GEN CHEM Example: HCl

POLARITY OF MOLECULE POLAR VS NON POLAR 2. Find the absolute value EN of H and Cl
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN SOLIDS AND H = 2.1
LIQUIDS Cl = 3.0
EN Difference (EN) = 0.9
IONIC and COVALENT COMPOUNDS Polar Covalent Bond
Key:
Metal + Non Metal = Ionic Cl = 3.Example: Cl2
Nonmetal + Non Metal = Covalent 3. Find the EN of Chlorine Gas
Ionic – transfer of electron 0
Covalent – sharing of electron EN Difference (EN) = 0
Non Polar Covalent Bond

Using the electronegativity values given in the periodic table

and on the basis of EN differences, indicate the type of bond
present between the given atom.
VALENCE ELECTRON AND LEWIS DOT SYMBOL
● Valence Electron – are the “outermost electrons”
involved in chemical bonding.
● Octet Rule – states that atoms tend to form compounds in
ways that give them eight valence electrons and thus the
electron configuration of a noble gas.

POLARITY OF MOLECULE POLAR VS NON POLAR

In summary
REMEMBER
Neutral Molecule
No. of Protons = No. of Electrons

POLARITY
1. Determine the electronegativity of the atoms in the molecule
2. Determine the shape or geometry of the molecule through the Remember
VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion) theory. Polar Bond is different from Polar Molecule

ELECTRONEGATIVITY REMEMBER:
1. Electronegativity is a measure of how strongly atoms attract 1. If the bond is polar, then the molecule can either
bonding electrons to themselves. be polar or non-polar.
2. The higher the electronegativity, the greater an atom’s 2. If the bond is non-polar, then the molecule is
attraction for electrons. automatically non-polar.
3. Ionic compounds are highly polar since ions are
charged atoms.
4. Diatomic molecules are automatic non-polar
Molecule.
5. Noble Gases are automatic non-polar molecule.

Non-Polar Molecule
● Equal Sharing of Electrons

THREE POSSIBLE BOND TYPES
Ionic
Covalent = Non Polar Covalent; Polar Covalent
ELECTRONEGATIVITY AND POLARITY
● Electronegativity is the ability of the atom to attract the
electrons towards itself in a chemical bond.
Electronegativities can help predict the nature of bond in a
compound. The larger the electronegativity difference
between two atoms, the more polar bond will be.
Polar Molecule
● Unequal Sharing of Electrons
Polar Molecule
● A molecule is made up of non-metal atoms that share
electrons with each other through the formation of
covalent bonds. This sharing of electrons, however, is not
always equal and the more electronegative atom takes a
bigger share of the electrons than the less electronegative
atom.
● This uneven sharing of electrons causes small positive and
negative charges to form on opposite ends of the molecule,
known as dipoles.

Generally, if the electronegativity difference (EN) is:

0 – less than 0.4 = nonpolar covalent bond
0.5 - 1. 78 (less than 1.78) = polar covalent bond greater than
1.78 or 1.8 = ionic bond

Example: NaCl
1. Find the absolute value EN of Na and Cl
Na = 0.9
Cl = 3.0
EN Difference (EN) = 2.1
Ionic Bonding
 VSPER Shape: Trigonal Planar

VSPER Shape: Bent/Angular

VSPER Shape: Tetrahedral

VSPER Shape: Trigonal Pyramidal

POLARITY: MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

● For polyatomic molecules, the molecular geometry shapes

determine the overall molecular polarity.
● VSEPR is a model used to predict the geometry of VSPER Shape: Bent
molecules based on minimizing the electrostatic repulsion
of a molecule’s valence electrons around a central atom.
● Each “group” of valence electrons (electron group) around
a central atom must be located as far as possible from
other groups in order to minimize repulsions.
● Electron group pertains to a number of electrons that
occupy a specific region around atom; it may be lone pair, VSPER Shape: Trigonal Bipyramidal
single bond or triple bond.

STEPS IN PREDICTING THE SHAPE:

1. Identify the central atom.
2. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule.
3. Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and lone
pairs.
4. Arrange them in the way that minimizes repulsion (as far as
possible).
5. Determine the name of the molecular structure from the
VSEPR: PREDICTING OF THE SHAPE OF THE positions of the atoms.
MOLECULE
Example: BeCl2
STEPS IN PREDICTING THE SHAPE: 1. Central Atom is Be
1. Identify the central atom 2. Lewis Structure
2. Draw the Lewis structure for the molecule 3. Has 2 bonding pairs; many lone pairs
3. Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and lone 4. No lone pair in the center
pairs. 5. Shape is Linear
4. Arrange them in the way that minimizes repulsion (as far as
possible) Example: BCl2
5 Determine the name of the molecular structure from the 1. Central Atom is B
positions of the atoms. 2. Lewis Structure
3. Has 3 bonding pairs; many lone pairs
4. No lone pair at the center
5. Shape is Trigonal Planar

Example: SO2
1. Central Atom is S
2. Lewis Structure
3. Has 1 single bond, 1 double bond and many lone pair
4. Arrangement
5. Shape is Bent Angular

VSPER Shape: Linear Example: NH3

1. Central Atom is N
2. Lewis Structure
3. Has 3 single bond, and 1 lone pair
4. Arrangement
5. Shape is Trigonal Pyramidal
AXN Notation Table of Classification
A – CENTRAL ATOM
X - BONDED ATOMS
N – UNBONDED ELECTRON PAIRS
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES IN SOLIDS AND
LIQUIDS
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF LIQUIDS AND
SOLIDS
Diffusion is defined as the movement of individual
molecules of a substance through a semipermeable
barrier from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
The Kinetic Molecular Model
● The word “kinetic” comes from the Greek Word kinein,
which means “to move”. Gas is made up of molecules that
move randomly and are widely separated from one
another.
● The Kinetic Molecular Model explains the properties of
solids and liquids in terms of the intermolecular forces of
attraction and the kinetic energy of the individual particles.
The Kinetic Molecular Model
● Intermolecular Forces (attractive forces between
neighboring particles of one or more substances) pull the
particles together while kinetic energy keeps the particles
at a distant and/or moving around. Kinetic is dependent on
the temperature of the substance.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES OF ATTRACTION
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
● The term “INTERMOLECULAR FORCES” is used to
describe the forces of attraction BETWEEN atoms,
molecules, and ions when they are placed close to each
other.
● The intermolecular forces of attraction in a pure substance
are collectively known as Van der Wals forces, which
include dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole, and
London dispersion forces.
Intermolecular Forces vs Intramolecular Forces
● The intramolecular forces of attraction, on the other hand,
are those responsible for interaction within a molecule,
such as covalent and ionic bonds.
● Generally, intramolecular forces of attraction are stronger
than the intermolecular attraction.
TYPESS OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
1. Ion-Ion IMFA
● Between ionic compound and another ionic compound.
The strongest type of IMFA.
● Ion-ion forces, also known as ionic bonding, are the
simplest to understand. These forces arise from the
electrostatic attraction between two ions with opposite
charges. They are not technically considered
intermolecular forces, but are a helpful starting point for
understanding the true IMFs (intermolecular forces). Ionic
bonds are alsogenerally stronger, which is why most pure
salts are solids except at extremely high temperatures.
2. Ion-Dipole IMFA
● Between an ionic compound and polar covalent.
● An ion-dipole force is an attractive force that results from
the electrostatic attraction between an ion and a neutral
molecule that has a dipole.
● Most commonly found in solutions. Especially important
for solutions of ionic compounds in polar liquids. A
positive ion (cation) attracts the partially negative end of a
neutral polar molecule. A negative ion (anion) attracts the
partially positive end of a neutral polar molecule.
3. Hydrogen Bond IMFA
● Polar molecules containing Hydrogen chemically bonded
to a small and highly electronegative nonmetal : N, O, F.
● Hydrogen bond is a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction that exists only in molecules that contain a
hydrogen atom bonded to small, highly electronegative
atoms such as N, O, or F.
● The more the electronegative atoms pulls the electrons
towards itself and gains a relatively large partial negative
charge.
Identify whether it is Hydrogen Bonding?
CH2O = Hydrogen Bonding
NH3 = Hyrogen Bonding
OF2 = Not rogen Bonding
4. Dipole-Dipole IMFA
● Between a polar covalent compound and another polar
covalent substance.
● It exist in polar molecules. Each polar molecule has
unequal electron densities, resulting in dipole- a partial
positive end and a partial negative end.
● Dipole forces is the cause of properties of water like
surface tension.
5. London Dispersion IMFA
● Also called Dispersion forces, are intermolecular forces of
attraction that exist between all atoms and molecules.
Moreover, these are the only forces acting in nonpolar
molecules. They arise from the continuous movement of
electrons in particles.
Nevertheless, the electrons have some freedom to move about
the molecule; therefore, at any instance, the molecule
momentarily acquires a non-uniform electron density, resulting
in a temporary dipole (also called instantaneous dipole). This
dipole can then induce dipoles in neighboring
molecules.Therefore, London dispersion forces are attractions
between an instantaneous dipole and an induced dipole, as in
the two helium atoms.

In summary