POLARITY OF MOLECULES

What is a molecule?
Examples of Molecules
 ELECTRONEGATIVITY

• The ability of an
atom in a
chemical
compound to
attract electrons
ELECTRONEGATIVITY DIFFERENCE
How to Calculate the Electronegativity
difference?
How to Calculate the Electronegativity
difference?
 Polarity of Bonds and Electronegativity

• We could use the

electronegativity values
of the atoms involved to
get the absolute
electronegativity
difference (∆EN) which
will help us in predicting
what type of chemical
bond (ionic, polar
covalent or nonpolar
covalent) that would exist
between them.
Polarity exist in two forms
VSPER Model
• The valence shell electron pair
repulsion theory or VSEPR theory
helps predict the spatial arrangement
of atoms in a polyatomic molecule.
• The shapes are designed to minimize
the repulsion within a molecule
Polar Molecule
H2O - Bent - polar due to
two lone pairs
NH3 - Trigonal pyramidal -
polar due to one lone pair
NO - Linear - polar due to
unequal sharing of
electrons
Non Polar Molecule
CO2 Linear
CH4 Tetrahedral
CCl4 Tetrahedral
Polar and Geometrical Bond
• The presence of polar bonds
does not automatically make
a molecule polar.
• The geometry of the
molecule also plays an
important role.
• electronegativity difference
of C and O is 1.0 which makes
the bond between them
polar.
Polar and Geometrical Bond

• However carbon is placed

in the middle of two
oxygen atoms making the
molecular structure
linear. This equal
distribution of polar
bonds make the molecule
non-polar.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a
substance using the following steps:
Step 1: Determine the central
atom of a molecule. The central
atom is the least electronegative
element.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a
substance using the following steps:

Step 2: Draw the

appropriate Lewis
dot structure for
the molecule.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a
substance using the following steps:
Step 3: Count the number
of bonding pairs of
electrons and non-bonding
(or lone pairs) around the
central atom.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a
substance using the following steps:
Step 4: Determine the electron pair orientation
using the total number of electron pairs.
 MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
• You can predict the shape or molecular geometry of a
substance using the following steps:
Step 5: Name the
shape of based on
the location of the
atoms
 Solubility, Miscibility, and Polarity

the general rule that “like dissolves

like” or “like mixes with like.” This
refers to substances being able to
mix due to their same polarity.
 ACTIVITY 1
Determine the polarity of the following compounds based on
electronegativity differences and molecular geometry.
Molecular Polarity
Geometry
1. HBr
2. PH3
3. SiS2
4. O2
5. BCl3
ACTIVITY 2

• Determine the polarity of the following compounds based on

electronegativity differences and molecular geometry, as well as
the polarity of molecule.

Bond Polarity Molecular Polarity of

Geometry Molecule
1. H2O
2. CCl4
3. BF3
4. SF6
5. SiF4