J
-

:3
-

F
¥

y
-

a
- 25 9 77 .

¥iai Eoe

☒×_|= , " Pt
t.SI

⇐
" $ EÉ¥I
⇐ Iozclj
o=É=Y
ci

" ,
o

El
?⃝
ftp.P.P#IFy,=g.offAxia1 ) pentagonal
bipyramid al .

=|g
F
Fl Equatorial
)

F B '

Ee > Axial
.

B0¥¥.z
.is/-essbecause-theyareat9u0&
Eq¥e repulsion
.

they
'

is more because

are at 720 & Eq -

Axial

/ Equivalent hybrid orbital µybridis

+ i☐
ISÉJ Y si sp
'
tetrahedra / if

µ
e1) t.pt/E--NTxPT-B.A#f
-

-Bt_T_
02 .

:*
First

to
YSTE.nl#E.c=-gpcgpE--csf-F
.
 peripheral
F-
atom -_ same
|diffe
peripheral
"
atom

For
NonEq_ Non Enfant
/ spYsps
>
'd
SPD
/
so
sp
?
>
'

sp d
'

t.sn

¥ Nb

µ¥yE
?⃝
 ④ Back bonding kind of
.

resonance

*
-

JEFF f
/ BIFF

1*-31=-17
A- vacant £:
orbital
-y
✗
.

§ .
B.tt .

¥-0 B E
'

F double bond >

character

lcoordin:#
↳ N
ate.ba#ordat§ivetondv--ida&etondiJT-t-dativebohd
-1-3
'

Lid It
"

⇐
ep.si
LE L B
.

-
Backhanding
This type of bonding
.

occurs between atoms

in a
-

compound in which .

one atom
.

ha's

of electron I other ha 's

'

1- one pair .

vacant orbital adjacent to each other

like
by sideway overlapping
it bond
'

•
Formed
'

Intramolecular Lewis Acid

'

°
B. B is -

base reaction
J¥☒¥ob
-

-
.

|ExtentofpB#
±
/ Z-pt-I.lt?ZpiT-3dit73-d1T-Id1T

f÷÷÷÷:÷÷;↳an tone pair & / I belong's

'

atom ha 's
d- does not
Why Btj exist PM's
'

.÷÷÷
) .
B
Y Btbexi
d" " "
"

""
B
F
/
\F H
/
\H
'

2BHg¥B2HG
'' " "

¥ :) :::: "

4
'

H
/
* .

µm;¥¥¥
1 ""

Hide
tronplanr

:¥-%É - out of
-
-

plane
- -

.
- -

µ
.
 nt
IE n

n
-

§÷± nt
⑥
c.

z
2

"
-
4-

:*
B
?⃝
?⃝
 3. c- Ze bond =
banana bond or bent bond

Bondstrengta-zc-2etond72c-2.to "

-7T
Better attraction ( 3- nucleus
-

to 2 e- 7

Bondte.no#3c-2eboi97zc-2eband.oYnerdY-B.stB-Lt-@ spot
Hybridisation of 13 I
in BZH 6
'

¥•R%¥ H B.LT
'
: KAI

Find 1a
• B. At
%P¥
13113 electron deficient -
Lewis Acid .

Bz Ha also electron deficient

'

=
a Lewis Aarp .

te 13437 PII

¥¥i¥¥-
"

Hotz :

⇐ →
n n

9¥
?
s
?⃝
Aids

É¥*c-'¥
?

"
\
#
,,

171dg ¥ ↳ CIG
.

•
.

☐
Lewis Acid
.
-

is not
I electron '
-

tewis Acid
deficient
1 Its octet
is complete 1

BE ✗ 9 B¥ o
, k .
Hydrogen
bonding
 / Hydrogen Bonding
'

Hydrogen bond can be defined as

the attraction force which binds
hydrogen atom of one molecule with
the electronegative atom ( F,O, N) of
another molecule

E ii÷÷÷÷!ii Attraction
strong)T
.
-

OH Ve / Force
µ µ
. =
= "
-

.iq
Exothermic
at d-
CI
- (-81049-50)
µ H G KJIMI
-
- -
- ← -

Attraction ( Force =
weak)
it

IDipole-dipole.Attraction.IQ
"

oh 's -8kt / mole

=

(Exothermic /
In H -

Bonding , it has partial positive

change due to E. N .
difference I 50 .

attraction toward
'

H -
atom show
1- one pair of othe element / EEN)
 d- Which have -

H band ?
p
-

N " 's
µ
.

-
N -
iii. :-&
-

Y
-
H

H H -
PII µ

12¥ Ntft n±ñ"¥±I -4 / No tone

'

h h
-
pair )
.

/
H -
Bond .

at

pairYBeH
** -
ti - - - -

izY"
+

EN High tone
donor TT
-
- -
-

/¥NFo>
?⃝
 cus -ÉÉ:④ . . .
.
-00€ -8h
th
'

ti ]
high positive
.

change
cut }

oil
10--4
⑥ 1-
② cuz -0 -415
I ¥ *
← thou
0
- n
o
n -

☒ Chs CHI
①
1-
n -

⑨ ④
ai :O it -

at
.

due to bigger Giza

FÉ⇐ A-

ttiddle
 D- NH, is dissolved in Hao then .

islprisent
'
in
Which kind of H
-
bond "

Sol
"
"
" )
npcrsestd
"
.

:O
NI
-
-
-

0 _ N
if NH
'

If O H
- - - -
-
-

NHS
] a. at H -
Pond ✓

4-0-11 4- ✓
f-
- - -

Hao

n-ini-it-o.in
"
- n ✓
111
iii.
'

a- N -
o - h
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