Definitions

Atom – Group 0 or 8 are

Particles that make up all substances. UNREACTIVE
Element – They have a full outer shell
of electrons
A substance made up of only one kind of atom.
Compound –
A substance made of different types of atoms joined Periodic table arranges
together. elements by
Mixture –
A substance existing of atoms that can be easily ATOMIC NUMBER
separated as they are not joined together. (proton number/the
No charge
small one)

Max 2 electrons The number of outer shell electrons match the group the element is found in.
E.g. Lithium 2,1 is a group 1 element.
Max 8 electrons Protons and neutrons
both have a mass of 1 s Balanced Equations
Used for building
o nate hen
b
Car mpose
w
E.g. 2,8,8 (Argon) LIMESTONE o ed
Dec heat + CO 2
The number of electrons an atom Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
xide cid
has effect the way it reacts = O with a + CO 2
Limewater t
HEAT
Reac water
Covalent Bonding The test for CO2 (thermal decomposition) lt +
= CaO = Sa Each side should also

Non-metals sharing elections Ca(OH)2

weigh the same. Nothing is
lost and nothing extra is

Calcium Oxide
made.

Or Calcium Hydroxide
H comes from adding water to CaO Limestone is heated in a
A balanced equation has the same number of
atoms of each element on both sides
H C H Good
Rotary Lime Kiln
: Mor You then have Cement or Mortar by Using Molecules: In this equation, the large
H Bad: Q
Destr UARRYIN s
e job
adding water and sand. number in front of the chemical symbol tells use
Ionic Bonding Would oy h
you w abitats an
G If you add crushed rocks you get the molecules needed.
ant to dL
live n andscape Concrete e.g. 1 CH4 molecule reacts with 2 O2 molecules
ext to
one?
Metals – Very useful
Lose or gain an
e.g. Copper wires conduct well Metals which are un-reactive are found in
electron their NATIVE STATE e.g. GOLD
Get a charge +/- TRANSITION Most need to be ALLOYED
More reactive metals are found as
Attract one another! to make them harder
METALS METALS ORES and need to be EXTRACTED
Charged particles

C1 CHEMISTRY
IONS
 IRON VEGETABLE OIL Can be HARDENED by adding HYDROGEN To harden you
Pure iron is too soft to be useful. •Are extracted by making them solid at room temperature for
will need:

Adding small amounts of other pressing or distillation things like spreads and margarines •Nickel Catalyst
•60oC
elements can improve its properties. •Are high in energy Gives a different flavour, texture
High Boiling Point and loads more energy (too much •Hydrogen to be
This is ALLOYING. •Can be used as fuels So useful for cooking
will make you obese)
added and break
IRON + ‘other elements’ STEEL •Are UNSATURATED (frying instead of boiling)
double bonds

e.g. More easily shaped, harder, resistant to corrosion Unsaturated fats are better for you than Saturated fats
You can make Non-Biodegradable plastics are
RECYCLING CRACKING HYDROCARBONS ETHANOL
using ETHENE
You can make
ETHANOL + CO2
BAD!
Make big molecules into small ones! and STEAM OR using YEAST They don’t rot away.
with a catalyst enzymes. Biodegradable plastics will
-heat them with steam and a catalyst (from plants) decompose = less rubbish!
(from crude oil)
Products: Alkanes (used for fuel) +
Alkenes (used for plastics,
•Saves energy medicines, dyes and explosives) •Made from vegetable oils Making Plastics:
•Saves natural •Less harmful to environment

Reactivity Series recourses Test for double bonds: •CARBON NEUTRAL

Small molecules (monomers) added together
make new long molecules (polymers)
This helps you decide how to Bromine water (iodine water will also work) •Lose farming land

extract a metal from its ORE. •Less pollution •Disruption of habitats

Alkenes (with double bonds) go CLEAR!
If its below CARBON it can be RENEWABLE ENERGY
reduced in a BLAST Furnace. CRUDE OIL e.g. ethanol from sugar
If its a metal above it CARBON A mixture of hydrocarbon compounds !
s t it
cannot help extract it. Te Make it useful
Hydrogen Carbon Dioxide made from burning fuels
Extracting reactive metals and
New polymers are designed to work for
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION specific jobs. SMART POLYMERS can
is a GREEN HOUSE GAS adding to
You might need to smelt or roast the Carbon change in different temperatures and

ore and then use electrolysis to make it ONLY! Size effects BOILING POINT light. GLOBAL WARMING
We are also able to recycle plastics to
pure find more uses for them.

Getting clever!
Pure Impure Scientist are using Filters and CATALYTIS
copper copper
(copper ore) bacteria and plants to CONVERTERS can be fitted to
remove copper from factories and cars to reduce
ores where its too pollution
Cu 2+
small to mine.
BIOLEACHING or You can also get
Sulfur impurities also burnt cause …
PHYTOMINING PARTICULATES
Impurities: include gold and silver or Soot!
(can be sold)
Alkanes – Saturated hydrocarbons. Bad for you and
Electrolysis can be expensive but will the environment
No double bonds, Maximum
help extract Copper, Hydrogen, Formula: CnH2n+2
High temperatures in
engines can also
cause the nitrogen
(Global Dimming)
Aluminium and Titanium
from the air to form
acids too.

Alkenes – Unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Burning fuels in plenty of oxygen gives CO2 + H2O
Very useful and NON-CORROSIVE Double bonds, Less Hydrogen
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
(wont rust away) Formula: CnH2n
Burning without enough oxygen gives CO (carbon monoxide) + H2O
OIL DOES NOT DISSOLVE IN WATER Wegener’s Big Idea
Alfred Wegener
Earth Structure
But they can be spread out in
suggested the idea
each other to make an of continental drift
(Solid)
EMULSION (moving plates) but
people found it hard
to believe, they
couldn’t see it and
Emulsions are used in: Adding an EMULSIFIER stops the oil had other ideas like
and water separating – it will also land bridges, sinking
• Food
e.g. Mayonnaise, salad dressings ice creams
Death & Decay improve texture continents and the
• Cosmetics crust shrinking. Also
he couldn’t explain
• Paints
Yummy! HOW it worked. All our resources come The crust is made up of
It took fossils and from the crust, oceans tectonic plates which
rocks evidence to and atmosphere. are always moving..
Experimental Variables convince people.
Very very very .. Slowly.
Independent Variable – the one
I CHANGE Earths Early Radiation in the mantle causes
Atmosphere
•Formed by volcanoes added CO , CONVECTION CURRENTS which
Dependent Variable – the one you 2
RECORD Water and Nitrogen move the plates
Control Variables – the ones you KEEP •Which cooled and condensed into
CONSTANT (the same) oceans When tectonic
Calculating an average •Plants then appeared and changes plates meet and
Just a
reminder! CO2 to oxygen! (photosynthesis) collide or rub
Add up all your results
against one another
(except any anomalies you are leaving out)
we get natural
10 + 11 + 12 + 14 = 47
The Primordial soup experiment suggested that life started with a disasters
Divide your answer by the number of values you added together.
lightening spark, others suggested a meteorite or the deep ocean
Here 4 values were used..
event. Without a time machine we just don’t know what started life We don’t know when this will happen so
So 47
on earth! we cannot predict these events
4 = 11.75

The Carbon Death & Decay Takes a very

long time! Earths Atmosphere Now Answering Evaluation questions
Cycle Formation of You must give a balanced
Fossil Fuels Mostly argument if you can!
Death & Decay The oxygen and
Problem 2 reasons why you might agree or
nitrogen
Respiration area think something is good.
Food chain... Respiration of 20%
microorganisms
Burning Fossil 2 reasons why you might disagree
Fuels
Carbon in the
or think something is bad.
Is very quick!
atmosphere And a conclusive statement.
has Respiration Gases in the
The Carbon
increased cycle: Shows air can be 80% (your end opinion )
Photosynthesis
because we the movement separated by
now burn of carbon in fractional
ALWAYS read the information you
more fossil Respiration
and out of the
distillation for have been given. Sometimes the
atmosphere
fuels! use in industry answer is hidden in the question.
Returning Carbon to the Atmosphere