Lesson 1: Science 10 Review

1.1 Using the textbook Science 20 read pages 6 – 19 and define the following
terms:
a. atom

b. element

c. proton

d. electron

e. neutron

f. atomic number

g. mass number

h. atomic mass

i. energy level

j. valance electron

k. anion

l. cation
 m. metal

n. nonmetal

o. compound

p. ionic compound

q. ionic bond

r. molecular compound

s. molecule

t. covalent bond

1.2 Classification of Elements and Compounds

A. ELEMENTS

1. An atom is the smallest part of an element that has all of the properties
of that element.

An atom is made up of SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

i) proton - positively charged particles located in the nucleus of the

atom.

- corresponds to the ATOMIC NUMBER.

ii) electron - negatively charged particles located in an “electron

cloud” surrounding the nucleus of the atom.

- this “electron cloud” consists of ENERGY LEVELS.

 iii) neutron - neutral particle ( no charge attached ) located in the
nucleus of the atom.

- to determine the number of neutrons in an atom subtract

the mass number from the atomic number.

Example: SODIUM ATOM Found on page 6

– 7 in Data
- atomic number 11
Booklet
- mass number 22.99 g/mol

- protons = 11 ( same as atomic number )

- electrons = 11 ( same as number of protons )

- neutrons = 12 ( subtract atomic number from mass number

22.99 – 11 = 11.99 or 12 )

2. BOHR MODEL

- the diagram often used to sketch and atom is the BOHR

MODEL named after the scientist Neils Bohr.

3rd energy level ( contains a maximum of 8 electrons)

8
2nd energy level ( contains a maximum 8 electrons)
8 1st energy level ( contains a maximum 2 electrons)
2e 2

nucleus ( contains protons and neutrons )

Example : SODIUM ATOM

11 protons

11 electrons - 2 electrons on first energy level

- 8 electrons on second energy level

- 1 electron on third energy level

Total = 11 electrons

11+
2e
12N

NOTE: The Bohr Model is usually accurate for 4 energy levels.

2 electrons maximum - 1st energy level

8 electrons maximum - 2nd and 3rd energy levels

18 electrons maximum - 4th energy level.

Elements with more than 36 electrons another model is used.

Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer
the following questions.
1. Fill in the following blanks:

Symbol Name Atomic Mass Neutron Electron

Number Number Number Number

Ca

Hydrogen

14

208.98

12
2. Draw the Bohr Model for the following elements:

Chlorine

Potassium

Oxygen

B. COMPOUNDS

- elements are classified as METALS or NONMETALS and

consist

Example: Na sodium

Cl chlorine

- compounds contain atoms of MORE than one kind of element.

Example: NaCl sodium chloride

CaO calcium oxide

KMnO4 potassium permanganate

There are three types of compounds

1. ionic compound - METAL and NONMETAL

NaCl

2. molecular compound - NONMETAL and NONMETAL

P2 O5

3. alloy - METAL and METAL

sterling silver ( silver and copper )

B1. Ionic Compounds ( read pages 13 – 18 in textbook )

i) - METAL + NONMETAL = IONIC COMPOUND

- they form an IONIC BOND or a transfer of electrons

- when combining a metal and a nonmetal you must FIRST write the
chemical symbol of the atom as an ION.

METALS LOSE ELECTRONS TO BECOME A POSITIVE ION CALLED A

CATION

They do this so that they become STABLE by having an EMPTY last energy level.

Example: SODIUM
electron lost no electron (empty)

11+
11+ 22 ee
2e 12N
12N

Sodium Atom Sodium Ion

11+ protons 11+ protons

11- electrons 10- electrons

O charge 1+ charge

Na Na1+
Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer
the following questions.
1. Draw the Bohr Model for the atom and ion of magnesium. Indicate the correct
symbol for both atom and ion.

2. Draw the Bohr Model for the atom and ion of aluminum. Indicate the correct
symbol for both atom and ion.

NONMETALS GAIN ELECTRONS TO BECOME A NEGATIVE ION CALLED

AN ANION.

They do this so that they become STABLE by having a FULL last energy level of 2, 8 or
18 electrons.

7 electrons 8 electrons ( full energy level )

17+
17+ 2e
2e 17N
17N

Chlorine Atom Chlorine Ion

17 + protons 17 + protons

17 – electrons 18 - electrons
O charge 1- charge

Cl Cl1-
Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer
the following questions.
3. Draw the Bohr Model for the atom and ion of fluorine. Indicate the correct
symbol for both atom and ion.

4. Draw the Bohr Model for the atom and ion of oxygen. Indicate the correct
symbol for both atom and ion.

B2. Lewis Dot Diagrams ( read pages 9 – 13 in textbook )

- the electrons that are involved in chemical reactions are the VALENCE
ELECTRONS or the electrons in the LAST ENERGY LEVEL.

- Lewis Dot diagrams is another and more efficient way of representing an atom
or ion instead of the Bohr Model.

STEPS TO DRAWING LEWIS DOT DIAGRAMS

STEP 1: WRITE THE CHEMICAL SYMBOL

STEP 2: DETERMINE THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THE

LAST ENERGY LEVEL ( VALENCE ELECTRONS)

STEP 3: USE A DOT TO REPRESENT EACH ELECTRON

- dots are placed starting with the North, then East,

South and West sides of the chemical symbol.

- each position ( N, E, S and W ) can only hold a

maximum of 2 electrons.

- double up the electrons only after all the positions

contain 1 electron.
Example: SODIUM

Bohr Model Sodium Atom Lewis Dot Diagram

1 valence electron = # of dots in Lewis Dot Diagram

11+ Na
2e
12N

Example: CHLORINE

Bohr Model Chlorine Atom Lewis Dot Diagram

7 valence electrons = # of dots in Lewis Dot Diagram

17+
Cl
2e
17N

Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer
the following questions.
5. Complete the following table:

Atom Bohr Model Lewis Dot Diagram

Lithium

Fluorine

Carbon

- you can use Lewis Dot Diagrams to determine the ION PARTICLE

( read page 13 in textbook )

Example:

SODIUM ATOM SODIUM ION

Na Na1+

Na Na1+ + 1 e- = Na1+

Sodium atom lost 1 electron Sodium ion = Na1+

 FLUORINE ATOM FLUORINE ION

F F1-

F + 1e- F or F1-

Fluorine atom gained 1 electron Fluorine ion = F1-

Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer
the following questions.
6. Complete the following table:

Name Atom Ion

Eg: Magnesium ( metal )

Mg Mg2+ + 2 e-

Eg: Chlorine ( nonmetal )

Cl + 1e- Cl1-

Hydrogen
 Oxygen

Barium

- to form IONIC COMPOUNDS the metal and nonmetal atoms must become IONS

- they do this by colliding with each other.

METALS LOSE ELECTRONS

NONMETAL GAIN ELECTRONS

Example:

sodium + chlorine sodium chloride

Na1+ + Cl1- Na1+Cl1- = NaCl

lost 1e- gained 1-

***NOTE: the compound that is formed must have a neutral or zero

net charge

Na1+Cl1- =0
= NaCl
Example:

aluminum + oxygen aluminum oxide

Al3+ + O2- Al3+O2- = Al3O2

- because these two charges DO NOT = zero

you have to find a common denominator.

- the common denominator is 6. You need 2 Al3+

and 3O2- = Al2(3+)= +6 O3(2-)= -6 = 0

- you therefore need 3 aluminum ions and 2

oxygen ions to form the compound.

Al3+ + O2- Al3O2

B3. Molecular Compounds ( read pages 19 – 20 in textbook )

i) nonmetal + nonmetal

- they form a COVALENT BOND or a sharing of electrons to

form a MOLECULE.

Example: - formation of compounds using carbon and hydrogen

Using Lewis Dot diagrams

C + H → C H

sharing of electrons

- because carbon has only filled one of its energy levels we need to add more hydrogen
to fill up the rest of the energy levels
 H

C + 4H → H C H

H
methane ( CH4 )
- molecular compounds are formed by nonmetals sharing electrons. These
nonmetals can form many different combinations as long as the energy
levels are filled.

Example: N2O5 ; NH3 ( ammonia ) ; CH3OH ( methanol ) ; PO5

- to name molecular compounds you use prefixes.

MEMORIZE:

1 - mono 6 - hexa

2 - di 7 - hepta

3 - tri 8 - octa

4 - tetra 9 - nona

5 - penta 10 - deca

Example: P2O5 = diphosphorus pentaoxide

2 5

N6O10 = hexanitrogen decaoxide

6 10

- some molecular compounds have COMMON NAMES as well as their chemical

name.

CH4 = carbon tetrahydride or commonly called METHANE

Using the above information and your Data Booklet pages 6 – 7 answer the following
questions.

1. Name the following molecular compounds using PREFIXES

a) CH3 ___________________________________________________

b) H2O2 __________________________________________________

c) PO5 ___________________________________________________

d) N3O7 __________________________________________________

e) O3 ____________________________________________________

B4. Metallic Bonding ( read page 17 in textbook )

i) metal + metal

- these compounds form a METALLIC BOND.

- because metals contain positive charges or CATIONS they would

naturally repel one another ( like charges repel: unlike charges attract ) but because they
LOSE ELECTRONS to become IONS the ions are attracted to the free – flowing
electrons.

free – flowing electrons ( - ) metal positive ions ( + )

NOTE: - there are equal number of cations or positive ions and anions or electrons
so the compound is NEUTRAL.
 These compounds form CRYSTALS

Using the above information and pages 19 – 22 in textbook answer the following
questions.

1. Draw Lewis Dot diagrams for the following molecular compounds:

nitrogen and hydrogen fluorine and hydrogen

NH3 HF

2. List the properties of an ionic compound such as rock salt

• _________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________

• _________________________________________________________
3. List the properties of a molecular compound such as hard plastic.
• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________
4. List the properties of a metallic compound such as aluminum foil.
• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

• ________________________________________________________

1.3 Chemical Reactions

- when atoms collide to form compounds we call this a CHEMICAL REACTION

- there are six ( 6 ) types of chemical reactions

a) Formation

b) Decomposition

c) Single Replacement

d) Double Replacement

e) Combustion

f) Nuclear ( this is covered in Science 30 )

a) FORMATION

- single element + single element → compound

Example:

Na(s) + Cl2(g) → NaCl(s) ( ionic compound )

F2(g) + O2(g) → F2O(g) ( molecular compound )

b) DECOMPOSITION

- compound → single element + single element

Example:

H2O(l) → H2(g) + O2(g)

Al2O3(s) → Al(s) + O2(g)

 c) SINGLE REPLACEMENT

- single element + compound → new single element + new compound

Example:

Na(s) + BaCl(s) → Ba(s) + NaCl(s)

the 2 metals switch places

Br2(l) + NaF(aq) → F2(g) + NaBr(aq)

the 2 nonmetals switch places

NOTE: only metals can replace metals and only nonmetals can replace nonmetals

d) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT

- compound + compound → new compound + new compound

Example:

NaCl(s) + MgF2(s) → NaF(aq) + MgCl2(aq)

NOTE: only the metals switch places

e) COMBUSTION

- hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

***** in combustion of hydrocarbons you always use oxygen and you

always get the same products ( carbon dioxide and water )

Example:

CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g

 Please Note: - when forming IONIC COMPOUNDS always use the ION
form of the atom and then BALANCE CHARGES.

Na(s) + F2(g) → Na 1+(aq) F1-(aq) → NaF(aq)

Using the above information classify each of the following chemical reactions as:

(F) formation

(D) decomposition

( SR ) single replacement

( DR ) double replacement

(C) combustion

_______ 2C12H26(g) + 37 O2(g) → 24CO2(g) + 26H2O(g)

_______ 2KOH(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2KCl(aq)

_______ 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3(aq)

_______ 2KNO3(aq) → 2K(s) + N2(g) + 3O2(g)

_______ Ni(s) + CuSO4(aq) → NiSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

1.4 Balanced Chemical Reactions ( read pages 61 – 62 in textbook )

- a balanced chemical equation or reaction is one in which the total

number of each kind of atom or ion on the reactant side EQUALS the
total number of same kind of atom or ion on the product side.

REACTANTS → PRODUCTS

RULES for BALANCING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

While there are no exact rules for balancing equations, there are some guidelines that you can
follow that might help you do them more accurately.

1 Start with the largest compound and assume that it has a coefficient of 1.

You might have to change it later but it is a good place to start.

 2 Balance 1 atom at a time.

Don’t try to balance the entire equation all at once. Do it one atom at a time.

3 Only change the coefficient or big balancing number – never the subscript

Once a compound is correctly written, it can’t be changed – ever. To balance an

atom you need to change the coefficient in front of the molecule.

4 You might have to ‘unbalance’ one atom to balance another.

This is part of the process of balancing equations. Don’t think that you can’t
unbalance at atom temporarily. You will come back to it and balance it.

5 Balance atoms found in many places LAST.

When an atom is found in many places, it is difficult to decide which compounds

have to get its coefficient changed to make it balance. The easiest way to get
around that problem is to save these atoms to the end.

6 Balance atoms found in only one place FIRST.

This is an important rule because it simplifies the problem. Since the atom is
found in only one place on each side of the equation, there is no guess work in
determining what the coefficient will be.

7 Balance atoms by themselves LAST.

Atoms by themselves have the advantage of being able to put any coefficient in
front of them and not have to worry about changing the number of any other
atom. eg: chlorine, oxygen, fluorine, sodium or any of the metals or nonm`etals

REMEMBER

- Make sure that you count the proper number of atoms correctly
- Remember that if you have to put in a fraction for balancing, all of the coefficients will
have to be changed to make all of the coefficients WHOLE NUMBERS.
- You can always verify your answer by doing a quick count of the atoms when you are
done.
-
Example:

1. Na(s) + Br2(l) → NaBr(aq)

1 atom 2 atoms 1 atom

3 atoms total = 1 atom total

NOT BALANCED
 2Na(s) + Br2(l) → 2NaBr(aq)
2 atoms Na 2 atoms Br 2 atoms Na + 2 atoms Br

4 atoms total = 4 atoms total

BALANCED

2. CH4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

5 atoms 2 atoms 3 atoms 3 atoms

7 atoms total = 6 atoms total

NOT BALANCED

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

5 atoms CH4 4 atoms O2 3 atoms CO2 4 atoms H + 2 atoms O

9 atoms total = 9 atoms total

BALANCED

Using the above information answer the following questions.

The balanced numbers for the following chemical equations are:

1. ___Ca(s) + ___ S8(s) + ___ O2(g) → ___CaSO3(s)

a) 8, 1, 12, 8

b) 1, 8, 8, 12

c) 8, 8, 1, 12

d) 12, 8, 1, 8
2. ___Al(s) + ___Cl2(g) → ___AlCl3(s)

a) 3, 2, 2

b) 2, 2, 3

c) 2, 3, 2

d) 2, 1, 2

3. ___NaOH(aq) + ___H2SO4(aq) → ___H2O(l) + ___Na2SO4(aq)

a) 2, 2, 2, 2

b) 1, 2, 1, 2

c) 1, 1, 2, 2

d) 2, 1, 2, 1

4. ___C3H8(g) + ___O2(g) → ___CO2(g) + ___H2O(g)

a) 2, 10, 6, 8

b) 1, 5, 3, 4

c) 2, 5, 3, 4

d) 1, 10, 3, 4