I. Atomic Structure a.

A diatomic molecule contains only two

II. Electronic Configuration atoms.
III. Chemical Bonding b. A polyatomic molecule consists of more than
IV. Formula Writing two atoms.
V. Naming of Compounds
Atoms lose and gain electrons to become stable. In
Atomic Structure this process, they become positively and negatively
Dalton’s Atomic Theory charged particles called ions.
In 1803, John Dalton worked out an atomic theory. He
contributed the following postulates. A cation has a net positive charge, while an anion has
1. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter. a net negative charge.
They cannot be divided into smaller pieces.
They also cannot be created nor destroyed. Quantum Mechanical Model
2. All atoms of an element are identical, but the Atomic Orbitals
atoms of one element are different from the Atomic orbitals are regions where electron is most
atoms of another element in terms of mass, likely found. The orbital’s number signifies the
size, and properties. electron’s energy, while the letter denotes its shape.
3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more a. S-orbital – spherical in shape and possesses
than one element which are combined in lower energy because of its proximity to the
fixed ratios. nucleus.
4. Atoms retain their identity during chemical b. P-orbital – dumbbell-shaped orbitals tied
reactions. together at the nucleus.
c. D-orbitals – four-lobed electron clouds
Subatomic Particles d. F-orbitals – eight-lobed electron clouds
Atoms are composed of even smaller particles called
as subatomic particles. Each subshell has a capacity.
s: 2 electron capacity
There are 6.022 x 1023 particles in an element p: 6 electron capacity
d:10 electron capacity
Electron Proton Neutron f: 14 electron capacity
e- p+ n0
Negative charge Positive charge No charge Electronic Configuration
Electronic configuration is a shorthand notation that
All protons and neutrons are found at the nucleus. An designates the energy level, sublevel, and orbital
atom is electrically neutral as the number of positive occupied by the electrons. The sum of the
protons and negative electrons are equal superscripts is equal to the atomic number.

An electron carries the negative charge, therefore the
positron has a positive charge. It is the anti-electron.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic number specifies the number of protons
present.
Atomic Number = Protons = Electrons
General Rules for Assigning Electrons to Atomic
Orbitals
1. Hund’s rule
The pairing of electrons does not start until
all orbitals in the same sublevel have at least
one electron each.

Mass number is the sum of the numbers of protons

and electrons in its nucleus.
2. Aufbau principle
Mass number = Protons + Electrons There is an overlapping of energies beyond
Neutrons = Mass number – Protons 3p. The total energy of an atom is lower
when 4s is filled before 3d, and when 5s is
Nucleus – center of an atom filled first before 4d.
Electron clouds – empty spaces between energy
levels. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p

Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but 3.
different mass numbers.
Molecules and Ions
A molecule is a combination of at least two atoms in a
definite proportion, bound together by covalent bonds.
Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism
Paramagnetic substances are those that
contain net unpaired spins and are attracted
by a magnet.
 Diamagnetic substances are those that do
not contain net unpaired spins and are
slightly repelled by a magnet.
Chemical Bonding
Chemical Bond is the force of attraction that holds two
atoms together in a molecule or ion pair. The bonds
are formed either by transferring or sharing.
Once an electron absorbs energy, the ground state
becomes exciting state. After 0.001 sec, the energy is
released and goes back to ground.
Types of Chemical Bond
A. Ionic Bond
Is formed between metal and nonmetal
elements. When a metal loses electrons, it
becomes a cation, while the nonmetal
becomes an anion. Nonmetals have a
greater tendency to accept electrons.
B. Covalent Bond
Is formed by electron sharing between two
nonmetals.
Bond Polarity
i. Polar Covalent Bond
Electrons are shared unequally,
resulting in one atom being partially
negative and the other being
partially positive.
ii. Nonpolar Covalent Bond
The electrons are share equally
between two atoms. The
electronegativities are almost the
same.
The Lewis Dot Symbol (LEDS)
Element is represented only with their valence
electron. The number of dots corresponds to the
number of valence electrons.
Cesium (Cs-55)
p/n) 2) 8) 18) )18 )8 )1
Therefore, it has 1 valence electron and the Lewis dot
symbol is:
Magnesium (Mg=12)
p/n) 2)8)2
Therefore, it has 2 valence electron and is Lewis dot
symbol is
Finding The Valence Number of Elements
Using the Periodic Table
Non-Transition Metals
Use group numbers to determine the
valence number.
Group 1: 1 valence electron
Group 2: 2 valence electrons
Group 13: 3 valence electrons
Group 14: 4 valence electrons
Group 15: 5 valence electrons
Group 16: 6 valence electrons
Group 17: 7 valence electrons
Group 18: 8 valence electrons (except for
helium, which has 2)
With Electron Configuration
1. Assign the electrons to subshells using the
Octet Rule.
2. Find the number of electrons in the
outermost shell.
Chemical Formulas
A chemical formula is the written structure of a
compound. It is made up of the elements and its
corresponding relative number in a compound.
a. Molecular Formula – indicates the actual
number of each element in a compound.
b. Empirical Formula – only shows the ratio
between the number of atoms
Examples
Naphthalene
Chemical Formula: C10H8
5:4 ratio when simplified, therefore
Empirical Formula: C5H4
Hydrogen Peroxide
Chemical Formula: C6H6
Empirical Formula: CH
Formula Writing
Binary compound contains two elements.
Steps in writing the formula of binary compounds
Example given Magnesium and Oxygen
1. Write the symbol of the element involved in
the compound.
- Mg, O
2. Identify the valence number and charge of
the element and write this as superscript.
- Mg+2O-2
3. Crisscross the superscript, the superscript of
the metal will become the subscript of
nonmetal, or vice versa. Remember that the
crisscross method is based on the transfer of
electrons and the conservation of charges.
- Mg2O2
4. Cancel the subscript if it is one, and if it is
identical.
- MgO (subscripts are identical)
Example:
Potassium and Chlorine K+1Cl-1 = K1Cl1 = KCl
Calcium And Bromine Ca+2Br-1 = Ca1Br2 = CaBr2
 Sn4+ - Tin (IV) / Stannic
Naming of Compounds Pb (Lead) – plumbum
A binary compound consists of metal with a fixed Pb2+ - Lead (II) / Plumbous
oxidation number and a nonmetal. Pb4+ - Lead (IV) / Plumbic
Sb (Antimony) – stibium
Rule 1A – Naming of Ionic Compound Sb3+ - Antimony (III) / Stibous
Sb5+ - Antimony (V) / Stibic
Name the cation first (specifying the charge, if
necessary), then the nonmetal anion (element stem + Example:
-ide) Gold and Oxygen
Au+1,3, O-2
Metal always comes first.
Au+1 O-2
NaBr – Sodium Bromide Au2O1 – cancel out if the subscript is one
ZnI2 – Zinc Iodide = AuO2 – Aurous oxide, Gold (I) oxide

Replace the suffix of the nonmetal with -ide. Au+3 O-2

= Au2O3 – Auric oxide, Gold (III) oxide
Sulfur, Oxygen, Fluorine, Bromine, Chlorine, Iodine
Sulfide, Oxide, Fluoride, Bromide, Chloride, Iodide Rule 2 – Naming of Covalent Compound

Do NOT use prefixes to indicate how many of each A covalent compound is a compound that consists of
element is present; this information is implied in the two nonmetals.
name of the compound
Carbon and Oxygen
Rule 1B – Compound that consists of metal C+4,2 O-2
with variable valence number and nonmetal C+2 O-2 = C2O2 = CO – Carbon monoxide

PbS – Lead (II) Sulfide Use Greek prefixes – mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, etc.
PbS2 – Lead (IV) Sulfide If the prefix of the first element is 1, do not add.

Follow rule 1A but express the valence number. C+4 O-2 = C2O4 (divide) = CO2 – Carbon dioxide

Option 1 – Stock nomenclature P2O5 – Diphosphorus pentoxide

Lead (II) Sulfide – Lead (IV) Sulfide N2O3 – Dinitrogen trioxide
Specify the valence number. CCl4 – Carbon tetrachloride

Option 2 – Latin name Rule 3 – Naming of Polyatomic Ions

Lead in Latin is plumbum.
The naming of ionic compounds that contain
Use the suffix -ous for lower valence number, and -ic polyatomic ions follows the same rules as the naming
for higher valence number. for other ionic compounds: simply combine the name
of the cation and the name of the anion.
Lead (II) = Plumbous sulfide
Lead (IV) = Plumbic sulfide Do not use numerical prefixes in the name if there
is more than one polyatomic ion; the only exception
Latin Names for metals with varying valence number to this is if the name of the ion itself contains a
numerical prefix, such as dichromate or triiodide.
Fe (Iron) – ferrum
Fe2+ - Iron (II) / Ferrous Writing the formulas of ionic compounds has one
Fe3+ - Iron (III) / Ferric important difference. If more than one polyatomic ion
Cu (Copper) – cuprum is needed to balance the overall charge in the
Cu1+ - Copper (I) / Cuprous formula, enclose the formula of the polyatomic ion in
Cu2+ - Copper (II) / Cupric parentheses and write the proper numerical subscript
Au (Gold) – aurum to the right and outside the parentheses.
Au1+ - Gold (I) / Aurous
Au3+ - Gold (III) / Auric Thus, the formula between calcium ions, Ca2+, and
Hg (Mercury) – hydrargyrum nitrate ions, NO3−, is properly written Ca(NO3)2, not
Hg1+ - Mercury (I) / Hydrargyrous CaNO32 or CaN2O6. Use parentheses where required.
Hg2+ - Mercury (II) / Hydrargyric The name of this ionic compound is simply calcium
Sn (Tin) – stannum nitrate.
Sn2+ - Tin (II) / Stannous
 C2H3O2- acetate ion
HC2H3O2(aq) acetic acid
Polyatomic Anions
CN- cyanide ion
HCN(aq) hydrocyanic acid
OH- hydroxide ion
O22- peroxide ion

NO2- nitrite ion

HNO2(aq) nitrous acid
NO3- nitrate ion
HNO3(aq) nitric acid

CO32- carbonate ion

HCO3- hydrogen carbonate ion
H2CO3(aq) carbonic acid

SO32- sulfite ion

HSO3- hydrogen sulfite ion
H2SO3(aq) sulfurous acid
SO42- sulfate ion
HSO4- hydrogen sulfate ion
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid

PO33- phosphite ion

HPO32- hydrogen phosphite ion
H2PO3- dihydrogen phosphite ion
H3PO3(aq) phosphorous acid
PO43- phosphate ion
HPO42- hydrogen phosphate ion
H2PO4- dihydrogen phosphate ion
H3PO4(aq) phosphoric acid

ClO- hypochlorite ion

HClO(aq) hypochlorous acid
ClO2- chlorite ion
HClO2(aq) chlorous acid
ClO3- chlorate ion
HClO3(aq) chloric acid
ClO4- perchlorate ion
HClO4(aq) perchloric acid

BrO- hypobromite ion

HBrO(aq) hypobromous acid
BrO2- bromite ion
HBrO2(aq) bromous acid
BrO3- bromate ion
HBrO3(aq) bromic acid
BrO4- perbromate ion
HBrO4(aq) perbromic acid

IO- hypoiodite ion

HIO(aq) hypoiodous acid
IO2¯ iodite ion
HIO2(aq) iodous acid
IO3¯ iodate ion
HIO3(aq) iodic acid
IO4- periodate ion
HIO4(aq) periodic acid

MnO4¯ permanganate ion

HMnO4(aq) permanganic acid

CrO42- chromate ion

H2CrO4(aq) chromic acid
Cr2O72- dichromate ion
H2Cr2O7(aq) dichromic acid

HCO2- formate ion

HCO2H formic acid