Chapter-02

structure of Atom
HANDURITTEN NOTES

⑨
MADE WIth CARE S

Bharat Panchal Sir ...

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 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
Panchal Sir
By Bharat
. . .

Acc to Dalton : matter which can

smallest particle of
-

Atom is
directly take part in chemical Reaction .

Discoverer Charge mass

electron
Nucleus electron Thomson 1.6×10-196 9.1×10
-31kg
1 ⊖

§
-

-0 €8 * Atom -

booton -

Goldstein ④ 1.6×10-196 1-6 ✗ 10-2?

Ne# [ proton "b ✗ 10ᵗʰ
Neutron -

Chadwick ④ -

Discovery of electron -

[ CATHODE RAY DISCHARGE TUBE EXPERIMENT]

Discharge Tube
electrodes
tube consist of two
A Hard glass cathode & Anode
that 10-5 mmHg

( Air at Discharge tube characteristics

very /
cathode
pressure
low

:¥
cathode rays travelled in straight line
÷÷¥
→

÷ : : : :
.

→ cathode rays arenegatively charged

.

↳de Rays # → →
deflected by magnetic field
→ possess some kinetic
✗ accum pump Energy
-11114 produe
heating
→

10kV to 20kV
Effect
↳ Gases are poor conductorof
# calculation of charge and mass
of electron

electricity at low voltage specific charge -1.75×108 9g

→
=

but
good conductor at →
charge on electron = 1.6×10 -19C

High voltage specific charge

chma%-
.

mass
_!;!¥¥÷ 9.1×10-288
-
_

→
mass of electron 9.1×10-31
Kg
= ◦•

9. 1×10-31 Kg

* specific charge of cathode Rays Celectrons

is independent of nature of gas .
Discovery of proton [Gold Stein)
Anode Ray Tube Experiment

vacuum pump Characteristics of Anode Rays

toFinnairenos,one
Cathode
> Canal rays travel in
O
↳ straight line
-
Canal ways are the

charge
--

-illl -deflected by mag. field.

>
High Voltage bossess some kinetic energy
>Produce
charge and Mass of prolon Heating effect

·
specific charge 9.58x1044g
=
mass= 1.6x10-28g or
1.6x1097kg
·
charge on proton +1.6x10C
:

specific change of proton

isdependent
Specific charge -
Large on nature
of
9.58x109:10
Mass gas.
Mass

Discovery of Neutron (Chadwick)

Bet Po
Chemistryand
Pot x-gHeY
C +oU"
+BeYtgHeY -

neutron
charge and mass
of
9:0
m 1.6x10-44g
=

·
their masses were
slightly greater than
those of proton and were termed as neutron.
& Complete the
following Reactions-

(i) Be +sHe +
+ in
ii)
YB +
He ->

YN + on

carries 2.5x10 C of static

A certain particle
of electrons
present
charge Calculate
no
electric
in it.
present in
change
in
Art Let his the no.
o e0

2.5 x 15 C
· 14e0 =

Chemi
Gurusstry 1 =
2.5 x 10-1 156228.
co
=

↓. 6x10-19C

9 Why anode way is called canal rays.

through canal.
An because they can pass

⑦ What will happen when cathode rays passed

of heavy metals.
through the surface
X-rays when
At Cathode way produces
the
they are passed from surface of

heavy metal.

mechanical power.
9. Cathode ray bossesses
Explain it.
Am because they can rotate the wheel of mica

placed in their bath.

 A:mass number (neutron
AX + p20ton)
: Atomic no.

3t
168
1-
CFAl
27
e.g. 13
Al
S
atomic no. 13 ato mis uo.:13 a tolic no. 8
:

atomic mass= 27 atomic mass:27 atomic mass=16

20: 13 28: 13-3:10 20 8 + 2

=
: 10

D:13 13
0 =
D: 8
H
=

14 H K
n 8
= =

·
ISOTOPES: have
Those chemical species which
same atomic but different
atomic mass.
no,

e.g.in iH3H
·
ISOBARS: Those chemical species which
have

but same atomic mass.

different atomic no,

Ar
" "ca
e.g.
18 20
ISOTONES:
which have
Those chemical species
atomic but same no. See
different no,

e.g 39K
Go
CO ·
Chemistryand
20

·calculate the mass and charge for a mole

of electron.
Art 1 electron 5.1x10-31kg
of
=

Mass

of 6.012x1083
Many
electron:
x 9.1 x
10-3 1 62093 X100kg
6.02Cx1093
100C
charge of 100 1.6 x
·

6022x1893
=

eo:1.6x10-19
x
charge of 1 mole
=
9.6368 x10"C
ATOMIC MODELS Raisin
In Thomson Model or Watermelon Model or Plum Pudding Model or Pudding
Model

f
Spherical cloud. Atom consist of uniformly
⑦ ⑦ O f of positive charge
sphere in
f t +

O &
t trely charge
O which embeded
f 20 are
O
f ⑦
f Atom is electrically neutral
Of
·

t electron

f & + O Total the Charge: Total recharge

-

#radius ofatom = 10m

RUTHERFORD <- particle scattering experiment

Observations

⑱----- ereen-bew
"Most
of the x-particles passed
- - - -

through the foil without

Radioactive any deflection
substance
a-particles show deblection
lead plate Thin
cold foil on small angles
with hole
"
very few X -
particles bounced back
conclusion
-

elemement consist small tvely

" The atom
of an of a

charged nucleus v. Total- ve charge - Total trecharge

" The ef revolve around
radius Nucleus << radiusgaton
nucleus in circular g
10-15 m 10-1m
out it. -

"
Most the space is empty.
④
Ne0 of
DRAWBACK
-according to Maxwell theory of electrodynamic
should emit radiations.
accelerating charge particle

⑧ radiation.
. Chemistryand
 Radiation
Electromagnetic It the set
is of mutually
perpendicular electric field and magnetic field
to the direction of propagation
Oscillates berpendicular

Electre Magnetic

Ele
- field

·
-> direction
of propagation
Chemistray n
characteristics of E.M. Waves
Wavelength (b)

is
--
Distance blu

-
consecutive crests
two
or two
consecutive
troughs
nm, i,
ou
Unitem, cm,
Trough
point
frequency (0) The through a
·)
no. of waves passing
in one second
Unit - SCCOU Hz-

the
:) Velocity (C)
The linear distance travelled by
wave

per second
c = 3x108 m)-1
AMPLITUDE (A)
Height of crest or depth of trough
unit is same as d

WAVE NO. (F)

Reciprocal of is called
wave
length
wave no
Of

The no waves present per cm is called

of
wave no

↑
Unit comy, mo, nm-
- =

& ELATION BETWEEN U& X ·

0
Chemi s
Gurusico
try
5 T
5 0 1
=
= =

Time Period

& Find the frequence of E.M wave whose

wavelength i 3000.
1PM 1512m
An. v
=

= C
>
J 1 fm = 10-15m
1 = 10-10m
=

sT1Og70-10 sum 109m

=

1UM = 10-6 m
=>
1015 sec-
OU H2
1 1M = 10-3m
1 CM = 1002m
9. Calculate and
wavelength, frequency wave no.
the
of time period is 2x10-10 second.
a
light whose

A frequency
period
=

sx2O9ne

0:5 so: x 0.06m

=

sodium lamp has

a yellow
light emitted from a a

wavelength 5 of 500 nm. Calculate the

frequency (0)
and wave no. (i) of yellow light.
() -
T Chemi
qury;;stry
An
wave no -
=

580 x 10-9
-
- 1.72x106 m O

Frequency (U) =

=sH0 5.17X10MMe g
=

9 The wavelength range of visible spectrum extends

900 to 750 nm. Express the Greg, uency
from nm

of radiations.

3
&c 5408
* V=
5 3 ms
=
=
3x100 =

1 400 x 10-9 750 x 10-9

=7.5 x 10"
Sec+ ~ x x10" Sec-
 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
E.M Arrangement of
various
their
radiations in the increasing order If
wavelength or
decreasing order of
frequency
Increasing wavelength
->
Cosmic Gamma
rays
a
clays Liat (Visible (Intra (Micoe (Radiote
rays
&
-> decreasing frequency vB940R

PLANCK'S QUANTUM THEORY

· The smallest packet of energy that can be
absorbed or emitted in the form of FM radiations

The energy of quantum is directly proportional

·

to
frequency ·
Ear
E: hV h= blanck's constant
Chemi
Gurusstry co
E hC =
=
6.6 x10-34Js
I
emitted by light source is integral
·
Energy
multiple

F = Uhr
I ar
[Eesknower
LCV =
1.6 x 10-195]
 Photoelectric effect the phenomenon demission
of
so from the
surface of metal
when
light of suitable
frequency falls on it

-> The e8 ejected only when radiation strike the ⑱

surface of metal has minimum frequency called

threshold (0.)
-
frequency
The no
of photoelections ejected directly
related with intensity of radiation.

-> The velocity of to debends upon the frequence

of incident radiation.
K.E 1m = E-E.
Chemistryand
=

= h0 -
20.

N.CERT
= h (0-0.)
-
O The threshold frequency (Uo) for a metal
is F.OX10S. Calculate the Kinetic
emitted when radiation
energy of an electron
of frequency
0 1.0x10.5st
=
hits the metal
An Threshold frequency of metal (0.) 7x10MS- =

Frequency (0) =
10 x 10.55-+

ACC. to Einstein e94K.E =

7MOL
=
UCU-0o)
x 105s-
(6626 x18333) (100
=

-
F.0x10145-1)
K.E
= 1.988 x103]
⑦ is with
What the no. of photons of light a wavelength
of 4000pm that provide 15 of energy?

An Let noof
quanta (u) brovide energy of 15.

↑ I unc
⑤
15 = ux 6.6x10-34x3x108
9 000 x 10-12

n= 2.01 x 1016 quanta

a find the energy of each of the photons, which

(i) corresponds to the light of frequency 3x1015H2
(i) has wavelength of 0.50A. ·
is E = hy
= 6.6 x10-34x3x1015
Chemi
Gurusss try
O
* =
1.99 x10-18]

(i) E=
= 6.6 x15-34x3x108 =
3.98x10-53
0.5 x 10-10

@ Nitrogen laser produces a radiation at a wavelength

of 3371nm. If the no. of Photons emitted is 5.6x1024
calculate power of this laser.

Ane. F = URC
J
-

E = 5.6 x 1024 x 6.6 x10-34x3x108

337.1 x1009

E = 3.29 x106]
 ⑱

Black Body Radiation

The radiations are emitted when

a black body is heated is called black body

radiation. It is also an evidence of particle
nature of radiation.
to a black body should be perfect absorber
and emitter.

" <

Q find Energy of 1 mole photons of radiation

whose
frequency is 2014 H2. ·
An Energy 81 mol photons Chemi
Gurusstryco
= h0 XNA
= 6.6 x 15
-
34 x 1054x6 x1093]

= 35.6 x10"]
=
39.6K)

BOHR MODEL (valid for 100 system -

H, Het, list .... etc)

The eo revolve around the nucleus in circular orbit

of fixed energy. These orbits are called stationary
Orbits
H = 1, 2, 3, 4 .
....00K,2, M,N . . . .
↳ is integral
Angular momentum multiple of
t
MVU =
n9
>->

CTT

&
The energy is absorbed or emitted only when ee

make transition
-

t
3 my oe isa t
So my
On
absorption emission

radius of Bohn Orbit

No = Boho Radius
Un WOX1
=

Of
52.9 pm
90 =

& Find the radius of and Bohr Orbit for Het ion?

ev chemistry
Amy U= a z = &

Un
Vox VoX?
=

in
=
:

v 20
=

Velocity
= 2.10 x206
x u/sec

Q Calculate velocity of 20 present in 3rd Bohr orbit

for Lift y
v 2. 18x106
the 3 X2
=
4:3 z =

2.18x106 n
x3
=

v 2.
= 18x106 m/s
Energy of an ex in any stationary orbit

En Rn
(k) 4 1,9,3...
=
=
=

Rn i Rydberg Constant 2.18x10-83

For navom
E=
2.18x10")T2) =
-

C. 18x10-183

Ec -2,18 x 1008 -0.5x5x10-183.

(#d
=

Excitation Energy
The energy required to move an ee

from his to any state hin

*E =
En -
Es
=

c.18x10"0X22[Fi*2]
calculate the energy associated with first orbit of Het.
What is the radius of orbit.
Am. v I =

=>
z =
2 for net

X2. 18x10-18]
E
=
-

CXC18X10-10 -8.FCX1018]
-

Un 1 =
x0.529
Z

> 19 40.529 a 0.265

=

E
How much energy is required to ionise a H-atom if
electron occupies 4 =5 orbit. Compare your answer with
the ionisation enthalpy ofHatom (energy required to ·
Chemistryand
remove the 20
from U =zorbit

AL DE =
Ec-Eg

C.18x1010x22
-

[-i 2]
2.18 x1010x19
[5 5]
=

= 2.10-18 DE =
0.72 x 10-20]
25
Emission spectrum:this type of spectrum is obtained by
analysing the emitted light, directly
from prism.
continuous spectra: It is obtained, when is
sunlight
passed through a prism, it gets dispersed
into continuous of different colours.
bands
Absorption Spectra:This
type of spectrum is obtained by analysing
the transmitted
light. When a white light is passed through
any solution, solution absorbs a fraction of radiation of
certain wavelength. When the transmitted light is obtained
in which dark lines are appeared on
bright
background.

HYDROGEN SPECTRUM
Chemi
Gurusstry
co
when the gas at low pressure
is taken in the discharge tube on passing electric discharge
a spectrum is obtained with the help of prism

& Photographic
⑤ plate

ire
>
=>
F.I.Q
Prism 1.R
FR
Rydberg's Formula

v =

5 =

R2"[Fzz-Eyle
W.X
Qu+Rydberg's Constant

10967F CM11 08 1.1x107m=1 UJH,

↳ Total no
of spectral lines

suCDUt IAU =
4.-42]

& Calculate the wavelength of photon emitted when an ex

in H-atom makes a transition from U=dto h=d

A
5 Rn
=

C11d[-]
5 =
Ru )1 H Ruxs
=

5:1
3 On

@ Calculate the d for and line of Balmer series for

Het ion?
Als = 2 US = 4
- ,

T = Rn
2"[tr"Fer]
QuX99 [Fa Ya]
"

d =
I
= Rux +
[+ 5] 3 On

& find the series limit clast line) of Lyman series for
Lift ion?
U2 1 z =3
Al
->
12 c = =

·
Rn 2d [ tin
5 a] Chemis
-

On 39 Guru.I
=
[Tc 2]
sRu
F =
X =

I Rn
DE-BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS
· Acc. to
De-Broglie e0 possess both particle and
wave nature
·
Acc to this theory to, of a even alone behave
as particle as well as wave.

·
Energy a wave E=h0 il
·
Energy of particle E=mc2 -ii

from 80
h0:

aimscaus
mC2

where is
4. Why de-Broglic equation not used in our daily life?
Ar: Because in daily life we deals with macroscopic
subject only. For macroscopic objects wavelength
detected
come out to be so
small, can not be

easily. Hence not applicable in our daily life.

ball
0. What will be the
wavelength of a
of Mass 0.1Kg
moving velocity of coms
with a

Any man of ball (m) 0.2kg =

velocity of ball (v) 10ms

=

Planck's constant (h) 6.62

=

x10-34 3s

Relation 1033
Use
=1 =
6.62 x
6.62x1034m
=

Mav
0 1 X10

8. Calculate the mass

of a photon with wavelength 3.6.
·
Am we know that
↓ 1 :

Chemistryand
COV

m
s
=

m
6.62x10-34
=

3.6 x 10-10 x3x108

m 6.14
=

x10-34Kg.
 its
9 The mass of ee is 9.1x10-31kg. if K.E

is 3x10-25] calculate its wavelength.

An.
=> mass of t8
KE
=
5.1x10-31kg
3x10-25]
gee =

Planck's constant=6.6 x 10-34]s

· 60x10-30
Chemispb=m
=

x2x3 x10-25 x9. 1 x 10-31

Gurus co 8.967x10m 896.7nm
X = =

ORB1T ORBITAL
·circular bath around ·3-D path around the
the nucleus nucleus
·
It represents the planer ·
It represents the
motion of 20 3-D motion of ce
·
All the orbits are circular Differentorbitals have
different shape
·
These are non-directional ·Except s-orbital these
in nature Orbitals have directional
characteristics
No. of eo in any orbits ·An orbital of an alom
are in accordance with can have maximum 200
CUS rule

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GURUBAKSHINA
Heisenberg 's Uncertainty Principle : -

It is impossible to measure simultaneously

theposition and momentum
of a microscopic
moving particle with absolute accuracy
or
certainty
mathematically . . .

E: Ab : m AV )
≥§F
.

A- X .
AP

particle
Ax . MAV
≥ qq.ME Heisenberg
uncertainty
m → mass
of
Principle is
ax →
uncertainty in position
a- ✓ →
uncertainty in
velocity significant too
constant
microscopic
h → blanck 's
Particles like
Ab →
Uncertainty in momentum .

e -0 only

in principle
9. what is uncertain
Heisenberg uncertainty .
?
Are Either position or momentum is uncertain in Heisenberg
Uncertainty Principle
B. why
Heisenberg principle not used in daily life ? our

Are In
daily life we deals with macroscopic object .

for macroscopic object this principle is not applicable

G. A microscope using suitable photons is employed to locate

an eo in an atom within a distance of o.IE What is .

the uncertainty involved in the measurement of its

velocity ?
Ant uncertainty in position (A)C) = 0.1 Ñ :
OH 10
-

En = to -11m

uncertainty in velocity (Av ) =

?
we know
DX . AV =

4h7m ✓= 6. 62 ✗ 10-34

4×3.14 ✗ 10-11 ✗ 9. I ✗ 10-31

Av
*¥Ex
-

A- ✓ = 5. 79 ✗ 106 ms - I
& Calculate the wavelength of an electron moving with a

velocity of 2.05 x107MS 1. -

A Velocity of 28 (r =2.05x107ms-1
mass of 10 9.1x10-31ms -1
=

Planck's constant (h) 6.62x10-343s =

d = 1/ I
6.62 x10-38
My
9. 1x10-30 x2.05 x107

6 = 3.55 x10- "m

& If the velocity of to in Bohr's first orbit is 2.19x106

m/s, calculate the de-Broglic wavelength associated
with it.

t 5id,194106
Am.
iEAIO
X =
b
-

6 = 3.394x10-1m

9 A golf ball has and speed of

a mass of fog a

45m 1. If the speed can be measured within

accuracy of 2% calculate the uncertainty in position.

A.
-
DV =
45x2 0.9 MS
100
=
·
DCC:1s
XYT MAV
Chemistryand
DS= 6.62 x 10-34

X004x0.9
XC3 = 1.47 x10-33
QUATUM NUMBERS
The set of four numbers used to identify
et in atom completely is called
an an
quantum number

1) Principal Quantum Number CU)

2.) Azimuthal Quantum Number (e)

3) Quantum Number (m)

Magnetic
4) Spin Quantum Number CsI

(*) Principal Quantum Number (Neils Bohu)

tells about the main shell or orbit or

energy level in which to revolve

to U= 1, 2, 3, 4 .
...

KLMN . . .

No. of subshell in nth orbit = n

No of orbital ne orbit
=
angular momentum

MVU - up
-

Qn9 T
No of ears for a
given value of =

hemistry
* ALIMUTHAL QUANTUM NUMBER -

↳ denoted
by 'l' a given by commentied
it describe the suborbit or subshell or
subenergy
level.

& I = 0, 1, 2, 3....
1 0
=
to 4-1
s pd f....
H= 3 1 = 0 to 1-1

0, 1, 2
 maximum no.
of
orbitals for a given value ge
= 2l+1
a maximum no. Of ees for a given value
ofe: [CO+1)

Orbital VITAL I
angular momentum =

&i

MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (m) Given by Linde

"
It describe the orientation of orbital
↳ m 0 =
to te
I =
2 m 1
=

to te
-

I 0 +1

m 2
122, to te
=

-
2 -10+1 +2

1: 0, m0 =
se1
S=d m 10+1 =

↑ ·
OS O2

by b2
by
R
Chemistryand
1:4 m 2
=
-

20 + 1111I
= 2 I 1 0 1 I2

diy dy2 d23 dighdes

decc delegidzdy? dicy
SPIN QUANTUM NUMBER CS or Ms)
Given by Ulhenback.
& It describe the skin ofte
=
there is
I
no classical
analogue blue two spin GON

↳ spin angular momentum

St)I
=

S
1 gunpaired e
=
=no
↳
Magnetic moment YTH+9) BoM e
of unpaired
=
n = no

Bohr Magneton
↳ Total spin
I
=

n=
no.g unpaired e

①what is the lowest value of a that allow 'g" orbitals to

exist?
And for "g" Orbitals, I= 4
= I+ 1 = 5

i.e for 4-5, the "gorbitals exist.

9. Which of the following orbitals are possible?
Al IS IS 2p 3-
not possible

O which of the following sets of quantum no are not

possible
Am. 9) h 0, =

1=0, me 0, MS =
= + 2
not
possible, I can't
bezew
hands can't
I =
1, l=1, me =0, ms = t 12 not possible,
ms=t2
be equal
I 3, l= 3,=
me 0,
=
possible
⑧ n 3, l=3,=
me = 3, ms= the not possible
hand I can't be equal

4 Total no. of orbitals ants clic

chemistrye
④ Total no. of orbitals 12 3
"

G
= =
=

⑤ Total no. of orbitals:19(+1)

=
2x2 + 1 = 3

9 An element has 13. What are the possible values g

land m.
And) U=3 1 0.2,2 m -2-10+1tc
=
=

O Using s.od notations, describe the orbital with

following
quantum number
Are. as
-
U =C, 1= 0 I 2s
b) n = 3, 1 = 1 I
3
DU x, =
=2 -
ad
 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom

9 What is 4?
An It simply represents the amplitude of eowave.
is 4" what is its
a what significance?
Am. It tells about the probability of finding an et around
-

the nucleus.
signtance lies that its value gives probability
Its significance
of findinding an e around the nucleus.

1. Define the term atomic orbital?

Ar. It is 3D space around the nucleus within which
probability of finding to is found to be maximum (90-95%

SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION -

schudinger gave a new alomic model by considering

the dual nature of eo and
Heisenberg uncertainty principle

dcY +
dl +
dE 8TMCE-VlY=0
+

·
4+ is the wave function ·
m-mass of co

· h - plank's constant .
E- total energy of ee

·v- potential energy of electron

Chemi
9urujstry
SHAPE OF ORBITALS -

so

S-orbital -

has spherical shape and non-directional

in

"
=>
nature
 p-orbital-
has dumbbell shake and directionally
It
concentrate upon the nucleus. It has two lobes
with opposite spin
<y Pz Z
PIC T by

8
I
in
8 8
d-orbital. It has double dumbbell shape and direction.
rally concentrate upon the nucleus. It has
-

four lobes, opposite lobes have same sign.

dICC Y
decy dy?

888 do.Sal
8. What is node or nodal surface.
within
An. It is space
which probability of finding an e

is zero. No of nodes can be

calculated as by
using relation
Node: 1-1-1
9. What is nodal plane?
An A which
plane
passing through the nucleus within
probability
is zero.
I finding an e

S-obital nodal plane

have no
P-orbital have I nodal plane
d-orbital have a nodal plane
 ·
RULES FOR FILLING OF ELECTRONS -

Chemi
Gurusstry
co
* Autban Principle
so are filled into different
orbitals in the
increasing energy with the
order of
orbitals
having The energy filled first.
lowest
energy order of different orbitals
of multi-election alom is assigned from Cuti) rule
①

"icIn,sonoro
ntl rule

on ovornita,havingcowerchtesiias
has lower energy

Ch+1) value, the orbital with

lower value of a has lower
energy.

IS as 9p 3s 3p ts 3d Ab 5S 4d5p6s 4f 5d
6p 7s 57 6d Ep

Paulis Exclusion Principle:

No two electrons in an
atom can have all the four quantum no identical.

Lund's Rule:
Pairing of 20 doesn't take place
in denerated orbital until each of the orbitals contain
one to of same spin. AN + 2529S&OP3
< 46 *(*(*
↑
Stability ofelectronic configuration:
exactly half
filled and
completely filled subshell have extra
stability due to symmetry and high exchange energy.
e.g. p3, d5,f* configuration (exactly half filled)] extra
stable
b dlo, fl configuration (completely filled)
= XCHANGE ENERGY -

amount of energy required

The
to
exchange the position of 20 m degenerate
Orbitals is called as exchange energy. This energy
leads to stability of an atom. Greater the
exchange energy more will its stability
degenerate orbital
The orbitals of same subshell
in energies
are
equal
eg all the Ex-orbitals (26,2by,9P2)
are similar in energy

Electronic Configuration
·
MU-Is"
que-1S9
Chemi
Gurusstry
co
his 1699st
Be 182832
+

53 +259259260
66+1s92s99pC
N = 1392892p3
Fo
88 -1s2232 20+
9F -1s22s22p5
Ne -12 292206
 3d Series
- 18
25d1 3d'4s

11
Ss-Scandium
⑲ Ti-Tifacrium 3d& us2
Fas Vanadium 3d] us I
I

stsionteNi, -Niche
-

-
Chromium 3d5 us "

Mu-Manganese 3d54s]
Ar
Jd6 us 2
e ~Icon
-
Cobalt 3dF usC
e 3d8 4s9
copper 3d10 US "
ctTy c- -

Zinc 3dUS9

2. Write the electronic configuration of following ions.

Am
@ sFe*t +[Ary183d4s0BesFebt -
[Au]103d5 aso

⑥ CoNiCt + [Av]'83d0ds0 @ Cr3+ +[Ar]183d4se

24
② CUSt -TArJlO3dY4so ·

#Exceptional Configuration of C and Cr:

Chemi
Gurusstry
co
can be explained in term of exactly half filled and
exactly fully filled electronic configuration are

extra stable

9 Write
the electronic configuration of ions
8 4 6 Nat 028 F-

ISC 189232966 1s22s2200 1s22,2266

= Thank you -

>