WEEK 3 - MODULE 3

SYNCHRONOUS

DOMINIQUE MANDANAS
PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PSCI)
mandanasd@pnc.edu.ph
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
 OBJECTIVES

Differentiate polar and nonpolar bonds

Determine the polarity of chemical bonds between

atoms using the concept of electronegativity

Familiarize with the different molecular shapes

Explain how polarity of bonds and molecular geometry

affects the polarity of molecules

 POLARITY OF MOLECULES

WHAT IS POLARITY?

is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical

groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end
and a positively charged end. Polar molecules must contain polar bonds
due to a difference in electronegativity between the bonded atoms.
POLARITY OF MOLECULES
 POLARITY OF MOLECULES

A MOLECULE CAN BE DETERMINED AS POLAR OR

NOT BASED ON:

DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS TO

PREDICT WHAT TYPE OF BOND THEY HAVE

GEOMETRY
 POLARITY OF MOLECULES

WHAT IS AN ELECTRONEGATIVITY?

is a tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.

 TYPE OF BOND
You can predict the type of bond the molecule has using the following steps:

STEP 1: Determine the electronegativity values of the elements given by looking at Pauling

Electronegativity Values for the Elements.

STEP 2: Get the difference between the electronegativity values from step 1.

STEP 3: Check what range is the electronegativity difference you solved from step 2 fitted from the

table on the next slide.

STEP 4: Determine what type of bond the molecule has based on where the range in electronegativity

difference fit from the table on the next slide.

 POLARITY OF MOLECULES

DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

ELECTRONEGATIVITY
TYPE OF BOND
DIFFERENCE, ∆EN
NONPOLAR ≤ 0.4
POLAR 0.5 to 1.6
IONIC ≥ 1.7
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

PAULING ELECTRONEGATIVITY VALUES FOR THE ELEMENTS

 ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of

atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

1. Ca and Cl

2. Cl and Cl

3. C and N
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of

atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

1. Ca and Cl
Solution:
ENCa = 1
∆EN = 1 – 3 = |-2| = 2 ∴ Ionic Bond
ENCl = 3
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of

atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

2. Cl and Cl
Solution:
ENCl = 3
∆EN = 3 – 3 = 0 ∴ Nonpolar Bond
ENCl = 3
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY OF ATOMS

Predict what type of bond is present between the following pairs of

atoms by determining their electronegativity difference.

3. C and N
Solution:
ENC = 2.5 ∆EN = 2.5 – 3 = |-0.5| = 0.5
ENN = 3
∴ Polar Bond
 POLARITY OF MOLECULES

GEOMETRY

POLAR BOND IS SHOWN IN AN ASYMMETRIC MOLECULE

NONPOLAR BOND IS SHOWN IN A SYMMETRIC MOLECULE

 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a substance using the following steps:

STEP 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least electronegative

element.

STEP 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis dot structure for the molecule.

STEP 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone pairs) around the

central atom.

STEP 4: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of electron pairs.

STEP 5: Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms

 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

1 8
2 3 4 5 6 7 2

Note: Numbers written in red color is the number of valence electrons

 LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE

Oxygen →
1 8
2 3 4 5 6 7 2
Carbon →
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. CO2

2. SO2
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. CO2
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.

ENC = 2.5
ENC < ENO
ENO = 3.5
∴ C, Carbon, is the central atom
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. CO2
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis Dot Structure for the molecule.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. CO2
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone
pairs) around the central atom.

∴ CO2 has 2 bonding pairs of electrons

ELECTRON PAIR ORIENTATION
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. CO2
Step 4 and 5: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of
electron pairs. Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms.

∴ The electron pair orientation for 2

electrons and the molecular shape of CO2
is LINEAR
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example

using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
1. CO2

Solution:
ENC = 2.5
∆EN = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1| = 1
ENO = 3.5
∴ Polar Bond
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example

using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
1. CO2

← → ←→ No Net Dipole Moment

Symmetrical

∴ CO2 has a Polar Bond and it is a Non-

Polar Molecule
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

2. SO2
Step 1: Determine the central atom of a molecule. The central atom is the least
electronegative element.

ENS = 2.5
ENS < ENO
ENO = 3.5
∴ S, Sulfur, is the central atom
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

2. SO2
Step 2: Draw the appropriate Lewis Dot Structure for the molecule.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

2. SO2
Step 3: Count the number of bonding pairs of electrons and non-bonding (or lone
pairs) around the central atom.

∴ SO2 has 4 bonding pairs of electrons and 2 lone pairs

 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Predict the molecular geometry of the following:

1. SO2
Step 4 and 5: Determine the electron pair orientation using the total number of
electron pairs. Name the shape of based on the location of the atoms.

∴ The electron pair orientation for 4

electrons and 2 lone pairs and the
molecular shape of SO2 is BENT.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example

using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
2. SO2

Solution:
ENS = 2.5
∆EN = 2.5 – 3.5 = |-1| = 1
ENO = 3.5
∴ Polar Bond
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY

Determine the POLARITY OF THE MOLECULE of the previous example

using its difference in electronegativity and molecular geometry.
2. SO2

There is a Net Dipole Moment

Asymmetrical (the top has

less electronegativity)
∴ SO2 has a Polar Bond and
it is a Polar Molecule
 THANK YOU!

DOMINIQUE MANDANAS
PHYSICAL SCIENCE (PSCI)
mandanasd@pnc.edu.ph