Dear f r ien ds,

Wh en w e con sider ed t h e con t ext f or t h is m on t h?s m agazin e, w e t h ou gh t abou t

cu r r en t even t s an d t h e st at e of ou r w or ld. We ar e look in g ah ead an d see t h e
st or m clou ds gat h er in g. Th er e is a gen er al u n der st an din g of w h at is com in g,
h ow it w ill m an if est , w h en it w ill af f ect u s, an d w h y it w ill ch an ge u s ?
per m an en t ly.
We k n ow t h at a Covid-19 vaccin e is on t h e h or izon . St u dies t ell u s t h at it w ill
m an if est in t h e f or m of a m icr o n eedle ar r ay pat ch (M NA). We ar e livin g w it h
t h e ef f ect s of t h is ?pan dem ic? w it h r espect t o t r avel r est r ict ion s, m ask
r equ ir em en t s, an d n ow t h e m an dat in g of f lu sh ot s f or all st u den t s an d t each er s
r et u r n in g t o colleges an d u n iver sit ies t h is f all. Th is is a pr ecu r sor t o a
w or ldw ide decr ee f or t h e com in gSARS-CoV-2 im m u n izat ion plan .
I h ave r ef er en ced on sever al occasion s m y obser vat ion s an d t ak e-aw ay?s f r om
t h e 1993 m ovie, Ju r assic Par k .

WIKI- Director Steven Spielberg recognized what really fascinated him

aboutJurassic Parkwas "a really credible look at how dinosaurs might
someday be brought back alongside modern mankind", going beyond a
simple monster movie.?

Wh at m ade t h e st or ylin e cr edible is w h at t h ey w er e able t o do w it h DNA?

Today, w e h ave com e t o t h e poin t w h er e if a bu n ch of cr azy scien t ist s r eally
wanted t o cr eat e som e gigan t ic r ept ilian h ybr id ? t h ey cou ld. Th ey ?h ave t h e
t ech n ology ? an d, sadly, t h e f in an cial back in g of m an y gover n m en t s t o do so.
Bu t r igh t n ow , ?t h ey ? ar e f ocu sed on h u m an it y an d r ollin g ou t a global
vaccin at ion plan t h at w ill in t er act an d m an ipu lat e ou r DNA/ RNA by
syn t h et ic/ r obot ic m ean s. Th is IS t r u ly biological ?w ar f ar e?. You w ill n ot f in d a
?sh ot ? lik e it on you r ever -gr ow in g list of r equ ir ed vaccin at ion s. Th is h as n ever
been appr oved f or h u m an t r ials.
We h ave cover ed t h is t opic at len gt h . Please see ou r Ju n e, Ju ly, an d Au gu st
ENTANGLED m agazin es. Becau se w e f elt t h is in f or m at ion vit ally im por t an t ,
w e pu blish ed t h ese t h r ee m agazin es w it h ou t ch ar ge ? ju st t o get t h e
in f or m at ion ou t t o t h e pu blic an d t o give ou r Pat r eon su bscr iber s som et h in g
t h at t h ey can pass on t o f am ily an d f r ien ds w h om t h ey love an d car e abou t .

We h ave en t er ed a n ew ?Ju r assic? Er a? com plet e w it h im pr oved BEAST II

syst em t ech n ology an d a global collabor at ion ef f or t t h e lik es of w h ich h as n ot
ever been u n der t ak en dir ect ed by t h e Eu r opean Or gan izat ion f or Nu clear
Resear ch (ot h er w ise k n ow n as CERN).

So h ow do w e m ak e t h e con n ect ion s bet w een t h e BEAST II an d Belle II

syst em s, CERN, M NA Vaccin at ion s (M icr o Needle Ar r ay Pat ch es), an d
m odif icat ion of t h e h ost DNA?
It com es dow n t o par t icle ph ysics, specif ically, Qu an t u m Dot s.
Or igin ally em ployed at t h e n an o scale f or t h e iden t if icat ion an d t r ack in g of
DNA pr ot ein s an d t h e 3-dim en sion al m odelin g of t h eir f olds, Qu an t u m Dot s
h ave m oved f r om t h e exper im en t s of par t icle ph ysics an d qu an t u m
m ech an ics t o t h e deliver y of m RNA/ DNA t o t h e cell n u clei of h u m an s. Th is
dem on st r at es t h e pr ocess of t r ick le-dow n t ech n ology f r om par t icle
acceler at or s/ collider s t o t h e dom ain of bioen gin eer in g of h u m an s.
Wh at can w e expect ?
-M odif icat ion of t h e h u m an gen om e (Ju r assic Par k )
-Resu r r ect ionof Ch im er ism (Days of Noah )
-Rebir t h of ?Hu m an 2.0?
People w h o w illin gly an d k n ow in gly agr ee t o r eceive t h is lif e-ch an gin g
in ocu lat ion w ill r ef lect an d in cor por at e im ages an d aspect s of t h e beast syst em .
Tech n ology, in t h e f or m of Qu an t u m Dot s, w ill en list scien t if ic an d biological
m ediu m s t o pen et r at e h u m an cell w alls t h u s in it iat in g a r eplicat ion pr ocess at
t h e m olecu lar level t h at w ill t r an sf or m t h e en t ir e h u m an body f r om t h e in side
ou t . Th is is t h e abom in at ion t h at WILL desecr at e t h e h u m an body or ?t em ple of
t h e Holy Spir it ? leavin g it desolat e ? or w it h ou t God.

BEAST II an d BELLE II ? CERN ? Su per KEKB - Japan

Th e ?m ar r iage? of scien ce an d t ech n ology h as been con su m m at ed. On ce,

t h r ou gh t h is u n ion , con cept ion h as been ach ieved, m an ipu lat ion of DNA an d
RNA w ill begin br in gin g abou t ch an ges in t h e h u m an gen om e r esu r r ect in g a n ew ,
m odif ied lif e f or m . Th is is sat an?s play on Jesu s w or ds, ?You m u st be bor n
again ? ?
 Jesu s said:

?Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom
you have received from God? You are not your own.?
1 Cor. 6:19
?I am the way, the truth, and the life, no one comes to the Father except through me.?
John 14:6
?I knit you together in your mother?s womb ? you are fearfully and wonderfully made!?
Psalm 139: 13 & 14
?Flesh is born of flesh, but spirit is born of the Spirit. Do not be amazed that I say, ?You
must be born again.?
John 3: 6 & 7

At t h e en d of t h is m agazin e, you w ill f in d a su pplem en t al in f or m at ion sect ion t h at

you can sh ar e w it h ot h er s. It is labeled PROJECT ROOFTOP. It is a su m m ar y of t h e
in f or m at ion w e?ve br ou gh t t o you in t h e past , w h ich m ay assist you w h en t r yin g t o
t alk w it h t h ose you love. A special t h an k -you an d blessin gs t o t h ose w h o h ave
h elped u s com pile t h is in f or m at ion .
Fin ally, r em ain t h an k f u l. Gir d you r self an d st an d st r on g. Do n ot w aiver . Ou r
savior is com in g!
Wit h m u ch love in Ch r ist Jesu s,
An t h on y an d Kat h leen Pat ch
 Beam Exorcism for A STable BELLE Experiment
Th e BEAST exper im en t : a back gr ou n d det ect or f or
t h e com m ission in g of t h e BELLE exper im en t at t h e
KEK B-f act or y in Tsu k u ba, Japan

https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/~beast/

Exor cism (f r om Gr eek ???????? ??, exorkismós " bin din g by oat h" ) is t h e r eligiou s or
spir it u al pr act ice of evict in g dem on s or ot h er spir it u al en t it ies f r om a per son , or
an ar ea, t h at is believed t o be possessed. Depen din g on t h e spir it u al belief s of t h e
exor cist , t h is m ay be don e by cau sin g t h e en t it y t o sw ear an oat h , per f or m in g an
elabor at e r it u al, or sim ply by com m an din g it t o depar t in t h e n am e of a h igh er
pow er . Th e pr act ice is an cien t an d par t of t h e belief syst em of m an y cu lt u r es an d
r eligion s.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism
Th er e ar e dir ect cor r elat ion s bet w een par t icle ph ysics an d t h e bioen gin eer in g of
h u m an DNA an d RNA. Par t icle ph ysicist s ar e w or k in g w it h t h e sam e m at er ials as
r esear ch er s of biology. Th e over all goal of t h e f or m er is t h e discover y of so-called
'Dar k M at t er ', w h ile t h e lat t er , t h e deeper aspect s of ou r DNA an d RNA. Th e
t ech n ologies em ployed in t h e r esear ch of at om ic f u n dam en t al par t icles h ave
sign if ican t applicat ion s in m edicin e.

For exam ple, t h e syn ch r ot r on par t icle acceler at or at UC Ber k eley played a cen t r al
r ole in t h e m appin g of t h e h u m an gen om e. Syn ch r ot r on en er gies, gam m a r ays an d
x-r ays, w er e em ployed in t h e r esear ch of DNA pr ot ein s. Specif ically, w h at ar e
r ef er r ed t o as 'h ar d x-r ays' an d descr ibed as t h e 'br igh t est ligh t on ear t h'. Th is
par t icu alr syn ch r ot r on is h ou sed in a st r u ct u r e k n ow n as t h e Advan ced Ligh t Sou r ce
bu ildin g. Th e ph ysical f olds of pr ot ein s w er e in f er r ed by t h ese 'h ar d x-r ays', an d 3D
com pu t er m odelled. Lu cif er ase qu an t u m dot s w er e u sed in t h e con st r u ct in g of
t h ese m odels. Th is laid t h e f ou n dat ion t o n ot on ly t h e m appin g of t h e h u m an
gen om e, bu t t o t h e m an ipu lat ion of DNA an d RNA in w h at I h ave r ef er r ed t o as " in
silico DNA". Th e r ear r an gem en t of DNA in com pu t er sof t w ar e.
Th e sear ch f or DM (Dar k M at t er ), an d by so doin g, open in g a door w ay t o
t h e abyss (in t er dim en sion al por t al)

"Out of this door might come something, or we might send something

through it," said Sergio Bertolucci, who is Director for Research and
Scientific Computing at CERN, briefing reporters including the Regat CERN
HQ earlier this week.

https://www.theregister.com/2009/11/06/lhc_dimensional_portals/

m ay appear in con gr u ou s con n ect in g par t icle ph ysics w it h biology. It is a

m at t er of in t er pr et at ion in t h e m ean in g of t h e w or d 'abyss'. Th e
m an ipu lat ion of m at t er w it h in a par t icle acceler at or / collider r esu lt in g in
an open in g t o t h e in f in it e, is n o dif f er en t t h an alt er in g DNA/ RNA
w it h ou t f u lly u n der st an din g t h e in f in it e r am if icat ion s of su ch
m odif icat ion s.

In t h e case of t h e m ar k of t h e beast deliver in g a DNA-alt er in g vaccin e by

w ay of a qu an t u m dot lu cif er ase em bedded m icr on eedle ar r ay, it is
et er n al dam n at ion of on e's sou l.

8And allwho dwell on the earth will worship the beast? all whose
names have not been written from the foundation of the world in the
Book of Life belonging to the Lamb who was slain. Revelation 13:8

1Then the fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had
fallen from heaven to earth, and it was given the key to the pit of the
Abyss. Revelation 9:1

A f in al n ot e: We ar e r evisit in g 'St r an gelet s', f ir st in t r odu ced in t h e

Decem ber 2018 edit ion of t h is m agazin e. Th is is a spin -of f of t h e
r esear ch pr esen t ed h er ein ; a w eapon s syst em . Th is qu ar k glu on plasm a
is con sider ed by scien t ist as t h e m ost pow er f u l explosive su bst an ce in
t h e k n ow n u n iver se, pr e-dat in g t h e Higgs boson w it h in t h e t im elin e of
t h e Big Ban g.
 Su per KEKB Acceler at or

" BEAST II in it s cave" : Th e BEAST II det ect or , a syst em of det ect or s f or t h e

com m ission in g of t h e Su per KEKB acceler at or , is bu ilt an d n ow sleeps in it s n ew
con cr et e "cave" , in st alled last w eek . Du r in g it s slu m ber , t h e BEAST II's dat a
acqu isit ion syst em w ill be developed an d f in ish ed bef or e it f in ally aw ak en s f or
t h e f ir st beam s f r om Su per KEKB in Febr u ar y 2016. Th ese f ir st beam s w ill
pr odu ce an en vir on m en t u n lik e an y ph ysics exper im en t bef or e it . Th e BEAST II
det ect or w ill collect dat a in t h is en vir on m en t , pavin g t h e w ay t o allow Belle II
t o saf ely r oll in t o t h e beam in 2017.

Th e ph ot o on t h e t op lef t sh ow s t h e BEAST II det ect or (in side t h e r ed cir cle)

in st alled at t h e in t er act ion poin t of t h e Su per KEKB acceler at or ; on e can also see
t h e Belle II det ect or u n der con st r u ct ion . A zoom ed im age of BEAST II can be seen
in t h e bot t om ph ot ogr aph . Th e ph ot o on t h e t op r igh t is t h e cu r r en t st at e of t h e
in t er act ion r egion af t er con cr et e sh ieldin g w as placed over BEAST II an d t h e
m agn et s adjacen t t o t h e collision poin t .
A n ew r ecor d f or t h e h igh est lu m in osit y at a par t icle collider h as been
set by Su per KEKB at t h e KEK labor at or y in Tsu k u ba, Japan . On 15 Ju n e,
elect r on ?posit r on collision s at t h e 3 k m -cir cu m f er en ce dou ble-r in g
collider r each ed an in st an t an eou s lu m in osit y of 2.22×1034cm -2s-1?
su r passin g t h e LHC?s r ecor d of 2.14×1034cm -2s-1set w it h pr ot on ?pr ot on
collision s in 2018. A f ew days lat er , Su per KEKB pu sh ed t h e lu m in osit y
r ecor d t o 2.4×1034cm -2s-1. Th is m ilest on e f ollow s m or e t h an t w o year s of
com m ission in g of t h e n ew m ach in e, w h ich deliver s asym m et r ic
elect r on ?posit r on collision s t o t h e Belle II det ect or at en er gies
cor r espon din g t o t h e ?(4S) r eson an ce (10.57 GeV) t o pr odu ce copiou s
am ou n t s of B an d D m eson s an d ? lept on
Su per KEKB is an u pgr ade of t h e KEKB b-f act or y, w h ich oper at ed f r om 1998
u n t il Ju n e 2010 an d h eld t h e lu m in osit y r ecor d of 2.11×1034cm ?2s?1f or
alm ost t en year s u n t il t h e LHC edged past it . Su per KEKB?s n ew r ecor d w as
ach ieved w it h a pr odu ct of beam cu r r en t s less t h an 25% of t h at at KEKB
t h an k s t o a n ovel ?n an o-beam ? sch em e or igin ally pr oposed by acceler at or
ph ysicist Pan t aleo Raim on di of t h e ESRF, Gr en oble. Th e sch em e, w h ich
w or k s by f ocu sin g t h e ver y low -em it t an ce beam s u sin g pow er f u l m agn et s
at t h e in t er act ion poin t , squ eezes t h e ver t ical h eigh t of t h e beam s at t h e
collision poin t t o abou t 220 n m . Th is is expect ed t o decr ease t o
appr oxim at ely 50 n m by t h e t im e Su per KEKB r each es it s design
per f or m an ce.

?We, as t h e acceler at or com m u n it y, h ave been w or k in g t oget h er

w it h t h e KEK t eam sin ce a ver y ver y lon g t im e an d w e can spar e n o
w or ds in t h an k in g KEK f or t h eir pion eer in g w or k in ach ievin g r esu lt s
t h at pu sh f or w ar d bot h t h e acceler at or f r on t ier an d t h e r elat ed
ph ysics f r on t ier ,? says Pan t aleo Raim on di.
Th e f ir st collider t o em ploy t h e n an o-beam sch em e an d t o ach ieve a
? * y f ocu sin g par am et er of 1 m m , Su per KEKB r equ ir ed sign if ican t
u pgr ades t o KEKB in clu din g a n ew low -en er gy r in g beam pipe, a n ew an d
com plex syst em of su per con du ct in g f in al-f ocu sin g m agn et s, a posit r on
dam pin g r in g, an d an advan ced in ject or . Th e m ost r ecen t im pr ovem en t ,
com plet ed in Apr il, w as t h e in t r odu ct ion of cr ab-w aist t ech n ology, w h ich
st abilises beam -beam blow u p u sin g car ef u lly t u n ed sext u pole m agn et s
locat ed sym m et r ically on eit h er side of t h e in t er act ion poin t (IP). It w as
f ir st u sed at DA? NE, w h ich h ad m u ch less dem an din g t oler an ces t h an
Su per KEKB, an d dif f er s f r om t h e ?cr ab-cr ossin g? t ech n ology based on
special r adio-f r equ en cy cavit ies w h ich w as u sed t o boost t h e lu m in osit y
at KEKB an d is n ow bein g im plem en t ed at CERN f or t h e h igh -lu m in osit y
LHC.
Th i s l um i n osi t y m i l est on e m ar k s t h e st ar t of t h e super B- f act or y
er a
Yuk i yosh i Oh n i sh i

?Th e ver t ical bet a at t h e IP is 1 m m w h ich is t h e sm allest valu e f or

collider s in t h e w or ld. Now w e ar e t est in g 0.8 m m ,? says Yu k iyosh i
Oh n ish i, com m ission in g leader f or Su per KEKB. ?Th e dif f er en ce
bet w een DA? NE an d Su per KEKB is t h e size of t h e Piw in sk i an gle,
w h ich is m u ch lar ger t h an 1 as f ou n d in or din ar y h ead-on or sm all
cr ossin g-an gle collider s.?

In t h e com in g year s, t h e lu m in osit y of Su per KEKB is t o be in cr eased by a

f act or of ar ou n d 40 t o r each it s design t ar get of 8×1035cm ?2s?1. Th is w ill
deliver t o Belle II, w h ich pr odu ced it s f ir st ph ysics r esu lt in Apr il, ar ou n d
50 t im es m or e dat a t h an it s pr edecessor , Belle, at KEKB over t h e n ext t en
year s. Th e lar ge expect ed dat aset , con t ain in g abou t 50 billion B-m eson
pair s an d sim ilar n u m ber s of ch ar m m eson s an d t au lept on s, w ill en able
Belle II t o st u dy r ar e decays an d t est t h e St an dar d M odel w it h
u n pr eceden t ed pr ecision , allow in g deeper in vest igat ion s of t h e f lavou r
an om alies r epor t ed by LHCb an d sen sit ive sear ch es f or ver y w eak ly
in t er act in g dar k -sect or par t icles.
?Th is lu m in osit y m ilest on e, w h ich w as t h e r esu lt of ext r aor din ar y ef f or t s
of t h e Su per KEKB an d Belle II t eam s, m ar k s t h e st ar t of t h e su per
B-f act or y er a. It w as a special t h r ill f or u s, com in g in t h e m idst of a global
pan dem ic t h at w as dif f icu lt in so m an y w ays f or w or k an d daily lif e,? says
Oh n ish i. ?In t h e com in g year s, w e w ill sign if ican t ly in cr ease t h e beam
cu r r en t s an d f ocu s t h e beam s even h ar der , r edu cin g t h e ? * y par am et er f ar
below 1 m m . How ever , t h er e w ill be m an y m or e dif f icu lt t ech n ical
ch allen ges on t h e lon g r oad ah ead t o design lu m in osit y, w h ich is expect ed
t ow ar ds t h e en d of t h e decade.?

Th e cr ab-w aist sch em e is also en visaged f or a possible Su per Tau

Ch ar m f act or y an d f or t h e pr oposed Fu t u r e Cir cu lar Collider (FCC-ee)
at CERN, says Raim on di. ?For bot h t h ese pr oject s t h er e is a solid
design based on t h is con cept an d in gen er al all cir cu lar lept on
collider s ar e apt t o t ak e ben ef it f r om it .?

https://cerncourier.com/a/kek-reclaims-luminosity-record/
 Nu clear In st r u m en t s an d M et h ods in Ph ysics
Resear ch Sect ion A: Acceler at or s, Spect r om et er s,
Det ect or s an d Associat ed Equ ipm en t

Volu m e 914,11 Jan u ar y 2019, Pages 69-144

Fir st m easu r em en t s of beam back gr ou n ds at Su per KEKB

Abst r act (Excer pt s)

Th e h igh design lu m in osit y of t h e Su per KEKB elect r on ?posit r on collider

is expect ed t o r esu lt in ch allen gin g levels of beam -in du ced
back gr ou n ds in t h e in t er act ion r egion . Pr oper ly sim u lat in g an d
m it igat in g t h ese back gr ou n ds is cr it ical t o t h e su ccess of t h e Belle II
exper im en t .

Th ese back gr ou n ds ar e expect ed t o be t h e m ost cr it ical f or Belle II,

t o t h e poin t of n ecessit at in g r eplacem en t of det ect or com pon en t s
du r in g t h e Ph ase 3 (f u ll-lu m in osit y) oper at ion of Su per KEB.
Th e f ollow in g au t h or list t ak en f r om t h is paper dem on st r at es
t h e in t er n at ion at ion al collabor at ion f ou n d in t oday 's scien t if ic
r esear ch pr oject s.
a

Un iver sit y of Bon n , In st it u t e of Ph ysics, Nu ßallee 12, 53115 Bon n ,

Ger m an y
b

Deu t sch es Elek t r on en -Syn ch r ot r on , Not k est r aße 85, 22607 Ham bu r g,
Ger m an y
c

Elet t r a - Sin cr ot r on e Tr iest e S.C.p.A., AREA Scien ce Par k , 34149 Basovizza,

Tr iest e, It aly
d

Un iver sit y of Flor ida, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics, P.O. Box 118440, Gain esville,
FL 32611, USA
e

Th e Gr adu at e Un iver sit y f or Advan ced St u dies (SOKENDAI), 1-1 Oh o

Tsu k u ba, Ibar ak i 305-0801, Japan
f

Un iver sit y of Haw aii, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics an d Ast r on om y, 2505 Cor r ea

Road, Hon olu lu , HI 96822, USA
g

Heidelber g Un iver sit y, In st it u t e of Com pu t er En gin eer in g, B6, 26, 68159,

M an n h eim , Ger m an y

High En er gy Acceler at or Resear ch Or gan izat ion (KEK), In st it u t e of Par t icle

an d Nu clear St u dies, Oh o 1-1, Tsu k u ba, Ibar ak i, 305-0801, Japan
i

High En er gy Acceler at or Resear ch Or gan izat ion (KEK), Acceler at or

Labor at or y, Oh o 1-1, Tsu k u ba, Ibar ak i, 305-0801, Japan
j

INFN - Sez. di Per u gia, Via A. Pascoli, 06123, Per u gia, It aly
k

INFN - Sez. ROM A, P.le Aldo M or o, 2 00185, Rom a, It aly

l

INFN - Sez. ROM A 3, V. della Vasca Navale, 84, 00146 Rom a, It aly
m

J. St ef an In st it u t e, Facu lt y of M at h em at ics an d Ph ysics, Un iver sit y of

Lju bljan a, 1000 Lju bljan a, Sloven ia
 n

Labor at or i Nazion ali di Fr ascat i dell?INFN, Via E. Fer m i 40, I-00044,

Fr ascat i, It aly
o

M ax-Plan ck -In st it u t f ü r Ph ysik , Föh r in ger Rin g 6, 80805 M ü n ch en ,

Ger m an y
p

M cGill Un iver sit y, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics, 3600 r u e Un iver sit y, M on t r éal,

QC H3A 2T8, Can ada
q

Un iver sit y of Naples Feder ico II & INFN Sezion e di Napoli, St r ada
Com u n ale Cin t ia, 80126 Napoli, It aly
r

Nar a Wom en?s Un iver sit y, Nar a 630-8506, Japan

Nat ion al Taiw an Un iver sit y, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics, No 1 Sec.4 Roosevelt

Road, Taipei 10617, Taiw an
t

Un iver sit y of Tr iest e, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics, an d INFN, Via Valer io 2,

34127 Tr iest e, It aly
u

Un iver sit y of Vict or ia, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics an d Ast r on om y, 3800

Fin n er t y Rd., Vict or ia BC, V8P 5C2, Can ada
v

Wayn e St at e Un iver sit y, Depar t m en t of Ph ysics an d Ast r on om y, 666 W.

Han cock , Det r oit , M I 48202, USA

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900218306909
 KEKB w as a par t icle acceler at or u sed in t h e t o st u dy CP violat ion. KEKB
w as locat ed at t h e KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Organisation) in
Tsu k u ba, Ibar ak i Pr ef ect u r e, Japan . It h as been su per seded by it s
u pgr ade, t h e Su per KEKB acceler at or (locat ed at t h e sam e sit e). Th e
Su per KEKB is a lu m in osit y u pgr ade of KEKB. Su per KEKB h ad it s f ir st
par t icle collision s in 2018. Th e Su per KEKB acceler at or pr odu ces par t icle
beam s f or t h e Belle II exper im en t , w h ich is an u pgr ade of t h e Belle
exper im en t (locat ed at t h e sam e sit e as Belle). Th e Belle exper im en t s
st u died b-qu ar k h adr on s t o r esear ch CP violat ion .

KEKB w as called B f act or y f or it s copiou s pr odu ct ion of B-m eson s w h ich

pr ovide a t o st u dy an d m easu r e t h e du e t o it s pr oper t y of decayin g in t o
ot h er ligh t er m eson s. KEKB w as basically an asym m et r ic
elect r on?posit r on collider , w it h elect r on sh avin g t h e en er gy of 8 GeV
an d posit r on sh avin g t h e en er gy of 3.5 GeV, givin g 10.58 GeV
cen t r e-of -m ass en er gy, w h ich is equ al t o t h e m ass of t h e ?(4S) m eson .
Th er e ar e basically t w o r in gs f or acceler at in g elect r on s an d posit r on s.
Th e r in g f or elect r on s, h avin g en er gy of 8 GeV, is called t h e h igh -en er gy
r in g (HER), w h ile t h e r in g f or posit r on s, h avin g en er gy of 3.5 GeV, is
called low -en er gy r in g (LER). Th e HER an d LER ar e con st r u ct ed
side-by-side in t h e t u n n el, w h ich h as been excavat ed alr eady in t h e
past f or t h e f or m er TRISTAN acceler at or . TRISTAN w as t h e f ir st sit e t o
con f ir m vacu u m polar izat ion ar ou n d an elect r on an d oper at ed at
cen t er -of -m ass en er gies bet w een 50 an d 61.4 GeV. Th er e w er e f ou r
exper im en t s at t h e old TRISTAN acceler at or : Ven u s, Topaz, AM Y, an d
Jade. Th e RF cavit ies in t h e HER u se su per con du ct in g RF (SRF)
t ech n ology, w h er eas t h e RF cavit ies in t h e LER u se a n or m al con du ct in g
design den ot ed ARES. Th e cir cu m f er en ce of each r in g is 3016 m , h avin g
f ou r st r aigh t sect ion s. In t h e KEKB, t h er e is on ly on e in t er act ion poin t
in t h e " Tsu k u ba ar ea" , w h er e t h e Belle exper im en t is locat ed. Th e ot h er
ar eas (called " Fu ji" , " Nik k o" an d " Oh o" ) ar e cu r r en t ly n ot act ively u sed
by an exper im en t .
 Beast II Det ect or

Sin ce t h e en er gy of t h e elect r on s an d posit r on s is asym m et r ic, t h e B

m eson pair s ar e cr eat ed w it h a Lor en t z boost ? ? of 0.425, allow in g
m easu r em en t s of t h e B m eson decay t im es via t h e dist an ce f r om t h e
(k n ow n ) collision poin t .

KEKB's leadin g f in it e cr ossin g an gle in t er act ion design pr ovides it s

h igh lu m in osit y. In t h e last u pgr ade, KEKB in st alled cr ab cavit ies on
each of it s acceler at in g beam s t o r ot at e t h e bu n ch es of acceler at in g
elect r on s or posit r on s, h opin g t o f u r t h er in cr ease it s lu m in osit y.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEKB_(accelerator)

In t en sit y Fr on t ier Exper im en t Belle II @

Su per KEKB
 sCin t illat ion Ligh t An d Wavef or m Sen sor s (CLAWS),
con sist in g of eigh t plast ic scin t illat or t iles w it h dir ect ly
cou pled silicon ph ot om u lt iplier s (SiPM s)

Th e Su per KEKB collider at KEK, w h ich h as st ar t ed it s com m ission in g

w it h beam in Febr u ar y 2016, is design ed t o ach ieve u n pr eceden t ed
lu m in osit ies, w it h a f act or 40 h igh er t h an t h e r ecor d-br eak in g
lu m in osit y of t h e KEKB m ach in e. For t h e oper at ion of t h e Belle II
det ect or , in par t icu lar of it s pixel ver t ex det ect or , a pr ecise
u n der st an din g of t h e back gr ou n d con dit ion s at t h e in t er act ion poin t
of t h e acceler at or is cr u cial. To st u dy t h ese con dit ion s pr ior t o t h e f in al
in st allat ion of t h e Belle II exper im en t , a dedicat ed det ect or set u p
con sist in g of dif f er en t su bsyst em s h as been in st alled f or t h e f ir st
com m ission in g ph ase of t h e acceler at or . Am on g t h ose syst em s is
sCin t illat ion Ligh t An d Wavef or m Sen sor s (CLAWS), con sist in g of eigh t
plast ic scin t illat or t iles w it h dir ect ly cou pled silicon ph ot om u lt iplier s
(SiPM s).
Th ese det ect or s ar e r ead ou t w it h com pu t er -con t r olled oscilloscopes
w it h ver y deep bu f f er s t o en able t h e con t in u ou s m easu r em en t s of
ch ar ged par t icles close t o t h e Belle II in t er act ion poin t over
m illisecon d t im e f r am es. Th is con t r ibu t ion discu sses t h e t ech n ical
det ails of t h e CLAWS set u p, t h e calibr at ion w it h cosm ic m u on s in
t h e labor at or y in clu din g t h e det er m in at ion of t h e t im e r esolu t ion ,
t h e ef f ect of r adiat ion du r in g t h e f ir st Su per KEKB com m ission in g
ph ase an d pr esen t s a f ir st validat ion of t h e per f or m an ce w it h beam
in t h e acceler at or .

CLAWS set u p

silicon ph ot om u liplier s (SiPM s)

In r ecen t year s, silicon ph ot om u liplier s (SiPM s) becam e pr om in en t in
a w ide r an ge of f ields. Th is r obu st , ver y com pact an d ligh t w eigh t
visible ligh t ph ot on sen sor is sim ple t o oper at e even u n der h ar sh
con dit ion s. It h as excellen t t im in g pr oper t ies dow n t o a f ew 10 ps, is
in sen sit ive t o m agn et ic f ields u p t o sever al t esla, can be oper at ed at
low volt ages of ar ou n d 50 V, h as a h igh ph ot on det ect ion ef f icien cy
an d a r elat ively h igh gain , w h ich sim plif ies t h e r eadou t elect r on ics.
Th ese r eason s led t o t h e r apid adapt ion of SiPM s in par t icle ph ysics
exper im en t s. Su ccessf u l f ir st applicat ion s in h igh en er gy ph ysics,
com bin ed w it h st eadily in cr easin g per f or m an ce an d decr easin g u n it
pr ices h ave m ade SiPM s popu lar also in m edical im agin g,
ast r opar t icle ph ysics an d m or e r ecen t ly also f or LIDAR syst em s. Th e
r elat ively good r adiat ion h ar dn ess of SiPM s allow s applicat ion s in
h igh ly ir r adiat ed locat ion s su ch as in par t icle det ect or s. In 2006, t h e
CALICE An alog Hadr on Calor im et er ph ysics pr ot ot ype u sin g m or e
t h an 7,500 sen sor s, w as t h e f ir st lar ge scale applicat ion f or SiPM s.
Th e f ir st f u ll det ect or syst em in a r u n n in g par t icle ph ysics
exper im en t w it h 56,000 ph ot on sen sor s saw t h e f ir st beam in 2010 in
t h e n eu t r in o oscillat ion exper im en t T2K. Her e, SiPM s ar e u sed in
var iou s det ect or syst em s: elect r om agn et ic calor im et er s, scin t illat or
based t r ack in g syst em s an d m u on det ect or s in t h e n ear det ect or
syst em . Th e su ccess of t h e SiPM in par t icle ph ysics is on goin g. Fu t u r e
exper im en t s an d det ect or u pgr ades con sider or ar e alr eady u sin g
SiPM s in applicat ion s in par t icle iden t if icat ion (Belle II), vet o syst em s
(NA62), calor im et r y (KLOE, sPHENIX), pr ecision t im in g syst em s (CM S
Ph ase II Upgr ade, CLAWS - Su per KEKB?s Beam Back gr ou n d M on it or )
an d t r ack in g syst em s (LHCb).

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8069685
Radiat ion M on it or in g w it h Diam on d Sen sor s f or t h e Belle-II Ver t ex
Det ect or

Ch iar a La Licat a on beh alf of t h e BEAST II collabor at ion INFN an d

Un iver sit y of Tr iest e, It aly

Abst r act

Th e Belle II det ect or is cu r r en t ly u n der con st r u ct ion at t h e

Su per KEKB elect r on -posit r on h igh -lu m in osit y collider , t h at w ill
pr ovide an in st an t an eou s lu m in osit y 40 t im es h igh er t h an t h at of
KEKB. Th er ef or e t h e Belle-II Ver t eX Det ect or (VXD) w ill oper at e in a
ver y h ar sh en vir on m en t . A r adiat ion m on it or in g an d beam abor t
syst em is n eeded t o saf ely oper at e t h e VXD det ect or in t h ese
con dit ion s. Th is syst em is based on 20 sin gle cr yst al CVD diam on d
sen sor s placed in 20 k ey posit ion s in t h e vicin it y of t h e VXD an d
in t er act ion r egion . In t h is con t r ibu t ion w e descr ibe t h e syst em
design an d w e pr esen t t h e pr ocedu r es f ollow ed f or t h e
ch ar act er isat ion an d calibr at ion of t h e diam on d sen sor s. We discu ss
also t h e per f or m an ce of t h e pr ot ot ype syst em du r in g t h e f ir st
Su per KEKB com m ission in g ph ase in Febr u ar y-Ju n e 2016.

Sin gle cr yst al CVD diam on d sen sor s

 Belle-II Ver t eX Det ect or (VXD)

1 In t r odu ct ion

Th e Belle II det ect or , at it s f in al con st r u ct ion an d com m ission in g

st age, is cu r r en t ly u n der con st r u ct ion at t h e KEK labor at or y in
Tsu k u ba (Japan ). Con t in u in g t h e in vest igat ion st ar t ed by t h e Belle
exper im en t , t h e aim of Belle II is t o pr obe f u n dam en t al ph ysics
issu es in clu din g st u dies of t h e CP violat ion in t h e f lavou r sect or an d
r ar e B decays, sear ch in g f or deviat ion f r om t h e St an dar d M odel. In
or der t o per f or m h igh pr ecision m easu r em en t s all com pon en t s of
t h e det ect or h ave been r edesign ed, in par t icu lar t h e VXD, w it h it s
f ir st layer s ver y close t o t h e in t er act ion r egion . High st at ist ics w ill be
ach ieved w it h t h e Su per KEKB collider u pgr ade w h ose design ed
in st an t an eou s lu m in osit y w ill be 40 t im es h igh er t h an t h at of KEKB.
A dr aw back of t h e h igh lu m in osit y is t h e in cr ease of r adiat ion level
especially in t h e Ver t ex Det ect or volu m e; t h e r adiat ion m on it or in g
syst em assu m es t h e im por t an t r ole of det ect in g pot en t ially
dam agin g beam losses.

ar Xiv:1710.11170v1 [ph ysics.in s-det ] 30 Oct 2017

 Tim e Pr oject ion Ch am ber R&D: BEAST II & D3

Th e Vah sen gr ou p is in vest igat in g h igh -r esolu t ion im agin g of

ion izat ion in gas det ect or s. Im pr ovem en t s in t h is ar ea of
in st r u m en t at ion m ay on e day h elp u s an sw er som e of t h e big
u n an sw er ed qu est ion s in Ph ysics, su ch as w h et h er ou r Galaxy (t h e
M ilk y Way) r esides in side a h alo of dar k m at t er par t icles, an d h ow
t h ese dar k m at t er par t icles ar e m ovin gTh e gr ou p h as developed a
ser ies of n ovel Tim e Pr oject ion Ch am ber s w h er e ion izat ion is det ect ed
w it h m icr o-pat t er n gaseou s det ect or s (M PGDs).
Th ese det ect or s r econ st r u ct t h e ion izat ion f r om n u clear r ecoils in
t h r ee dim en sion s. Pr ot ot ypes h ave been su ccessf u lly u sed f or
dir ect ion al det ect ion of f ast n eu t r on s as par t of t h e BEAST II pr oject ,
at KEK Labor at or y in Tsu k u ba, Japan . Th e gr ou p is cu r r en t ly bu ildin g
a m ediu m scale dir ect ion al dar k m at t er det ect or (as par t of
D3pr oject ), an d w or k in g on t h e design of t w o lar ger det ect or s,
CYGNUS HD-10 an d CYGNUS.

https://www.phys.hawaii.edu/research/
The following news release was issued by the High Energy Accelerator
Research Organization, known as KEK, in Japan, home of the Belle II
experiment. The U.S. Department of Energy?s Brookhaven National Laboratory
provides the U.S. portion of the computing and data storage required for the
Belle II experiment, taking advantage of the excellent capabilities of the
Scientific Data Computing Center as demonstrated with the ATLAS and RHIC
experiments. Raw data from Belle II will be transferred to Brookhaven Lab
where it will be archived for safe-keeping, calibrated, and processed into a
physics-ready data format. From there, scientists at Brookhaven will distribute
the physics-ready data worldwide, enabling research by Brookhaven Lab
physicists and Belle II collaborators around the world. In addition, Brookhaven
Lab's Superconducting Magnet Division built superconducting corrector
magnets as part of the SuperKEKB upgrade to enable the improved luminosity.

https://www.bnl.gov/newsroom/news.php?a=114469

Brookhaven Lab
 ?Belle II Exper im en t ?Pr epar at ion f or Com m ission in g in
Fu ll Sw in g af t er Su ccessf u l BEAST Det ect or
In st allat ion
NOVEMBER 18, 2017

In st allat ion of t h e BEAST det ect or car r ied ou t on Novem ber 18, 2017
at Tsu k u ba Exper im en t al Hall on t h e Tsu k u ba cam pu s of KEK. Th e
BEAST det ect or su ccessf u lly in ser t ed in t o t h e cor e of Belle II at
2:45pm (GM T+9:00) an d pr epar at ion f or n ext -year ?s com m ission in g of
n ew Belle II at t h e u pgr aded Su per KEKB acceler at or is in f u ll sw in g.

BEAST det ect or

Ear ly in t h e m or n in g, abou t 20 ph ysicist s an d en gin eer s f r om t h e
Un iver sit y of Bon n , DESY, Un iver sit y of Goet t in gen , HEPHY,
IFCA-San t an der , IFIC-Valen cia, KEK an d M PP began t o pr epar e f or
in st allat ion of t h e BEAST det ect or at t h e clean r oom on t h e B4 f loor
of Tsu k u ba Exper im en t al Hall. Th e BEAST det ect or w it h it s var iou s
coolin g lin es an d cables bu n dled t oget h er w as placed in a t r an spor t
jig an d m oved ou t of t h e clean r oom in a h an d t r u ck . Af t er t ak in g a
n u m ber of com m em or at ive ph ot os, t h e BEAST det ect or w as lif t ed
an d t h en car r ied t o t h e Belle II u sin g an over h ead cr an e. Th e BEAST
w as placed ver y car ef u lly on a gu ide-r ail an d pu sh ed gen t ly in t o t h e
h ear t of t h e Belle II.
In a cylin der t h at is abou t 1 m et er len gt h w it h 30 cm in diam et er ,
t h e BEAST det ect or con t ain s a sm all sect or of t h e t w o t ype of
sem icon du ct or sen sor s t h at com pose t h e ver t ex det ect or of Belle II
(PXD: Pixel Type Sem icon du ct or Det ect or , an d SVD: Silicon Ver t ex
Det ect or ) an d dedicat ed r adiat ion m on it or s. Th e goal of t h e BEAST
det ect or in t h e n ext -year ?s com m ission in g is t o st u dy m ach in e
in du ced back gr ou n ds t h at cou ld dam age t h e ver t ex det ect or in t h e
ph ysics r u n .

https://www2.kek.jp/ipns/en/post/2017/11/beast-in/
 Qu ar k

A qu ar k (/ k w ??r k ,k w ? ?r k / ) is a t ype of elem en t ar y par t icle an d a

f u n dam en t al con st it u en t of m at t er . Qu ar k s com bin e t o f or m
com posit e par t icles called h adr on s, t h e m ost st able of w h ich ar e
pr ot on s an d n eu t r on s, t h e com pon en t s of at om ic n u clei. All com m on ly
obser vable m at t er is com posed of u p qu ar k s, dow n qu ar k s an d
elect r on s. Du e t o a ph en om en on k n ow n as color confinement, qu ar k s
ar e n ever f ou n d in isolat ion ; t h ey can be f ou n d on ly w it h in h adr on s,
w h ich in clu de bar yon s (su ch as pr ot on s an d n eu t r on s) an d m eson s, or
in qu ar k ?glu on plasm as. For t h is r eason , m u ch of w h at is k n ow n abou t
qu ar k s h as been dr aw n f r om obser vat ion s of h adr on s.

Qu ar k s h ave var iou s in t r in sic pr oper t ies, in clu din g elect r ic ch ar ge,
m ass, color ch ar ge, an d spin . Th ey ar e t h e on ly elem en t ar y par t icles in
t h e St an dar d M odel of par t icle ph ysics t o exper ien ce all f ou r
f u n dam en t al in t er act ion s, also k n ow n as fundamental forces
(elect r om agn et ism , gr avit at ion, st r on g in t er act ion, an d w eak
in t er act ion ), as w ell as t h e on ly k n ow n par t icles w h ose elect r ic ch ar ges
ar e n ot in t eger m u lt iples of t h e elem en t ar y ch ar ge.
Th er e ar e six t ypes, k n ow n as flavors, of qu ar k s: u p, dow n, st r an ge, ch ar m ,
bot t om , an d t op. Up an d dow n qu ar k s h ave t h e low est m asses of all qu ar k s.
Th e h eavier qu ar k s r apidly ch an ge in t o u p an d dow n qu ar k s t h r ou gh a
pr ocess of par t icle decay: t h e t r an sf or m at ion f r om a h igh er m ass st at e t o a
low er m ass st at e. Becau se of t h is, u p an d dow n qu ar k s ar e gen er ally st able
an d t h e m ost com m on in t h e u n iver se, w h er eas st r an ge, ch ar m , bot t om , an d
t op qu ar k s can on ly be pr odu ced in h igh en er gy collision s (su ch as t h ose
in volvin g cosm ic r ays an d in par t icle acceler at or s). For ever y qu ar k f lavor
t h er e is a cor r espon din g t ype of an t ipar t icle, k n ow n as an an t iqu ar k , t h at
dif f er s f r om t h e qu ar k on ly in t h at som e of it s pr oper t ies (su ch as t h e elect r ic
ch ar ge) h ave equ al m agn it u de bu t opposit e sign.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark
 Qu ar k ?glu on plasm a

Qu ar k ?glu on plasm a or QGP is an in t er act in g localized assem bly of qu ar k s

an d glu on s at t h er m al (local k in et ic)an d (close t o) ch em ical (abu n dan ce)
equ ilibr iu m . Th e w or d plasma sign als t h at f r ee color ch ar ges ar e allow ed. In
a 1987 su m m ar y, Léon van Hove poin t ed ou t t h e equ ivalen ce of t h e t h r ee
t er m s: qu ar k glu on plasm a, qu ar k m at t er an d a n ew st at e of m at t er . Sin ce
t h e t em per at u r e is above t h e Hagedor n t em per at u r e? an d t h u s above t h e
scale of ligh t u , d-qu ar k m ass? t h e pr essu r e exh ibit s t h e r elat ivist ic
St ef an -Bolt zm an n f or m at gover n ed by f ou r t h pow er of t em per at u r e an d
m an y pr act ically m ass f r ee qu ar k an d glu on con st it u en t s. We can say t h at
QGP em er ges t o be t h e n ew ph ase of st r on gly in t er act in g m at t er w h ich
m an if est s it s ph ysical pr oper t ies in t er m s of n ear ly f r ee dyn am ics of
pr act ically m assless glu on s an d qu ar k s. Bot h qu ar k s an d glu on s, m u st be
pr esen t in con dit ion s n ear ch em ical (yield) equ ilibr iu m w it h t h eir colou r
ch ar ge open f or a n ew st at e of m at t er t o be r ef er r ed t o as QGP.
Qu ar k ?glu on plasm a f illed t h e en t ir e Un iver se bef or e m at t er w as cr eat ed.
Th eor ies pr edict in g t h e exist en ce of qu ar k ?glu on plasm a w er e developed in
t h e lat e 1970s an d ear ly 1980s. Discu ssion s ar ou n d h eavy ion
exper im en t at ion f ollow ed su it an d t h e f ir st exper im en t pr oposals w er e pu t
f or w ar d at CERN an d BNL in t h e f ollow in g year s. Qu ar k ?glu on plasm a w as
det ect ed f or t h e f ir st t im e in t h e labor at or y at CERN in t h e year 2000.

Th e gen er ally accept ed m odel of t h e f or m at ion of t h e Un iver se st at es t h at it

h appen ed as t h e r esu lt of t h e Big Ban g. In t h is m odel, in t h e t im e in t er val of
10?10?10?6s af t er t h e Big Ban g, m at t er exist ed in t h e f or m of a qu ar k ?glu on
plasm a. It is possible t o r epr odu ce t h e den sit y an d t em per at u r e of m at t er
exist in g of t h at t im e in labor at or y con dit ion s t o st u dy t h e ch ar act er ist ics of
t h e ver y ear ly Un iver se. So f ar , t h e on ly possibilit y is t h e collision of t w o
h eavy at om ic n u clei acceler at ed t o en er gies of m or e t h an a h u n dr ed GeV.
Usin g t h e r esu lt of a h ead-on collision in t h e volu m e appr oxim at ely equ al t o
t h e volu m e of t h e at om ic n u cleu s, it is possible t o m odel t h e den sit y an d
t em per at u r e t h at exist ed in t h e f ir st in st an t s of t h e lif e of t h e Un iver se.
Pr odu ct ion of QGP in t h e labor at or y is ach ieved by collidin g h eavy at om ic
n u clei (called h eavy ion s as in an acceler at or at om s ar e ion ized) at
r elat ivist ic en er gy in w h ich m at t er is h eat ed w ell above t h e Hagedor n
t em per at u r e TH= 150 M eV per par t icle, w h ich am ou n t s t o a t em per at u r e
exceedin g 1.66×1012K. Th is can be accom plish ed by collidin g t w o lar ge n u clei
at h igh en er gy (n ot e t h at 175 M eVis n ot t h e en er gy of t h e collidin g beam ).
Lead an d gold n u clei h ave been u sed f or su ch collision s at CERN SPS an dBNL
RHIC, r espect ively. Th e n u clei ar e acceler at ed t o u lt r ar elat ivist ic speeds
(con t r act in g t h eir len gt h) an d dir ect ed t ow ar ds each ot h er , cr eat in g a
" f ir eball" , in t h e r ar e even t of a collision . Hydr odyn am ic sim u lat ion pr edict s
t h is f ir eball w ill expan d u n der it s ow n pr essu r e, an d cool w h ile expan din g.
By car ef u lly st u dyin g t h e sph er ical an d ellipt ic f low , exper im en t alist s pu t
t h e t h eor y t o t est .
A qu ar k ?glu on plasm a (QGP) or qu ar k sou p is a st at e of m at t er in qu an t u m
ch r om odyn am ics (QCD) w h ich exist s at ext r em ely h igh t em per at u r e an d/ or
den sit y. Th is st at e is t h ou gh t t o con sist of a sym pt ot ically f r ee
st r on g-in t er act in g qu ar k s an d glu on s, w h ich ar e or din ar ily con f in ed by color
con f in em en t in side at om ic n u clei or ot h er h adr on s. Th is is in an alogy w it h
t h e con ven t ion al plasm a w h er e n u clei an d elect r on s, con f in ed in side at om s
by elect r ost at ic f or ces at am bien t con dit ion s, can m ove f r eely. Exper im en t s
t o cr eat e ar t if icial qu ar k m at t er st ar t ed at CERN in 1986/ 7, r esu lt in g in f ir st
claim s t h at w er e pu blish ed in 1991. It t ook sever al year s bef or e t h e idea
becam e accept ed in t h e com m u n it y of par t icle an d n u clear ph ysicist s.
For m at ion of a n ew st at e of m at t er in Pb-Pb collision s w as of f icially
an n ou n ced at CERN in view of t h e con vin cin g exper im en t al r esu lt s
pr esen t ed by t h e CERN SPS WA97 exper im en t in 1999, an d lat er elabor at ed
by Br ook h aven Nat ion al Labor at or y 's Relat ivist ic Heavy Ion Collider .

Com pu t er m odel of dat a t ak en f r om

t h e ALICE det ect or at CERN of t h e
f or m at ion of qu ar k glu on plasm a
Qu ar k m at t er can on ly be pr odu ced in m in u t e qu an t it ies an d is u n st able an d
im possible t o con t ain , an d w ill r adioact ively decay w it h in a f r act ion of a
secon d in t o st able par t icles t h r ou gh h adr on izat ion ; t h e pr odu ced h adr on s or
t h eir decay pr odu ct s an d gam m a r ays can t h en be det ect ed. In t h e qu ar k
m at t er ph ase diagr am , QGP is placed in t h e h igh -t em per at u r e, h igh -den sit y
r egim e, w h er eas or din ar y m at t er is a cold an d r ar ef ied m ixt u r e of n u clei an d
vacu u m , an d t h e h ypot h et ical qu ar k st ar s w ou ld con sist of r elat ively cold,
bu t den se qu ar k m at t er . It is believed t h at u p t o a f ew m icr osecon ds (10?12
t o 10?6 secon ds) af t er t h e Big Ban g, k n ow n as t h e qu ar k epoch , t h e Un iver se
w as in a qu ar k ?glu on plasm a st at e.
Exper im en t s at CERN's Su per Pr ot on Syn ch r ot r on (SPS) begu n exper im en t s t o
cr eat e QGP in t h e 1980s an d 1990s: t h e r esu lt s led CERN t o an n ou n ce
eviden ce f or a "n ew st at e of m at t er " in 2000. Scien t ist s at Br ook h aven

Nat ion al Labor at or y 's Relat ivist ic Heavy Ion Collider an n ou n ced t h ey
h ad cr eat ed qu ar k ?glu on plasm a by collidin g gold ion s at n ear ly t h e
speed of ligh t , r each in g t em per at u r es of 4 t r illion degr ees Celsiu s.
Cu r r en t exper im en t s (2017) at t h e Br ook h aven Nat ion al Labor at or y's
Relat ivist ic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) on Lon g Islan d (NY, USA) an d at
CERN's r ecen t Lar ge Hadr on Collider n ear Gen eva (Sw it zer lan d) ar e
con t in u in g t h is ef f or t , by collidin g r elat ivist ically acceler at ed gold an d
ot h er ion species (at RHIC) or lead (at LHC) w it h each ot h er or w it h
pr ot on s. Th r ee exper im en t s r u n n in g on CERN's Lar ge Hadr on Collider
(LHC), on t h e spect r om et er s ALICE, ATLAS an d CM S, h ave con t in u ed
st u dyin g t h e pr oper t ies of QGP. CERN t em por ar ily ceased collidin g
pr ot on s, an d began collidin g lead ion s f or t h e ALICE exper im en t in 2011,
in or der t o cr eat e a QGP. A n ew r ecor d br eak in g t em per at u r e w as set by
ALICE: A Lar ge Ion Collider Exper im en t at CERN in Au gu st 2012 in t h e
r an ges of 5.5 t r illion (5.5×1012) k elvin as claim ed in t h eir Nat u r e PR.
Th e f or m at ion of a qu ar k ?glu on plasm a occu r s as a r esu lt of a st r on g
in t er act ion bet w een t h e par t on s (qu ar k s, glu on s) t h at m ak e u p t h e
n u cleon s of t h e collidin g h eavy n u clei called h eavy ion s. Th er ef or e
exper im en t s ar e r ef er r ed t o as r elat ivist ic h eavy ion collision exper im en t s.
Th eor et ical an d exper im en t al w or k s sh ow t h at t h e f or m at ion of a
qu ar k ?glu on plasm a occu r s at t h e t em per at u r e of T ? 150?160 M eV, t h e
Hagedor n t em per at u r e, an d an en er gy den sit y of ? 0.4?1 GeV / f m 3. Wh ile
at f ir st a ph ase t r an sit ion w as expect ed, pr esen t day t h eor et ical
in t er pr et at ion s pr opose a ph ase t r an sf or m at ion sim ilar t o t h e pr ocess of
ion isat ion of n or m al m at t er in t o ion ic an d elect r on plasm a.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma
 St r an gen ess an d qu ar k ?glu on plasm a

St r an gen ess pr odu ct ion in r elat ivist ic h eavy ion collision s is a

sign at u r e an d a diagn ost ic t ool of qu ar k ?glu on plasm a (QGP)
f or m at ion an d pr oper t ies. Un lik e u p an d dow n qu ar k s, f r om w h ich
ever yday m at t er is m ade, h eavier qu ar k f lavor s su ch as st r an gen ess
an d ch ar m t ypically appr oach ch em ical equ ilibr iu m in a dyn am ic
evolu t ion pr ocess. QGP (also k n ow n as qu ar k m at t er ) is an in t er act in g
localized assem bly of qu ar k s an d glu on s at t h er m al (k in et ic)an d n ot
n ecessar ily ch em ical (abu n dan ce) equ ilibr iu m . Th e w or d plasm a
sign als t h at color ch ar ged par t icles (qu ar k s an d/ or glu on s) ar e able t o
m ove in t h e volu m e occu pied by t h e plasm a.
Decem ber 2018
Th e abu n dan ce of st r an ge qu ar k s is f or m ed in pair -pr odu ct ion pr ocesses in
collision s bet w een con st it u en t s of t h e plasm a, cr eat in g t h e ch em ical
abu n dan ce equ ilibr iu m . Th e dom in an t m ech an ism of pr odu ct ion in volves
glu on s on ly pr esen t w h en m at t er h as becom e a qu ar k ?glu on plasm a. Wh en
qu ar k ?glu on plasm a disassem bles in t o h adr on s in a br eak u p pr ocess, t h e
h igh availabilit y of st r an ge an t iqu ar k s h elps t o pr odu ce an t im at t er
con t ain in g m u lt iple st r an ge qu ar k s, w h ich is ot h er w ise r ar ely m ade. Sim ilar
con sider at ion s ar e at pr esen t m ade f or t h e h eavier ch ar m f lavor , w h ich is
m ade at t h e begin n in g of t h e collision pr ocess in t h e f ir st in t er act ion s an d is
on ly abu n dan t in t h e h igh -en er gy en vir on m en t s of CERN's Lar ge Hadr on
Collider .
Th e st r an gen ess pr odu ct ion an d it s diagn ost ic pot en t ial as a sign at u r e of
qu ar k ?glu on plasm a h as been discu ssed f or n ear ly 30 year s. Th e t h eor et ical
w or k in t h is f ield t oday f ocu ses on t h e in t er pr et at ion of t h e over all par t icle
pr odu ct ion dat a an d t h e der ivat ion of t h e r esu lt in g pr oper t ies of t h e bu lk of
qu ar k ?glu on plasm a at t h e t im e of br eak u p. Th e global descr ipt ion of all
pr odu ced par t icles can be at t em pt ed based on t h e pict u r e of h adr on izin g h ot
dr op of qu ar k ?glu on plasm a or , alt er n at ively, on t h e pict u r e of con f in ed an d
equ ilibr at ed h adr on m at t er . In bot h cases on e descr ibes t h e dat a w it h in t h e
st at ist ical t h er m al pr odu ct ion m odel, bu t con sider able dif f er en ces in det ail
dif f er en t iat e t h e n at u r e of t h e sou r ce of t h ese par t icles.

Th e exper im en t al gr ou ps w or k in g in t h e f ield also lik e t o develop t h eir ow n

dat a an alysis m odels an d t h e ou t side obser ver sees m an y dif f er en t an alysis
r esu lt s. Th er e ar e as m an y as 10?15 dif f er en t par t icles species t h at f ollow t h e
pat t er n pr edict ed f or t h e QGP as f u n ct ion of r eact ion en er gy, r eact ion
cen t r alit y, an d st r an gen ess con t en t . At yet h igh er LHC en er gies sat u r at ion of
st r an gen ess yield an d bin din g t o h eavy f lavor open n ew exper im en t al
oppor t u n it ies.
Scien t ist s st u dyin g st r an gen ess as sign at u r e of qu ar k glu on plasm a pr esen t
an d discu ss t h eir r esu lt s at specialized m eet in gs. Well est ablish ed is t h e
ser ies In t er n at ion al Con f er en ce on St r an gen ess in Qu ar k M at t er , f ir st
or gan ized in Tu cson, Ar izon a, in 1995. Th e lat est edit ion , 10?15 Ju n e 2019, of
t h e con f er en ce w as h eld in Bar i, It aly, at t r act in g abou t 300 par t icipan t s.

A m or e gen er al ven u e is t h e Qu ar k M at t er con f er en ce, w h ich last t im e t ook

place f r om 4?9 Novem ber 2019 in Wu h an, Ch in a, at t r act in g 800 par t icipan t s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangeness_and_quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma
 A M in i Review of M icr on eedle Ar r ay Elect r ode f or
Bio-Sign al Recor din g: A Review

Abst r act ? Bio-sign al r ecor din g is vit al f or h u m an con dit ion m on it or in g an d

ear ly disease diagn osis. An elect r ode is a biosen sor f or bio-sign al collect ion .
Th e con ven t ion al w et elect r ode is n ot su it able f or lon g-t er m bio-sign al
r ecor din g ow in g t o t h e gr adu al dr yin g of t h e elect r olyt ic gel an d in cr ease in
t h e elect r ode-sk in in t er f ace im pedan ce. M icr on eedle ar r ay elect r ode is a dr y
elect r ode t h at can pain lessly pier ce sk in , f or m a con t act in t er f ace bet w een
t h e m icr on eedles an d sk in t issu e, elim in at e t h e h igh im pedan ce of st r at u m
cor n eu m , w eak en t h e m ot ion ar t if act , an d accu r at ely r ecor d bio-sign als
w it h ou t sk in pr epar at ion an d applicat ion of elect r olyt ic gel.
Th is r eview f ocu ses on t h e r ecen t ly developed f abr icat ion t ech n iqu es,
t h e m ech an ical per f or m an ce, an d bio-sign al r ecor din g per f or m an ce of
m icr on eedle ar r ay elect r ode. Th e m icr on eedle ar r ay elect r ode is a
pot en t ial elect r ode f or lon g-t er m bio-sign al r ecor din g, alt h ou gh pr ogr ess
is r equ ir ed in t er m s of saf et y an d scaled-u p m an u f act u r e.
I. INTRODUCTION (Excerpts)

IO-SIGNAL m on it or in g in clu din g elect r ocar diogr aph y (ECG),

elect r om yogr aph y (EM G), an d elect r oen ceph alogr aph y (EEG) is vit al f or
u n der st an din g t h e pat h ological an d ph ysiological con dit ion s of h u m an
[1, 2]. Hen ce, it is also on e of t h e m ost im por t an t t ools f or ear ly disease
diagn osis in clin ical pr act ice an d on goin g t r eat m en t of pat ien t s at h om e
[3]. For car diovascu lar pat ien t s, it is ef f ect ive t o m on it or t h e h ear t
at t ack s in r eal t im e by con t in u ou s collect in g ECG sign als. For m u scu lar
dyst r oph y pat ien t s, it is im por t an t t o est im at e t h e cu r at ive ef f ect by
det ect in g EM G sign als. For epilepsy pat ien t s, it is ef f ect ive t o iden t if y
epilepsy even t s by t h e lon g-t er m r ecor din g of EEG sign als.
 How ever , t h e bio-sign als ar e dif f icu lt t o capt u r e ow in g t o t h eir w eak
an d u n st able ch ar act er ist ics.

Th e m icr on eedle ar r ay elect r ode (M AE), a dr y elect r ode, h as t h e

pot en t ial t o addr ess above pr oblem s. Th e con cept of u sin g M AEs f or
bio-sign al r ecor din g w as f ir st ly pr oposed by Gr iss et al. in 2000. In t h e
r ecen t decades, M AEs h ave at t r act ed in cr easin g at t en t ion f or
bio-sign al sign al m on it or in g ow in g t o t h e u n iqu e advan t ages: f ir st ly, it
can pen et r at e t h r ou gh t h e st r at u m cor n eu m an d elim in at e t h e
in f lu en ce of st r at u m cor n eu m on t h e im pedan ce.

Th e pen et r at ion pr ocess is alm ost pain less, as it s sm all size pr even t s t h e
st im u lat ion of der m al n er ves an d evadin g t h e gen er at ion of t h e pain
sen sat ion . Secon dly, t h e con t act in t er f ace bet w een M AE an d sk in is
m or e st able an d t h u s can at t en u at e m ot ion ar t if act . Th ir dly, t h e
lik elih ood of sk in ir r it at ion or aller gy can be elim in at ed as sk in
pr epar at ion is n ot r equ ir ed.
In t h is r eview , t h e h u m an sk in st r u ct u r e an d t h e equ ivalen t cir cu it
m odels bet w een sk in an d elect r odes f or con ven t ion al w et elect r odes
an d M AE ar e in t r odu ced in Sect ion 2. An over view of t h e m icr on eedle
ar r ay (M A) f abr icat ion t ech n iqu es is pr esen t ed in Sect ion 3. Th e
m ech an ical per f or m an ce of M AE is discu ssed in Sect ion 4.

Th e an alysis of t h e bio-sign al m on it or in g per f or m an ce of t h e M AE is

descr ibed in Sect ion 5. Th e applicat ion of M AE in biom edical f ields is
pr esen t ed in Sect ion 6.
 EEG r ecor din g

EEG is an elect r oph ysiological m on it or in g m et h od t o r ecor d elect r ical

act ivit y of t h e br ain . EEG m easu r es volt age f lu ct u at ion s r esu lt in g f r om
ion ic cu r r en t w it h in t h e n eu r on s of t h e br ain . EEG sign al is gen er ally
u sed t o diagn ose epilepsy, sleep disor der s, com a, en ceph alopat h ies,
an d br ain deat h .

Th e Fp1 an d Fp2 of 10-20 syst em at t h e f or eh ead w er e alw ays select ed

as t h e t est posit ion t o pr even t t h e ef f ect of h air on t h e m easu r em en t .
Th e su bject s w er e gen er ally ask ed t o per f or m a f ew cor r espon din g
act ion s du r in g t h e EEG m easu r em en t , su ch as eye-open in g, eye-closin g,
eye-blin k in g, an d t eet h gr in din g. Th e t ypical EEG sign als du r in g
eye-open in g an d eye-closin g t est s w er e r ecor ded by M AE an d w et
elect r ode, as sh ow n in Fig. 7(a). Th e f lu ct u at ion cau sed by closin g an d
open in g eyes is eviden t .
Th e EEG sign als m easu r ed u sin g t h e M AE an d w et elect r ode exh ibit ed
h igh sim ilar it y in bot h t h e eye-open in g an d eye-closin g st at es. Th e r at io
of t h e sign al pow er in t h e eye-open in g t o t h at in t h e eye-closin g st at e
w as obser ved t o be sim ilar bet w een t h e dr y an d w et elect r odes at
t h et a, alph a, an d delt a f r equ en cy dom ain s. Wan g et al. also r ecor ded
EEG sign als on t h e f or eh ead by M AE an d w et elect r ode. Th e qu alit ies of
EEG sign als r ecor ded by M AE an d w et elect r ode w er e sim ilar accor din g
t o a pow er spect r u m den sit y evalu at ion .
Th e pow er spect r u m den sit y r ecor ded by M AE becam e m or e sim ilar t o
t h at of w et elect r ode w it h an in cr ease in t h e M A n u m ber . Wan g et al.
r ecor ded EEG sign als u sin g f lexible M AE an d w et elect r ode du r in g eye
m ovem en t s. Th e w avef or m s an d spect r u m s of f ast Fou r ier t r an sf or m
r ecor ded by t h e f lexible M AE an d w et elect r odes k ept accor dan ce, an d t h e
m agn it u des of n oise w er e com par able. Th e EEG t est s in clu din g
t im e-f r equ en cy spect r u m an d cor r elat ion -coh er en ce an alyses in dicat ed
t h at f lexibilit y of M AE con t r ibu t ed t o r ecor din g st abilit y an d en abled
cr edible EEG acqu isit ion .
VII. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

Fu t u r e w or k sh ou ld f ocu s m or e on t h e f abr icat ion of M AE w it h h igh

m ech an ical st r en gt h an d adequ at e biocom pat ibilit y. M ost of t h e M AEs
w er e f abr icat ed on r igid su bst r at es t h at ar e n ot con f or m al t o cu r ved
an d m oved h u m an sk in . Th er ef or e, it is im por t an t t o develop f lexible
M AE becau se it can pr ovide a con f or m al as w ell as r obu st con t act . If
above pr oblem s ar e all addr essed, t h e M AE u sed f or bio-sign al
r ecor din g in r eal lif e, su ch as br ain -com pu t er in t er f ace, disease
diagn osis, an d lon g-t er m h om e m on it or in g, m ay com e t r u e.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8863957
 Ch im er as, Cybr ids, an d Hybr ids

Ch im er as
Th e w or d ?ch im er a? (pr on ou n ced ?k i-m i-r a?) h as it s or igin in Gr eek
(pagan ) m yt h ology. It den ot es a m on st er w it h t h e h ead of a lion , a
t ail t h at h as t h e f or m of a ser pen t ?s body an d h ead, an d a body of a
goat an d a goat ?s h ead on t op of it .

Wit h in t h e con t ext of m oder n day biology, biot ech n ology, an d

bioet h ics ch im er a acqu ir ed n ew m ean in gs, def in in g ch im er as as
en t it ies w h ich com pr ise a m ixt u r e of cells f r om t w o or m or e
gen et ically dist in ct or gan ism s of t h e sam e or dif f er en t species.
Th e cells or or gan ism s con siset of t w o zygot es or em br yos. Th ey
in clu de w h ole or par t s of or gan s, gam et es (sper m an d egg cells), an d
f et al t issu e. Cells m u st also be of a cer t ain qu alit y, ot h er w ise t h ey
ar e of lit t le u se in t h e biot ech n ology.

Hu m an f et al t issu e u sed in in t er specif ic [in t er species] r esear ch is

u su ally obt ain ed f r om in t en t ion ally abor t ed f et u ses becau se t h e
sou r ce h as n u m er ou s advan t ages t o u sin g spon t an eou sly abor t ed or
st ill-bir t h ed f et u ses (i.e. cells ar e f r esh er an d in bet t er con dit ion ,
u su ally n ot t ain t ed w it h pat h ogen s or car r ier s of gen et ic disor der s.)
Th e m ixin g of cells is look ed u pon as eit h er a n at u r ally or ar t if icially
occu r r in g ph en om en on . Wh en a ch im er a is t h e r esu lt of a n at u r al
pr ocess, scien t ist s r egar d it as som et h in g t h at is h appen in g bet w een
bein gs of t h e sam e k in d (t h e t er m u sed in t h e lit er at u r e is ?species?).
In con t r ast , an ar t if icially pr odu ced ch im er a r esu lt s f r om t h e
m an ipu lat ion an d m ixin g of m ost ly h u m an st em cells an d em br yos,
an d it is t h ese en t it ies t h at ar e t h e cen t r e of t h e bioet h ical
con t r over sy.
Th e en t it y pr odu ced is, accor din gly, classif ied in t h e lit er at u r e as
eit h er a ch im er a or h ybr id. Th e geep (pr odu ced in 1984), f or exam ple,
h as t h e h ead of a goat , t h e sh ape of a sh eep, an d h as bot h w ool an d
h air on it s body. It is classif ied as a ch im er a w h en it is ar t if icially
pr odu ced by t r an sf er r in g (or f u sin g) a sh eep cell n u cleu s w it h a goat ?s
en u cleat ed egg or by f u sin g t h e em br yo of a sh eep an d goat , an d it is
r egar ded as a h ybr id w h en t h e geep is t h e r esu lt of a n at u r al m at in g
pr ocess bet w een a sh eep an d goat .
Exam ples of n at u r ally occu r r in g ch im er ic or gan ism s in clu de t w in
em br yos w h ich of t en exch an ge cells in t h e w om b (u t er u s) an d
leadin g t o an ?in t r aspecies? ch im er a (a n ew bein g w it h in t h e sam e
k in d of an im al or h u m an ), an d t h e f u sion (or am algam at ion ) of t w o
t w in s (zygot es or em br yos) in t h e w om b.

Th e lat t er , also r ef er r ed t o as cases of t h e so-called ?disappear in g

t w in s,? can r esu lt in an adu lt t h at car r ies a ?par asit ic? t w in in h is or
h er body an d def or m at ion s lik e h er m aph r odit ism or
su per n u m er ou s lim bs.
Her e it is u sef u l t o n ot e t h at , alt h ou gh con join ed (Siam ese) t w in s
exh ibit a com posit ion r esu lt in g f r om a f u sion of t w o separ at e t w in s,
t h ey ar e n ot ch im er as; t h ey ar e t h e pr odu ct of t h e f u sion of t w o
iden t ical t w in s. Th u s, u n lik e n or m al (f r at er n al) t w in s w h o do n ot
h ave t h e sam e gen es (DNA), iden t ical t w in s st em f r om a sin gle,
com m on zygot e.
Cybr ids

Cybr ids ar e t ypically pr odu ced in on e of t w o w ays: t ak in g an egg f r om

an an im al, r em ovin g it s n u cleu s? w h ich leaves on ly t h e cyt oplasm or
ooplasm of t h e egg? an d f u sin g it w it h t h e n u cleu s t ak en f r om a
h u m an cell, or f u sin g t h e r esu lt an t em br yo w it h an en u cleat ed egg
cell f r om an ot h er or gan ism (or species). Th e r esu lt in g en t it y is called
a ?n u cleo-cyt oplasm ic h ybr id? or ?cybr id,? f or sh or t . In ot h er w or ds,
t h e r esu lt is an em br yo w it h h u m an n u clear DNA an d an im al
m it och on dr ial DNA. Th ese cybr id em br yos ar e said t o be 99.9%
h u m an even w h en , in 2003, a Ch in ese scien t ist ext r act ed st em cells
f r om cybr ids pr odu ced by t h e m ixin g of r abbit eggs an d h u m an
sper m .

?n u cleo-cyt oplasm ic h ybr id?

It is w or t h n ot in g t h at t h e t ech n ology (k n ow n as SNCT? som at ic
n u clear t r an sf er ) t h at is u sed t o pr odu ce a cybr id is t h e sam e
t ech n ology t h at w as u sed t o pr odu ce Dolly, t h e f ir st clon ed sh eep. In
t h e case of clon in g, bot h t h e n u cleu s of a bodily (som at ic) cell an d an
en u cleat ed egg ar e ext r act ed f r om t h e sam e en t it y.

Hybr ids

A h ybr id is gen er ally t h e pr odu ct of eit h er n at u r al or ar t if icial

br eedin g. As su ch , h ybr ids r esu lt f r om t h e com bin in g of gam et es
(sper m an d egg cells) of t w o r elat ed or u n r elat ed an im als. Th is m ean s
t h at a h ybr id con t ain s com bin ed gen et ic m at er ial t h r ou gh ou t it s
gen om e an d t h r ou gh ou t all t h e t issu es in it s body. A m u le, f or
exam ple, is t h e pr odu ct of a h or se an d don k ey; a liger is t h e pr odu ct
of a m ale lion an d f em ale t iger ; an d a t igr on is a m ale t iger cr ossed
w it h a f em ale lion .
How ever , t h e lit er at u r e r ef lect s t h e u n der st an din g t h at
h u m an -an im al h ybr idizat ion is a com m on place ph en om en on t oday.
For exam ple, f or m or e t h an 30 year s n ow , f er t ilit y specialist s h ave
been f er t ilizin g h am st er ova (eggs) w it h h u m an sper m t o t est h u m an
m ale f er t ilit y: ?Th e r esu lt in g h u m an -h am st er h ybr id em br yo does n ot
pr oceed beyon d t h e t w o cell st age?

In t h e 1920s, Ru ssian biologist Ilya Ivan ov, t r ied w it h gr eat ef f or t an d

su ppor t of h is gover n m en t , t o f er t ilize f em ale ch im ps w it h h u m an
sper m in Af r ica. Back in Ru ssia, Ivan ov in sem in at ed a w om an w it h
or an gu t an sper m . Bot h pr oject s w er e a f ailu r e. Th er e ar e t w o possible
explan at ion s f or Ivan ov ?s f ailu r es: in sem in at ion s w er e con du ct ed
u n der adver se cir cu m st an ces, an d n o m or e t h an t h r ee ar t if icial
at t em pt s w er e u n der t ak en .
Th e im plicat ion is, of cou r se, t h at w it h t oday ?s t ech n ology t h e r esu lt
m igh t be dif f er en t . Th e qu est ion is, h ow ever , sh ou ld su ch at t em pt s
even occu r ? Th ose w h o su ppor t t h e scien t if ic r esear ch in volvin g
h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es an sw er in t h e af f ir m at ive, an d of t en poin t
t ow ar d t h e r eason s (t h at is, t h e pot en t ial ben ef it s) of t h e r esear ch .
An d it is pr ecisely h er e w h er e t h e pr oblem s ar e iden t if ied by t h ose
w h o object t o cer t ain f or m s of t h e r esear ch .
Reason s f or an d t h e Cor e Pr oblem s w it h Hu m an -An im al
M ixt u r es

Th er e ar e m ain ly t h r ee r eason s w h y ch im er as, cybr ids an d

h u m an -an im al h ybr ids ar e pr odu ced by scien t ist s.

Fir st , m ixes (DNA, cells, or gan s, an d or gan ism s) pr ovide t ools f or

st u dyin g cell developm en t ; t h e gen et ic basis an d developm en t of
cer t ain diseases (f or exam ple, can cer , Alzh eim er ?s, an d Par k in son?s),
an d w h at dr u gs or t h er apies m igh t ef f ect ively com bat t h ose diseases.
Secon d, t h e f act t h at ch im er as or cybr ids h ave h u m an DNA m ean s
t h at r esear ch dat a sh ou ld be m or e pr edict ive an d closer r elat ed t h an
dat a in pu r e an im al m odels.

Wh ile t h ir dly, t h e m ixin g of m at er ials pr ovide a w ay of con du ct in g

exper im en t s t h at eit h er can n ot be per f or m ed et h ically or legally on
h u m an r esear ch su bject s or in w h ich it is n ot pr act ical t o u se h u m an s.
Wh at , t h en , cou ld possibly be t h e pr oblem w it h t h e r esear ch ?
To pr odu ce t h eir r esear ch su bject s r esear ch er s u se pr ecu r sor or st em
cells. A ?pr ecu r sor cell? is a gen er ic t er m f or bot h st em cells an d
pr ogen it or cells, an d ar e u sed in cases w h er e it is n ot clear w h et h er
eit h er of t h e cells h ave st em cell or pr ogen it or cell pr oper t ies.

In t ech n ical t er m s, w h er eas pr ogen it or cells ar e ?m u lt ipot en t ? (t h ey

develop in t o on ly som e k in ds of cells), st em cells ar e ?plu r ipot en t ?
(t h ey develop in t o all k in ds of cells.

Now if st em cell h ar vest in g r esu lt s in t h e deat h of t h e h u m an

em br yo, an d a h u m an bein g com es in t o exist en ce at f er t ilizat ion ,
t h en it en t ails t h e k illin g of an in n ocen t h u m an per son .
Th e r esear ch t h er ef or e r aises qu est ion s abou t t h e lif e an d m or al
st at u s of t h e em br yo as w ell as t h e u n iqu en ess of h u m an bein gs. We
sh all see t h at t h ey ar e t opics abou t w h ich evolu t ion ist s h ave m u ch t o
say. Wh at seem s t o be over look ed is t h at t h e con cept u al logic of
evolu t ion ist s set s a lim it t o t h e r an ge an d t ype of ar gu m en t s t h at can
be f it t ed in t o t h eir w or ldview.
Th e Con cept u al Logic of Evolu t ion ist s

Th e st an dpoin t s of evolu t ion ist s in t h e con t r over sy ar e pr et t y clear .

Th eir idea of f ixed or r igid br eak s bet w een species plays n o r ole
w h at soever in con t em por ar y biology. In deed, t h e f lu idit y of species
bou n dar ies h as been r evealed t h r ou gh t h e t ech n iqu es of
com par at ive gen om ics, w ar n in g again st t h e in t er pr et at ion of species
as u n iqu e t ypes . . . . Wh en w e r ef er t o species an d t h e cr ossin g of
species bou n dar ies, w e do so based on t h e f ollow in g sim ple idea:
Ever y in dividu al h u m an con t ain s a h u m an gen om e. In all lik elih ood,
t h is gen om e w ill n ot be r epr esen t at ive of ot h er h u m an gen om es an d
w ill con t ain a lot of DNA t h at is con t ain ed in m an y ot h er k in ds of
or gan ism s, t h an k s t o ou r evolu t ion f r om a com m on an cest or .
It is t h er ef or e n ot st r an ge t h at f ollow er s of Dar w in see in t h e
ar t if icial pr odu ct ion of ch im er as, cybr ids, an d h u m an -an im al
h ybr ids t h e er odin g of w h at ever dist in ct ion s people m igh t st ill t h in k
t o dr aw bet w een h u m an s an d an im als. Bu t w h at is st r an ge is t h at
t h ey w ou ld h ave ot h er s believe t h at scien ce h as validat ed t h eir
belief t h at t h er e ar e n o f ixed dif f er en ces or r igid br eak s bet w een
h u m an s an d an im als.

Th e t r u t h of t h e m at t er is ju st t h e opposit e; t h eir w or ldview

validat es t h eir scien t if ic goals an d t h e in t er pr et at ion of scien t if ic
exper im en t s. It t h er ef or e explain s w h y t h is issu e is n ot even
discu ssed in t h e debat e abou t h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es; it is sim ply
assu m ed t o be t h e case t h at scien ce h as spok en an d n ot h in g f u r t h er
is t o be said abou t it .
Th eor ies an d con cept s ar e f u n dam en t al lin k s . . . an d ar e em ployed
by ever yon e, n ot ju st scien t ist s, t o aid in ou r u n der st an din g an d
in t er pr et at ion of t h e w or ld ar ou n d u s. Th ey der ive f r om ou r
m et aph ysical w or ld view , pr ovide a f r am ew or k in f lu en cin g ou r
obser vat ion s an d t h e k in ds of obser vat ion s m ade, an d ser ve as
f u n dam en t al br idges bet w een obser vat ion s t o in t er pr et at ion s an d
con clu sion s. Today, m ost scien t ist s w or k w it h in t h e m et aph ysical
par adigm of descen t w it h m odif icat ion .

meta·?phys·?ics| \?me-t?-?fi-ziks\

Def in it ion of metaphysics

1
a
(1):a division of philosophy that is concerned with the fundamental nature of reality and being and that
includesontology,cosmology, and oftenepistemology
metaphysics? analyzes the generic traits manifested by existences of any kind
? J. H. Randall

(2):ONTOLOGYsense 2
b:abstract philosophical studies:a study of what is outside objective experience
steered philosophy away from metaphysicsand toward the disciplines of natural science and linguistics
? Time

2:METAPHYSICs

Ju st as physics deals w it h t h e law s t h at gover n t h e ph ysical w or ld

(su ch as t h ose of gr avit y or t h e pr oper t ies of w aves), m et aph ysics
descr ibes w h at is beyon d ph ysics? t h e n at u r e an d or igin of r ealit y
it self , t h e im m or t al sou l, an d t h e exist en ce of a su pr em e bein g.
Opin ion s abou t t h ese metaphysical t opics var y w idely, sin ce w h at 's
bein g discu ssed can't be obser ved or m easu r ed or even t r u ly k n ow n
t o exist . So m ost m et aph ysical qu est ion s ar e st ill as f ar f r om a f in al
an sw er as t h ey w er e w h en Plat o an d Ar ist ot le w er e ask in g t h em .

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metaphysics
It is im possible t o in t er pr et scien t if ic dat a apar t f r om on e?s
w or ldview , an d an yon e w h o t h in k s t h at scien t if ic r esear ch can be
con du ct ed f r om a n eu t r al poin t is sim ply m ist ak en . It f ollow s t h at
scien ce it self is n ot t h e pr oblem in con f lict in g view s abou t t h e lif e
an d m or al st at u s of t h e h u m an em br yo an d t h e u n iqu en ess of
h u m an bein gs. It is a pr oblem of m et aph ysics, or , in dif f er en t w or ds,
a clash of w or ldview s.

It is accor din gly im por t an t t o see t h at t h e w or ldview of evolu t ion ist s

n ecessar ily con st r ain s t h e r an ge an d t ype of ar gu m en t s t h ey cou ld accept
an d def en d in t h e debat e in qu est ion . To begin w it h , it is con sist en t f or an
evolu t ion ist t o ar gu e t h at t h e cr ossin g of t h e bou n dar y bet w een h u m an
an d an im al ?can n ot be im m or al? becau se cr ossin g t h e species lin es
h appen s in n at u r e all t h e t im e (f or exam ple, t h e m u le).
Fu r t h er m or e, it is con sist en t w it h t h e assu m pt ion of
m olecu le-t o-an im al-t o-h u m an evolu t ion ; it disallow s evolu t ion ist s t o
ar gu e t h at f ixed dif f er en ces or br eak s bet w een an im al an d h u m an
exist . Th e pr oblem is t h at w h at is con sist en t is n ot n ecessar ily t r u e.
Wh y sh ou ld people t h in k t h at a h or se an d don k ey ar e
r epr esen t at ives of t w o dif f er en t species an d n ot m em ber s of t h e
sam e k in d of an im al?
Th e f act of t h e m at t er is t h at t h ese qu est ion s can n ot be an sw er ed
f r om t h e per spect ive of evolu t ion ar y biology. Th e f ir st dif f icu lt y is
t h at t h er e is n o sin gle con cept of w h at a species is am on g
evolu t ion ist s; t h er e ar e at least 22.

Un f or t u n at ely, w e ar e n ot t old w h et h er all t h e con cept ion s of w h at a

species is can be equ ally t r u e; does t h e m u lt iplicit y of species
con cept s violat e t h e law s of logic? t h e law of iden t it y (P is iden t ical
t o P), n on -con t r adict ion (P can n ot bot h be t r u e an d f alse at t h e sam e
t im e in t h e sam e sen se) an d exclu ded m iddle (P m u st be eit h er t r u e
or f alse)?

So t h e f ir st con st r ain t of evolu t ion ist s is t h at it w ou ld be in con sist en t

f or t h em t o accept t h at h u m an s h ave n ot evolved f r om som e
h ypot h et ical h om in id or apelik e cr eat u r e over billion s or t h ou san ds
of year s. For t h is r eason h u m an s can n ot be u n iqu e.
Th e secon d con st r ain t m ak es it dif f icu lt , if n ot im possible, f or t h e
evolu t ion ist t o pr ovide a coh er en t accou n t of w h at it is t h at m ak es
som et h in g w h at it is. Wh at ever it is, it can n ot be a n at u r e or
essen ce, f or su ch a t h in g r em ain s t h e sam e t h r ou gh ch an ge over
t im e, an d con sist en t evolu t ion ist s k n ow t h at all t oo w ell: it ?is at
odds w it h evolu t ion ar y biology ?

Pu t sim ply, it is becau se t h e ou t st an din g ch ar act er ist ic of an

essen ce (n at u r e) is it s u n ch an gin g per m an en ce.... If species h ad su ch
an essen ce, gr adu al evolu t ion w ou ld be im possible.
Th e dif f icu lt y of evolu t ion ist s can be st at ed dif f er en t ly: an
u n ch an gin g n at u r e of a livin g bein g is at odds w it h evolu t ion ar y
biology sim ply becau se t h e w or ldview of t h e evolu t ion ar y biologist
is in adequ at e t o explain bot h it s or igin an d on t ology. Th e
evolu t ion ist m u st t h er ef or e den y t h e r ealit y of u n ch an gin g n at u r es
becau se it w ou ld f alsif y h is w or ldview an d scien ce (evolu t ion ar y
biology).

Con sequ en t ly, t h e evolu t ion ist is u n able t o t ell w h er e an im al n at u r e

en ds an d h u m an n at u r e begin s in t h e evolu t ion ar y pr ocess. If h e
does, t h en t h at w ou ld be w h olly ar bit r ar y. Evolu t ion ist s ar e
t h er ef or e qu ick t o poin t ou t t h at ch im pan zees sh ar e m or e t h an 98%
of t h eir gen es w it h h u m an s.
Alt h ou gh h u m an bein gs m igh t sh ar e 99.9% com m on alit y at t h e
gen et ic level, t h er e is n ot h in g as yet iden t if iable as absolu t ely
com m on t o all h u m an bein gs . . . . w e dif f er gen om ically f r om ch im ps
by n o m or e t h an 1.2?1.6%

In ot h er w or ds, t h e dat a ser ve t h e evolu t ion ist s w ell: it ser ves a

ser iou s blow t o t h e idea of h u m an u n iqu en ess an d a n at u r al
bou n dar y bet w een h u m an an d an im al.
As h as alr eady been n ot ed, at t h e r oot of t h e con cept u al logic of
evolu t ion ist s is t h e n ot ion of m olecu le-t o-an im al-t o-h u m an
evolu t ion : ?f r om n ot h in g t o som et h in g, f r om in or gan ic t o or gan ic,
f r om an im als t o h u m an s?.

Th is n ot ion pr esen t s at least t h r ee pr oblem s f or evolu t ion ist s.

Th e f ir st is m et aph ysical: w e n eed an explan at ion f or h ow

som et h in g can com e f r om n ot h in g. If it is a r eason able pr in ciple
t h at a f ir st m em ber in a ser ies of m em ber s can on ly pass on t o
ot h er s w h at it h as t o pass on , t h en evolu t ion ist s ow e u s an
explan at ion of h ow lif e can com e f r om n on -lif e, h ow som et h in g can
ch an ge in t o som et h in g t ot ally dif f er en t f r om it self , an d h ow a m or al
sen se can be pr odu ced by som et h in g t h at lack s t h is sen se? w it h ou t
bein g illogical.
Th e secon d pr oblem is scien t if ic:

Pu t sim ply, n o on e h as ever obser ved t h e in t er con n ect in g con t in u u m

of f ou n dat ion al f or m s lin k in g all k n ow n an d pr esen t species of lif e.
Th e con cept of t h e con t in u it y of n at u r e h as exist ed in t h e m in d of
m an , n ever in t h e f act s of n at u r e.

Th e t h ir d pr oblem f or t h e evolu t ion ist is t h eological: t h e idea of t h e

?con t in u it y of n at u r e,? h as also n ever exist ed in t h e m in d of t h e
Cr eat or , w h ich m ean s t h at t h e idea is w it h ou t (in t h eir view ) an y
biblical basis, as w e sh all sh or t ly see.
To su m m ar ize: if all livin g t h in gs st em m ed f r om a com m on an cest or ,
t h en all livin g t h in gs ar e in t er con n ect ed in som e w ay; w h er e an im al
en ds an d h u m an begin s in t h e evolu t ion ar y pr ocess is ar bit r ar y.

All livin g t h in gs h ave ch an ged, bu t evolu t ion ist s can n ot explain

w h at accou n t s f or sam en ess of iden t it y t h r ou gh ch an ge acr oss t im e;
t h ey can n ot accept an in t r in sic u n iver sal (ch ar act er ) sh ar ed by
en t it ies of t h e sam e k in d f or it w ou ld f alsif y t h eir w or ldview an d
scien ce.

Neit h er can t h ey explain h ow som et h in g can com e f r om n ot h in g (f or

exam ple, lif e an d t h e m or al sen se of h u m an bein gs) or h ow
som et h in g can ch an ge in t o som et h in g t ot ally dif f er en t f r om it self .
Th e qu est ion is t h er ef or e w h et h er t h e m or alit y of cr ossin g t h e
h u m an -an im al bou n dar y can be set t led in secu lar t er m s. Th e
ar gu m en t s of t h ose w h o object t o cr ossin g t h e bou n dar y an d t h e
pr oblem s t h ey cr eat e f or t h ose w h o r eject t h em m ak e it r eason able
t o con clu de t h at it can n ot .

Ar gu m en t s t o Rest r ict Resear ch In volvin g Hu m an -An im al

M ixt u r es

Th e Un n at u r aln ess Ar gu m en t

Th e f or m of t h e ar gu m en t goes som et h in g lik e t h is: t h er e is a n at u r al

bou n dar y bet w een species (h u m an an d an im al); cr ossin g t h e
bou n dar y is u n n at u r al, t h er ef or e, violat in g t h e bou n dar y is w r on g.
Th is ar gu m en t is t h e on e t h at is m ost of t en r eject ed.

Respon ses t o t h e ar gu m en t r ef lect f ou r m ain pr oblem s t h at m ak e it

u n con vin cin g t o evolu t ion ist s.
Th e f ir st of t h e pr oblem s, is t h e ?species pr oblem .? Th e species
pr oblem is cen t r al t o t h e on t ological st at u s of species. A species
con cept an sw er s t h e species pr oblem by pr ovidin g cr it er ia f or
con specif icit y. Th at is, par t s of t h e sam e w h ole, or m em ber s of t h e
sam e class.

Th e pr oblem is st r aigh t f or w ar d: t h e m an y species con cept s of

evolu t ion ist s can n ot adequ at ely an sw er t h e qu est ion of w h at a
species is an d t h e ar gu m en t m u st t h er ef or e be r eject ed.

Th e secon d an d r elat ed pr oblem , is t h e ?bou n dar y pr oblem .? Again ,

t h e pr oblem is st r aigh t f or w ar d: it is a pr oblem t o t h in k t h er e is a
bou n dar y bet w een h u m an an d an im al, t h er ef or e, t h e idea of f ixed
bou n dar ies becom es m or ally ir r elevan t .
Th e t h ir d pr oblem is t h e ?w r on gf u ln ess pr oblem .? Th e qu est ion is:
w h y sh ou ld people t h in k t h er e is a lin k bet w een u n n at u r aln ess
an d w r on gf u ln ess? If cr ossin g t h e bou n dar y is su f f icien t f or
u n n at u r aln ess an d if u n n at u r aln ess is su f f icien t f or w r on gf u ln ess
t h en t h e pr odu ct ion of m u les an d ot h er an im al h ybr ids w ou ld be
w r on g t oo.

Su ppor t er s of t h e u n n at u r aln ess ar gu m en t can advan ce t h eir

ar gu m en t in on e of t w o w ays, or bot h . On e can say t h at t h e act of
pr odu cin g m ixt u r es is in t r in sically w r on g or , alt er n at ively, say it is
w r on g becau se of it s con sequ en ces. How ever , t h e f act of t h e
m at t er is t h at n ot ever yt h in g t h at is u n n at u r al is u n et h ical;
u n n at u r aln ess is also n ot n ecessar ily con n ect ed w it h bad
con sequ en ces, an d even w h er e it is, it can be ju st if ied on ot h er
gr ou n ds.
Alt er n at ively, t h e per son w h o w ish es t o advan ce t h e u n n at u r aln ess
ar gu m en t cou ld say t h at cr ossin g t h e h u m an -an im al bou n dar y is an
of f en ce again st God, t h e Cr eat or . Th is ar gu m en t , h ow ever , f aces at
least t h r ee obst acles. On t h e on e h an d, m an y people (an d m ost
biologist s) do n ot believe in God.

Th er ef or e, su ch people w ill n ot be com m it t ed t o t h in k in g all

u n n at u r al act s ar e w r on g. On t h e ot h er h an d, it is u n clear w h y t h e
pr odu ct ion of h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es cou ld n ot be con st r u ed as a
m an if est at ion of ou r God-lik e n at u r e. Th e t h ir d obst acle is t h at w h at
is def in ed as w r on g var ies f r om con t ext t o con t ext .

Th e f ou r t h pr oblem w it h t h e u n n at u r aln ess ar gu m en t r elat es t o

w h at is gen er ally r ef er r ed t o in t h e lit er at u r e as t h e ?yu ck f act or ,? or
t h e ?m or al em ot ion pr oblem .?
Th ose w h o advan ce t h is ar gu m en t believe t h at h u m an bein gs h ave
an in t u it ive gr asp of ph en om en a su ch as can n ibalism , in cest , an d
best ialit y, an d accor din gly expr ess t h eir k n ow in g of t h e w r on gf u ln ess
t h er eof w it h an em ot ion of r epu gn an ce, r evu lsion , or disgu st .

Wh y is it a pr oblem t o t h e evolu t ion ist ? Su ch exper ien ces ar e n ot

su f f icien t f or k n ow in g an act is w r on g, it n eeds r at ion al ju st if icat ion .

So h ow cou ld t h e cr ossin g of t h e h u m an -an im al bou n dar y in act s

su ch as h u m an -an im al m ixes be w r on g? It is h ar d t o even begin t o
m ak e t h e case, at least in secu lar t er m s.
Th e M or al Con f u sion Ar gu m en t

Sim ply st at ed, t h e ar gu m en t f r om m or al con f u sion h olds t h at a

cr ossin g of t h e h u m an -an im al bou n dar y cou ld lead t o m or al
con f u sion in t h e pu blic sph er e. Th er e ar e at least t w o pr oblem s w it h
t h e ar gu m en t f r om a secu lar per spect ive.

Th e f ir st , as alr eady h as been n ot ed above, is t h e ?species

pr oblem .? In a w or d, t h e m an y species con cept s m ak e it dif f icu lt
t o dr aw a w ell-def in ed bou n dar y bet w een h u m an an d an im al, an d
t h er e is t h er ef or e n ot h in g u n iqu e abou t bein g h u m an .

Th e secon d is becau se h ybr ids su ch as a m u le an d geep do n ot

cau se m or al con f u sion . Th u s, people h ave n o r eason t o t h in k it
w ou ld be t h e case w it h h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es. Th e dif f icu lt y
w it h clar if yin g su ch m ixt u r es is t h er ef or e on ly a h ypot h et ical
pr oblem an d su r ely u n f ou n ded.
Th e Bor der lin e Per son h ood Ar gu m en t

Th e bor der lin e ar gu m en t is advan ced by t h ose w h o believe t h at t h e

gr eat apes (ch im pan zees, bon obos, gor illas, an d or an gu t an s) ar e
?bor der lin e per son s,? an d sh ou ld t h er ef or e n ot be u sed as r esear ch
su bject s.

Th e ar gu m en t is t h at h u m an n ew bor n s w h o ar e con sider ed h u m an

bein gs ar e n ot yet per son s. Th e ar gu m en t f ollow s f r om t w o pr em ises:
a h u m an bein g becom es a h u m an bein g an d per son h ood is def in ed in
t er m s of a list of m an if est ch ar act er ist ics. Th u s, sin ce a h u m an bein g
becom es a per son an d ch ar act er ist ics ar e exem plif ied in degr ees, it
f ollow s t h at m or al st at u s is also a m at t er of degr ee.
It is f u r t h er ar gu ed t h at cer t ain h u m an bein gs exh ibit f ew er
f eat u r es of per son alit y t h an t h e gr eat apes, f or exam ple, a n ew bor n ,
t oddler s, t h e sever ely r et ar ded pat ien t , an d an en ceph alic n ew bor n s
(t h ey ar e ch ildr en bor n w it h n o br ain an d u su ally die w it h in seven t o
t en days).

Th er ef or e, t h e gr eat apes ar e an alogou s t o a ch ild, an d ar e n ot be

u sed in r esear ch an d it w ou ld be in con sist en t f or an evolu t ion ist t o
r eason ot h er w ise. Hu m an bein gs ar e m em ber s of t h e or der
?Pr im at es, t h e gr ou p t h at con t ain s all t h e m on k ey an d ape species?.
Th e Hu m an Dign it y Ar gu m en t

In or der f or t h e ar gu m en t t o w or k , it n eeds t o pr ovide an accou n t of

w h at dign it y is, w h at k in ds of in dividu als h ave h u m an dign it y, w h at
im plicat ion s h u m an dign it y h as, an d w h at con st r ain t s t h ose m or al
im plicat ion s place on h u m an -an im al r esear ch .

Th e ar gu m en t f r om h u m an dign it y st at es t h at a h u m an bein g is a
bein g w it h in com par able valu e an d w or t h an d is t h er ef or e u n iqu ely
valu able an d w or t h y of ou r r espect .

Th e im m ediat e qu est ion is: in w h at exact ly is t h is dign it y gr ou n ded?

Th e m ost n at u r al an sw er w ou ld be on e con st r u ct ed w it h elem en t s
pr esen t in t h e ot h er ar gu m en t s, especially t h e t h ir d ar gu m en t ,
n am ely, t h e possession of ch ar act er ist ics an d capacit ies.
In addit ion , on e cou ld ar gu e t h at in t er f er en ce w it h a h u m an bein g?s
gr ow t h an d developm en t is m or ally object ion able. Un f or t u n at ely,
t h ese appr oach es ar e u n able t o per su ade t h ose w h o f avor
h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es.

To ar gu e t h at h u m an dign it y is degr aded or dem ean ed w h en

?deliber at ely an d w r on gf u lly dim in ish ed or elim in at ed? r aise at least
t w o pr oblem s. On t h e on e h an d, t h er e is t h e em pir ical pr oblem ,
w h ich cou ld be r ef er r ed t o as t h e ?k n ow ledge or epist em ological
pr oblem .?
Fr om obser vat ion people k n ow t h at t h er e ar e cer t ain people w h o
h ave cer t ain capacit ies an d ot h er s w h o don?t . Th u s, if dign it y is a
m at t er of m an if est capacit ies, t h en ?n on -h u m an an im als? w it h t h e
sam e or gr eat er degr ee of dign it y-gr ou n din g capacit ies t h an h u m an
n ew bor n s sh ou ld h ave h u m an dign it y.

It w ou ld be in con sist en t t o say t h at n ew bor n s an d t h e m en t ally

r et ar ded per son h ave t h e sam e degr ee of dign it y as a h u m an adu lt .
On t h e ot h er h an d, it is sim ply f alse t o t h in k t h at a m edical pr ocedu r e
dim in ish es or elim in at es dign it y-con f er r in g capacit ies.
Th e m or al st at u s ar gu m en t

Alt h ou gh t h e ar gu m en t f r om m or al st at u s applies m or e t o t h e m or al
per m issibilit y of u sin g an im als f or r esear ch , it n on et h eless h as
im plicat ion s f or t h e m or al st at u s of h u m an bein gs.

Fir st ly, t o ar gu e t h at h u m an bein gs h ave a gr eat er m or al st at u s t h an

an im als pu r ely becau se t h ey ar e m em ber s of Homo sapiens can n ot
h old. Th e ar gu m en t su f f er s f r om an explan at or y gap: ?it is h ar d t o
see h ow bein g a m em ber of a cer t ain species cou ld give an in dividu al
it s m or al st at u s."

Secon dly, if a h u m an -cen t er ed view of m or al st at u s is cor r ect t h en

t h e m or al st at u s of h u m an bein gs ?w ou ld clear ly con dem n su ch
r esear ch?
Un f or t u n at ely, it can n ot , ar gu es t h e evolu t ion ist : per son h ood? t h at
is t h e possession an d m an if est at ion of per son al ch ar act er ist ics? is a
degr eed ph en om en on . Th er ef or e, m or al st at u s is a m at t er of degr ee.

It sh ou ld be eviden t t h at t h e ar gu m en t s su r veyed ar e in con f lict w it h

a secu lar per spect ive. It pr esen t s at least on e lesson f or t h ose
in volved in t h e debat e: evolu t ion ist s w h o advan ce on e or m or e of
t h ese ar gu m en t s can n ot ju st if y t h em on t h e basis of evolu t ion ism .
Th e an sw er is st r aigh t f or w ar d: it is self -r ef u t in g. A Ch r ist ian cr it iqu e
of som e of t h e issu es w ill t h er ef or e be in or der .
Respon se

Th e object ion s t o t h e ar gu m en t s t o r est r ict r esear ch in volvin g

h u m an -an im al m ixt u r es r ef lect som e t h in gs t r u e an d som e f alse.
Som e ar e sim ply com par in g apples w it h or an ges.
For exam ple, it is t r u e t h at in t er r acial m ar r iages w er e on ce t h ou gh t
t o be w r on g, bu t t h is is an in adequ at e an alogu e t o t h e m ixin g of
h u m an -an im al m at er ials.

In t er r acial m ar r iages occu r bet w een t w o en t it ies of t h e sam e k in d:

m an k in d. A per h aps m or e appr opr iat e an alogu e of m ixin g h u m an
an d an im al gam et es is best ialit y. In t h is case t h e u n it y an d t h e
n at u r e of t h e r elat ion sh ip is u n n at u r al.

How ever , a r elat ion sh ip can also be u n n at u r al even if it occu r s

bet w een en t it ies of t h e sam e k in d, f or exam ple, in cest . Th u s, t h e
f act t h at it w as on ce believed t h at in t er r acial m ar r iages w er e w r on g
sh ow s pr ecisely w h at is t h e issu e h er e: a f alse belief , w h ich can be
an d h as been cor r ect ed.
 It is also t r u e t h at m an y people do n ot believe in God. Bu t t h is is an
u n r eason able object ion t o t h e u n n at u r aln ess ar gu m en t . It is m er ely a
st at em en t of f act . M an y u n believer s believe t h at t h ef t , r ape, in cest ,
an d br eak in g on e?s w or d ar e w r on g an d bad. How ever , if t h e im plicit
m essage is t h at u n belief in God sh ou ld set t le qu est ion s abou t w h at
ou gh t t o be m or ally per m issible t h en people ar e in t r ou ble.

In a dem ocr acy people vot e an d t h e m ajor it y r u le, bu t even if it is

legislat ed t h at people m ay exer cise t h e r igh t t o t or t u r e babies f or f u n
or f on dle lit t le ch ildr en f or self -gr at if icat ion , it w ou ld st ill be w r on g. It
is w r on g n ot on ly becau se it is h ar m f u l, it is also a per ver sion of w h at
is r igh t an d good. It h as at least on e im plicat ion f or people w h o ar e
con vin ced t h at it is w r on g: t h e du t y t o m ak e r igor ou s ar gu m en t s t o
con vin ce m in ds t h at it is w r on g, an d expr essin g t h ose ar gu m en t s in a
w ay t h at m oves h ear t s.
It is also t r u e t h at w h at is w r on g var ies f r om con t ext t o con t ext , bu t
it is n ot at all clear t h at t h is is a valid object ion t o t h e u n n at u r aln ess
ar gu m en t . If cu lt u r al r elat ivism is in m in d, t h en w e can m ak e at
least t w o obser vat ion s. Fir st , alt h ou gh cu lt u r al r elat ivism h olds t h at
r igh t or w r on g var ies f r om cu lt u r e t o cu lt u r e, it is qu est ion able
w h et h er t h is is a m or al t h esis.

It r at h er seem s t o be a f act u al st at em en t abou t m or alit y. Wh en du e

con sider at ion is given t o f act u al clar if icat ion m an y appar en t m or al
dif f er en ces t u r n ou t t o be m er ely f act u al, n ot m or al; f or in st an ce, n o
cu lt u r e h as valu ed k illin g at r an dom an d cow ar dice in bat t le.
Secon d, if t h e object ion im plies t h at m or al pr oposit ion s ar e n ot
sim ply t r u e or f alse, t h at t r u t h valu es of m or al pr in ciples t h em selves
ar e r elat ive t o t h e belief s of a given societ y (con t ext ), t h en it
becom es dif f icu lt t o def in e w h at a societ y is or t o specif y in a given
case w h at t h e r elevan t societ y is. It is becau se people ar e of t en
sim u lt an eou sly a m em ber of sever al dif f er en t societ ies t h at m ay
h old dif f er en t m or al valu es. Wh ich con t ext is t h e r elevan t on e? In
an y even t , it w ou ld be in con sist en t f or a Ch r ist ian t o be a Ch r ist ian in
con t ext A an d n ot in con t ext B.

It is t r u e t h at m ost an im al m ixt u r es t o dat e r esu lt ed in in dividu als

t h at people can easily classif y as an im als. Bu t t h is ar gu m en t
dist r act s at t en t ion f r om t h e cr u cial poin t : h u m an bein gs ar e n ow
u sed an d dest r oyed in t h e pr ocess of pr odu cin g h u m an -an im al
m ixt u r es.
Fu r t h er m or e, t o dr aw u p a list of ch ar act er ist ics t o in dicat e t h e
pr esen ce of per son h ood is ill-con ceived, f or sever al r eason s. Fir st ,
t h e per son dr aw in g u p t h e list can m ak e an yon e t o f it or n ot t o f it
t h e list (f or exam ple, n ew bor n s, t h e m en t ally r et ar ded per son , or
com at ose pat ien t ). Secon d, w h at som et h in g is does n ot com e in
degr eed f or m .
It is n ot lik e som eon e w alk in g in t o a r oom w it h a f ir st st ep, f ollow ed
by an ot h er st ep u n t il t h e per son f in ally en t er s t h e r oom . It is an all
or n ot h in g af f air . Wh en , f or exam ple, Jam es (a h u m an per son ) com es
t o exist , t h er e m u st be at least on e pr oper t y t h at belon gs t o h im , an d
t h at is h e m u st be h u m an .

Som e of Jam es?s pr oper t ies m ay in deed be exem plif ied by h im t o

var iou s degr ees, su ch as h is n on -essen t ial pr oper t ies, pr ecisely
becau se t h ey ar e ch ar act er ist ics, f eat u r es, qu alit ies, or at t r ibu t es of
h im as an in dividu al. Wisdom , r at ion alit y, in sigh t , an d t h e abilit y t o
r eason ar e exam ples; t h ey ch ar act er ize t h eir object s? t h e par t icu lar
t h in g t h at h as t h em as t h eir ow n er ? in on e w ay or an ot h er .
An d becau se t h ey ar e n on -essen t ial, t h eir ow n er s ar e w h at t h ey ar e
in depen den t of w h at ever n on -essen t ial ch ar act er ist ics t h ey possess.
A w h it e pain t ed pipe does n ot n eed t o be w h it e in or der t o be a pipe.
So if t h e pipe loses it s colou r it w ou ld lose a n on -essen t ial pr oper t y
bu t st ill r em ain t h e sam e pipe an d con t in u e t o exist as on e. In
con t r ast , essen t ial pr oper t ies con st it u t e t h e essen t ial n at u r e of a
t h in g. If w e t h en descr ibe an object ?s essen t ial pr oper t ies, w e w ill be
able t o say w h at k in d of t h in g it is.

Th u s, alt h ou gh n ot all per son s ar e h u m an bein gs (f or exam ple,

divin e an d an gelic per son s), t h er e is n o su ch t h in g as a h u m an
n on -per son . By an alogy, t h er e can be color s t h at ar e n ot r ed, bu t n o
r ed t h in gs t h at ar e n ot color ed t h in gs. M or eover , t o t h in k t h at a
h u m an bein g becom es a per son is t o con f u se ch an ge w it h
alt er at ion . An yt h in g t h at ch an ges m u st exist f ir st , an d m u st exist at
t h e begin n in g, du r in g t h e pr ocess of ch an ge, an d at t h e en d of t h e
ch an ge.
Gain in g or losin g pr oper t ies is a m at t er of t h e com in g an d goin g of
pr oper t ies, t h u s of alt er at ion (a leaf or ch am eleon ch an gin g f r om
gr een t o br ow n ar e exam ples), an d n ot a m at t er of ch an ge in k in d
(n at u r e) or exist en ce. Th is en t ails t h at livin g exist in g t h in gs can on ly
gr ow an d develop accor din g t o w h at t h ey alr eady ar e.

A zygot e does n ot becom e m or e of it s k in d or ch an ge in t o som et h in g

dif f er en t f r om t h e k in d t h e zygot e alr eady belon gs t o. Th e zygot e
m at u r es as a m em ber of it s k in d becau se of it s h u m an n at u r e, w h ich
gu ides t h at m at u r it y. Lik ew ise, k it t en s ar e im m at u r e cat s, n ot
pot en t ial cat s, an d t h e sam e t r u t h applies t o h u m an f et u ses. Th ey
ar e im m at u r e per son s an d n ot pot en t ial per son s.
Ever yt h in g t h at h as been said so f ar is con sist en t w it h h ow
cr eat ion ist s t h in k abou t species. Br ief ly, biblical (you n g-ear t h )
cr eat ion ist s believe t h at t h e w h ole w or ld h as been af f ect ed by t h e
Cu r se f ollow in g t h e r ebellion of Adam . Th ey t h er ef or e do n ot believe
t h at God m ade t h e plan t s an d an im als ju st as people see t h em
t oday.

For in st an ce, w h en God cr eat ed a dog, h e did n ot cr eat e a

scot t ish -t er r ier . Cr eat ion ist s also believe t h at n at u r al select ion is a
pr ocess t h at can ch an ge t h e DNA of popu lat ion s. In ot h er w or ds, it
is a m ist ak e t o t h in k t h at t h e Bible t each es t h e n ot ion of t h e ?f ixit y
of species.? How ever , in con t r ast w it h evolu t ion ist s, cr eat ion ist s
believe t h at n at u r al select ion an d m u t at ion s can n ever lead t o n ew
k in ds of cr eat u r es (plan t s, an im als, or h u m an s), bu t on ly var iet ies
w it h in t h e sam e k in d.

Pu t an ot h er w ay, t o cr eat ion ist s, ?all species alive in t h e past an d

t oday w ou ld h ave h ad t o be pr odu ced in f ew er t h an 6,000 year s f r om
t h e or igin al cr eat ed k in ds?. Th e ?cr eat ed k in ds? r ef er t o in dividu als
w h ich cou ld br eed w it h on e an ot h er . Th u s, t h e bou n dar y f or a k in d
is im plied by r epr odu ct ion . Bu t t h e m er e f act t h at t w o species w ill
n ot h ybr idize w ou ld n ot n ecessar ily in dicat e t h at t h ey ar e n ot
or igin ally f r om t h e sam e k in d.
 In t h e case of t h r ee species, A, B, an d C, if A an d B can each h ybr idize
w it h C, t h en it su ggest s t h at all t h r ee ar e of t h e sam e cr eat ed
k in d? w h et h er or n ot A an d B can h ybr idize w it h each ot h er . Br eedin g
bar r ier s can ar ise t h r ou gh su ch t h in gs as m u t at ion s. For exam ple, t w o
f or m s of f er m en t f lies (Dr osoph ila) pr odu ced of f spr in g t h at cou ld n ot
br eed w it h t h e par en t species. Th at is, t h ey w er e a n ew biological
?species.? Th is w as du e t o a sligh t ch r om osom al r ear r an gem en t , n ot
an y n ew gen et ic in f or m at ion .

Th ose w h o r eject t h e idea t h at h u m an bein gs h ave an in t u it ive gr asp

of ph en om en a su ch as can n ibalism , in cest , an d best ialit y, an d
accor din gly expr ess t h eir k n ow in g of t h e w r on gf u ln ess t h er eof w it h
r epu gn an ce, r evu lsion , or disgu st , an d t h at su ch em ot ion s n eed
r at ion al ju st if icat ion seem t o t h in k t h at em ot ion s ar e ir r at ion al.

Th e ligh t w h ich Scr ipt u r e br in gs t o bear on t h e em ot ion s, h ow ever ,

sh ow s pr ecisely t h e opposit e. Fir st , Scr ipt u r e r eveals t h at God h as
cr eat ed h u m an bein gs in His im age, an d par t of t h at im age is t h e
m or al law of God en gr aved in ever y h u m an h ear t . Th e Apost le Pau l
explain ed it as f ollow s:
 ...for when Gentiles, who do not have the [written] law
[of God], by nature do the things in the law, these,
although not having the law, are a law to themselves,
who show the work of the law written in their hearts,
their conscience also bearing witness, and between
themselves their thoughts accusing or else excusing
them. (Rom an s 2:14?15)

It is in escapable, h u m an s h ave an in n at e m or al sen se; ?by n at u r e?

t h ey ar e doin g t h in gs w h ich t h ey ar e aw ar e of as r igh t or w r on g.
Fu r t h er , w e h ave r eason t o t h in k t h at people w h o do n ot sh ow
m or al em ot ion s ar e people w h o do n ot u n der st an d t h e n at u r e of
evil, an d t h er ef or e, ar e u n able t o exper ien ce, f or exam ple, r em or se
or sh am e.
Th e Cr eat or , t h r ou gh t h e m ou t h of t h e pr oph et Jer em iah ,
expr essed t h ese t r u t h s as f ollow s:

I listened and heard, but they do not speak aright. No

man repented of his wickedness, saying ?What have I
done?? . . . . Were they ashamed when they had
committed abominations? No! They were not at all
ashamed; nor did they know how to blush. Therefore
they shall fall among those who fall . . . says the Lord.
(Jer em iah 8:6,12)

It is im por t an t t o k n ow t o w h om Scr ipt u r e is r ef er r in g h er e, as w ell

as w h at w as t h e cau se of t h eir m alady. Th e im m ediat e con t ext in
w h ich t h e qu ot ed t ext s appear in dicat es t h at t h ey w er e people t o
w h om t h e w or d of t h e Lor d h as becom e an object of r epr oach or
scor n (Jer em iah 6:10 an d 8:10).
It is also n ot dif f icu lt t o see t h at God expect ed an em ot ion al (m or al)
r espon se f r om t h em , w h ich su ggest s t h at r em or se an d sh am e ar e
cr u cial f or u n der st an din g w h at m or alit y r equ ir es. Sh am e, in t h e t ext
qu ot ed, is a f u n ct ion of at t en t iven ess t o on eself an d w r on gf u l
act ion s. It t h u s im plies t h at em ot ion s ar e basic f or m s of per cept ion
w it h a r at ion al n at u r e; t h ey ar e n ot f leet in g su bject ive en t it ies t h at
pass t h r ou gh con sciou sn ess w it h n o n ecessar y con n ect ion s w it h
an yt h in g ou t side a per son .

In ot h er w or ds, t h ey pr ovide people w it h k n ow ledge, w h ich can be

r ef er r ed t o as acqu ain t an ce (t h at is, t h r ou gh em ot ion s people
becom e aw ar e of t h in gs).
Alt h ou gh em ot ion s, ju st as sen se per cept ion , can be accu r at e or
in accu r at e, t h ey can an d do ser ve as r at ion al gr ou n ds f or cer t ain
belief s (f or exam ple, m y in dign at ion at in ju st ice ser ves as a r at ion al
gr ou n d f or t h e belief t h at ju st ice is an in t r in sically good t h in g; a
w om en?s post -abor t ion r em or se ser ves as a r at ion al gr ou n d f or h er
belief t h at sh e h as k illed an in n ocen t per son , t h er ef or e, t h at h u m an
lif e is valu able). Ju st as a h eigh t en ed st at e of f ear h elps a per son t o
pick ou t dan ger s in t h e en vir on m en t , a h eigh t en ed st at e of
r evu lsion en gages people?s capacit y t o n ot ice m or ally r elevan t
pr oper t ies t h at ar e ot h er w ise in accessible.
Th u s, t o r ecogn ize a m or al w r on g is on e t h in g an d qu it e an ot h er t o
be ou t r aged or do som et h in g abou t it . To sim ply n ot ice m or al
w r on gn ess w it h ou t exper ien cin g m or al in dign at ion (an em ot ion ) is
a f ailu r e of u n der st an din g t h e m or al im por t an ce of an act .
Lik ew ise, t o n ot e t h at an act ion is on e of ext r aor din ar y ch ar it y bu t
f ails t o adm ir e it is t o m iss som et h in g abou t it .

In sh or t , t h er e is n o r eason t o t h in k t h at t h e m or al em ot ion of
disgu st associat ed w it h t h e m ixin g of h u m an -an im al m at er ials
can n ot be r at ion al ju st if icat ion f or believin g t h at it is w r on g an d
n eeds t o be at t en ded t o an d cor r ect ed.

Th e af or esaid r aises t h e qu est ion abou t t h e place of m or al

obligat ion an d con scien ce in a per son?s lif e. It su f f ices t o m ak e
t h r ee poin t s. Fir st ly, obligat ion s (or du t ies) m ak e m or al dem an ds
on people (t h e Good Sam ar it an in Lu k e 10:29-37, an d t h at of t h e
Apost le Pau l in Rom an s 1:14); t h ey ar e ver y dif f icu lt t o escape.
On ce a per son accept s an obligat ion , it is h is w h et h er h e w an t s it or
n ot . For exam ple, par en t s h ave t o t ak e car e of t h eir ch ild, even if t h ey
do n ot w an t t h e ch ild (cf . t h e obligat ion s of a t each er in 1 Tim ot h y
4:6-16 an d 2 Tim ot h y 2:15).

In ot h er w or ds, an d secon dly, an obligat ion bin ds t h e w ill; it r est r ict s

w h at a per son m or ally can an d can n ot do r egar dless of h is desir es.
Th is cou ld be r ef er r ed t o as t h e in escapabilit y of con scien ce, w h ich
im plies t h at obligat ion s ar e am on g t h e st r on gest r eason s people h ave
f or doin g or n ot doin g som et h in g.

Fin ally, t h ir dly, obligat ion s h ave a r elat ion t o au t h or it y, f or if

som et h in g is t o bin d som eon e?s w ill, t h er e m u st be som e au t h or it y
beh in d it (2 Cor in t h ian s 10:5). For Ch r ist ian s, t h eir u lt im at e au t h or it y
is t h e w ill of t h e Cr eat or as r ecor ded in Scr ipt u r e (Act s 5:29; 2 Tim ot h y
3:16-17). Pu t ot h er w ise, Ch r ist ian s do n ot ch oose t h at God be
au t h or it ive; He is au t h or it ive.
By w ay of su m m ar y, t h e em ot ion s in m or al ju dgm en t pr ovide
pow er f u l r eason s t o ch oose a cer t ain cou r se of act ion . It is also
r eason able t o t h in k t h at it is on ly af t er people k n ow w h at som et h in g
is t h at t h ey can adequ at ely con clu de h ow it ou gh t t o be t r eat ed. It
f ollow s t h at h u m an act ivit y can on ly f all in t o on e of t w o cat egor ies:
r igh t or w r on g, an d good or bad.
On t ological Dist in ct ion in Gen esis 1?3
Th er e ar e a n u m ber of r eal dist in ct ion s in Gen esis 1?3, bu t t h e
su r vey w ill be lim it ed t o t h e f ou r m ain on es: God/ cr eat ion ,
an im al/ h u m an , m ale/ f em ale gen der , an d good/ evil. Each of t h e
dist in ct ion s is n ot on ly m or ally an d spir it u ally sign if ican t bu t also
en t ails def in it e r est r ict ion s on h u m an act ivit y.

Cr eat or / Cr eat ion

Th e f ir st r eal dist in ct ion is bet w een t h e Cr eat or an d ?His

h an diw or k ? (Psalm 19:1; Eph esian s 2:10): ?In t h e begin n in g God

cr eat ed t h e h eaven s an d t h e ear t h? (Gen esis 1:1). Cr eat or an d

cr eat ion ar e r eally dif f er en t an d t h er ef or e n ot t o be con f u sed w it h

on e an ot h er . Alt h ou gh cr eat ion m an if est s t h e at t r ibu t es of God, it

is on ly t h e Cr eat or t h at is w or t h y of people?s w or sh ip (Rom an s

1:18-32).
An im al/ Hu m an

God cr eat ed t h e plan t s, t h e cr eat u r es livin g in w at er , bir ds, cat t le,

cr eepin g t h in gs, t h e beast s of t h e ear t h , an d t h e f ir st h u m an s t o
yield seed an d f r u it (Gen esis 1:11-12), an d m u lt iply ?accor din g t o
it s k in d? (Gen esis 1:20-30; 5:1-3). Th e cr eat ed k in ds can be r ef er r ed
t o as n at u r al k in ds, f or t h ey w er e en dow ed w it h t h e n at u r al abilit y
t o r epr odu ce. Scr ipt u r e declar es, ?Th en God saw ever yt h in g t h at
He h ad m ade, an d in deed it was ver y good? (Gen esis 1:31).

Th er e ar e t w o sim ilar it ies an d at least f ou r dif f er en ces bet w een

an im als an d h u m an s. Th e an im als an d Adam w er e cr eat ed f r om
t h e gr ou n d (Gen esis 2:19 an d 2:7), an d t h e an im als an d Adam ar e
descr ibed as ?livin g cr eat u r es? (Gen esis 1:20 an d Gen esis 2:7),
becau se t h ey h ad t h eir ?br eat h of lif e? in t h em (?br eat h? f r om
nephesh, m ean in g ?lif e? or ?livin g sou l?; (Gen esis 1:30; 7:22-23). So
n eit h er t h e m at er ial ou t of w h ich t h ey w er e f or m ed n or t h e f act
t h at t h ey w er e called livin g bein gs con st it u t es t h e essen t ial
f act or s w h ich dist in gu ish m an f r om an im als. Her e ar e som e of t h e
m ain dif f er en ces.
1. God cr eat ed t h e an im als by w ay of His w or d: ?An d God said, . .
.? ( Gen esis 1:20,24; Gen esis 1:26-27 in r ef er en ce t o h u m an s),
an d, in con t r ast , ?t h e LORD God f or m ed m an? dir ect ly,
im m ediat ely, separ at ely f r om t h e an im als, an d ?br eat h ed in t o
h is n ost r ils t h e br eat h of lif e? (Gen esis 2:7). In Gen esis 2:7 a
pot t er ?s t er m , yatzar, m ean in g ?t o f or m ? or ?f ash ion ,? is u sed
f or t h e cr eat ion of m an an d in Gen esis 2:22 an ar t ist ic an d
ar ch it ect u r al t er m , banah, m ean in g ?t o bu ild,? is u sed f or t h e
cr eat ion of w om an . Th e u se of yatzar an d banah t h u s
em ph asize t h e cr eat ive an d m u lt if acet ed w or k of t h e Cr eat or .
It is eviden t t h at t h e m olecu le-t o-an im al-t o-m an assu m pt ion
u n der lyin g evolu t ion is squ ar ely at odds w it h Scr ipt u r e.
2. Th e f lesh of t h e livin g cr eat u r es ar e dif f er en t ; t h er e is on e k in d
f or h u m an s, an ot h er f or beast s, an ot h er f or bir ds, an d an ot h er f or
f ish (1 Cor in t h ian s 15:39).

3. Th e spir it of an im als an d h u m an s h as a dif f er en t dest in y w h en

deat h occu r s; t h e spir it of m an goes t o t h e On e w h o gave it t o m an ,
an d t h ose of an im als goes ?dow n t o t h e ear t h? (Ecclesiast es 3:21,
12:7). An an im al can n ever pr ay: ?Lor d Jesu s, r eceive m y spir it ? (Act s
7:59).
4. M an alon e w as cr eat ed ?in t h e im age of God? (Gen esis 1:26-27).
Th is f act w iden s t h e bou n dar y bet w een h u m an an d an im al even
f u r t h er : (a) t h e im age of God ascr ibes t o m an an except ion al posit ion
(Gen esis 1:26; Psalm 8:5,6); (b) it is t o m an alon e t h at God
com m u n icat ed His pu r poses an d com m an ds, an d it is f r om m an alon e
t h at God expect s obedien ce (Gen esis 2:15-17); (c) t h e n at u r e (or
ch ar act er ) of m an is on ly k n ow n in r elat ion t o God, w h ich im plies
t h at t h e n at u r e of m an as an ?im age? is on ly t r u ly discer n ed by
k n ow in g t h e Or igin al (t h at is, t h e Cr eat or ; (Rom an s 8:29; Eph esian s
4:24; Colossian s 3:10). It does n ot apply t o an im als; (d) t h e im age of
God en com passes bot h sexes, m ale an d f em ale (Gen esis 1:27); an d (e)
it is ch ar act er ist ic of all h u m an bein gs? believer an d
u n believer ? w h ich con f er s on m an in t r in sic valu e or w or t h (Jam es
3:9). Degr adin g it , f or exam ple, by cu r sin g on e?s f ellow m an , is an
of f en se t o God. Lik ew ise, t o k ill an in n ocen t h u m an bein g is t o st r ik e
at a bein g cr eat ed in t h e im age of God (Gen esis 9:6).
It is r eason able t o con clu de t h at h u m an dign it y der ives it s im por t an ce
f r om t h e cr eat ion or der an d t h e im age of God in m an . Now , if t h e
n at u r e or ch ar act er of m an is u n der st ood as a con dit ion , w h ich
pr esu pposes t h e exist en ce of cer t ain f acu lt ies or capacit ies, t h en
m an y t h in gs f all in t o place t h at ar e ot h er w ise obscu r ed. In sim ple
t er m s, t h e im age m ean s bot h t h e im it at ion an d m ir r or in g of
God? spir it u ally, in t ellect u ally, an d m or ally. Ch r ist ian s t h er ef or e
accept t h eir Cr eat or as a par adigm case of w h at a per son is, an d
accept God as on t ologically, epist em ologically, an d m or ally an alogou s
w it h t h em selves.

M ale/ Fem ale

Th e t h ir d r eal dif f er en ce is t h e dist in ct ion bet w een m ale an d f em ale,

w h ich t h e Cr eat or declar ed ?ver y good? (Gen esis 1:31; Gen esis 1:27).
Th er e ar e at least f ou r pieces of eviden ce in su ppor t of t h is t r u t h .
Th e f ir st f ollow ed dir ect ly af t er t h e Cr eat or said t h at it is ?n ot good
t h at m an sh ou ld be alon e? ( Gen esis 2:18). Th e f act t h at God
r equ est ed Adam t o n am e t h e an im als(Gen esis 2:19) su ggest s t h at God

w an t ed Adam t o u n der st an d t h at n o su it able com pan ion f or h im is t o

be look ed f or am on g t h e an im als (Gen esis 2:20). Th e secon d an d t h ir d

in dicat ion s ar e f ou n d in

Gen esis 2:23 an d Gen esis 3:20; Adam r ecogn ized an d ack n ow ledged
h is com pan ion?s or igin (f r om h im self ), t h u s t h eir m et aph ysical
sam en ess (k in d), an d called h er ?Wom an? becau se ?sh e w as t ak en ou t
of M an? an d ?sh e w as t h e m ot h er of all livin g?? w h ich h e t ook as t h e
basis f or h er n am e. Th e f ou r t h in dicat ion of t h e m ale/ f em ale
dist in ct ion is expr essed in u n it y. Gen esis 2:24 st at es t h at a m an sh all
?be join ed t o h is w if e, an d t h ey sh all becom e on e f lesh ,? w h ich w as
con f ir m ed by bot h Jesu s an d t h e Apost les (M at t h ew 19:4-5; M ar k
10:6-7; 1 Cor in t h ian s 6:16; Eph esian s 5.)
Good/ Evil

Th e dist in ct ion bet w een good an d evil is a bou n dar y set by God.
Gen esis 3:1-19 descr ibes t h e devast at in g an d cat ast r oph ic r esu lt s
w h en m an decides t o ign or e t h e com m an ds of God.

Fr om Gen esis 2:16-17 an d Gen esis 3:11,17 it appear s t h at Adam w as

given t h e pow er of ch oice an d t h e r igh t t o eat f r om all t h e t r ees in
t h e gar den , except on e: t h e t r ee of k n ow ledge of good an d evil.
Th u s, Adam w as f r ee t o ch oose, bu t h e w as n ot f r ee t o decide f or
h im self w h at is good an d evil. For t h at k n ow ledge h e h ad t o r ely on
h is Cr eat or .
To su m m ar ize: Gen esis 1?3 explain s w h y an d in w h at w ay h u m an
bein gs ar e u n iqu e. Bein gs ar e eit h er an im als or h u m an bein gs; t h er e
is n o su ch t h in g as a h u m an -an im al, t h er ef or e, h u m an n at u r e st ops
w it h h u m an s. If God?s cr eat ed or der w as declar ed ver y good, an d if
t h at or der en t ails k eepin g dist in ct t h e cat egor ies of cr eat ion , cor r ect
def in it ion , an d discr im in at ion , t h en t h e f ollow in g w ar n in g sh ou ld be
t ak en ser iou sly:

Woe to those who call evil good, and good evil; who put
darkness for light, and light for darkness; who put bitter
for sweet, and sweet for bitter! (Isaiah 5:20)

Bou n dar ies ar e set f or a pu r pose; t h ey lim it w h at people can an d

can n ot do or allow.
Con clu din g Rem ar k s

So f ar , ar gu m en t s t o r est r ict r esear ch in volvin g t h e bou n dar y

bet w een h u m an an d an im al, t h e lif e an d m or al st at u s of a h u m an
em br yo, an d t h e u n iqu en ess of bein g h u m an h ave been
u n con vin cin g, becau se t h ey ar e at odds w it h t h e w or ldview of
evolu t ion ist s an d evolu t ion ar y biology. To dr aw an alogu es w it h Nazi
Ger m an y an d t h e desir e of Nazis t o im pr ove t h e h u m an r ace is
u n n ecessar y. Bu t on e t h in g seem s pr et t y clear , an d t h at is t h at w e
ar e con f r on t ed w it h is n ot h in g less t h an a pr oject t o r edef in e
?h u m an bein g?? a slipper y slope w h ich m ay en d in a sit u at ion w h er e
an yt h in g in biot ech n ology goes. In 1990, t h e Un it ed Kin gdom
pr oh ibit ed t h e pr odu ct ion of h ybr ids an d clon in g by law ; in 2001,
clon in g em br yos w er e allow ed; an d seven year s lat er , in 2008, t h e
Hu m an Em br yology an d Fer t ilizat ion Act legalized t h e m ixin g of
h u m an an d an im al gam et es an d r equ ir es t h at t h e ?adm ixt u r es? be
dest r oyed w it h in 14 days af t er f er t ilizat ion . Wh at w ou ld be t h e n ext
logical st ep? Cou ld it be legislat ion t h at allow s scien t ist s an d
biot ech n ologist s t o br in g h u m an -an im al ?adm ixt u r es? t o m at u r it y?
If it is ar gu ed t h at people h ave a du t y t o im pr ove t h e h u m an

con dit ion t h r ou gh biot ech n ology, t h en t h ey also h ave t h e du t y t o

assess t h e t ech n ology as good or bad, an d t o look f or alt er n at ives. A
good begin n in g, at t h e ver y least , is t o pr oh ibit t h e deliber at e
pr odu ct ion of h u m an em br yos f or exper im en t al pu r poses. An em br yo
is alw ays an em br yo of som et h in g, an d it on ly m at u r es accor din g t o
w h at it alr eady is: a m em ber of it s ow n k in d. Scr ipt u r e sh ow s t h at
livin g bein gs ar e eit h er h u m an or an im al, an d h u m an n at u r e st ops
w it h h u m an bein gs. Th e con t r over sy, in ot h er w or ds, in volves issu es
t h at can n ot be set t led in secu lar t er m s. Wh er e m an is com in g f r om ,
w h at h e is, an d h ow h e ou gh t t o be t r eat ed, can on ly be adequ at ely
an sw er ed by h is M ak er .
 Lu cif er ase

Lu cif er ase is a gen er ic t er m f or t h e class of oxidat ive en zym es t h at

pr odu ce biolu m in escen ce, an d is u su ally dist in gu ish ed f r om a
ph ot opr ot ein. Th e n am e w as f ir st u sed by Raph aël Du bois w h o
in ven t ed t h e w or ds lu cif er in an d lu cif er ase, f or t h e su bst r at e
an den zym e, r espect ively. Bot h w or ds ar e der ived f r om t h e Lat in
w or d lucifer? m ean in g lightbringer.

Lu cif er ases ar e w idely u sed in biot ech n ology, f or m icr oscopy an d as

r epor t er gen es, f or m an y of t h e sam e applicat ion s as f lu or escen t
pr ot ein s. How ever , u n lik e f lu or escen t pr ot ein s, lu cif er ases do n ot
r equ ir e an ext er n al ligh t sou r ce, bu t do r equ ir e addit ion of lu cif er in ,
t h e con su m able su bst r at e.

Lu cif er ases can be pr odu ced in t h e lab t h r ou gh gen et ic en gin eer in g

f or a n u m ber of pu r poses. Lu cif er ase gen es can be syn t h esized an d
in ser t ed in t o or gan ism s or t r an sf ect ed in t o cells. M ice, silk w or m s,
an d pot at oes ar e ju st a f ew of t h e or gan ism s t h at h ave alr eady been
en gin eer ed t o pr odu ce t h e pr ot ein .
In t h e lu cif er ase r eact ion , ligh t is em it t ed w h en lu cif er ase act s on t h e
appr opr iat e lu cif er in su bst r at e. Ph ot on em ission can be det ect ed by
ligh t sen sit ive appar at u s su ch as a lu m in om et er or m odif ied opt ical
m icr oscopes. Th is allow s obser vat ion of biological pr ocesses. Sin ce
ligh t excit at ion is n ot n eeded f or lu cif er ase biolu m in escen ce, t h er e is
m in im al au t of lu or escen ce an d t h er ef or e vir t u ally back gr ou n d-f r ee
f lu or escen ce. Th er ef or e, as lit t le as 0.02 pg can st ill be accu r at ely
m easu r ed u sin g a st an dar d scin t illat ion cou n t er .

M icr on eedle ar r ay pat ch deliver in g qu an t u m dot s

con t ain in g lu cif er ase em it t in g a n ear -in f r ar ed sign al
det ect able by a f ilt er an d applicat ion in st alled in a
sm ar t ph on e.

In biological r esear ch , lu cif er ase is com m on ly u sed as a r epor t er t o

assess t h e t r an scr ipt ion al act ivit y in cells t h at ar e t r an sf ect ed w it h a
gen et ic con st r u ct con t ain in g t h e lu cif er ase gen e u n der t h e con t r ol of a
pr om ot er of in t er est . Addit ion ally, pr olu m in escen t m olecu les t h at ar e
con ver t ed t o lu cif er in u pon act ivit y of a par t icu lar en zym e can be u sed
t o det ect en zym e act ivit y in cou pled or t w o-st ep lu cif er ase assays.
Su ch su bst r at es h ave been u sed t o det ect caspase act ivit y an d
cyt och r om e P450 act ivit y, am on g ot h er s.
Wh ole an im al im agin g (r ef er r ed t o as in vivo w h en livin g or , ot h er w ise
called ex vivo im agin g) is a pow er f u l t ech n iqu e f or st u dyin g cell
popu lat ion s in live an im als, su ch as m ice. Dif f er en t t ypes of cells (e.g.
bon e m ar r ow st em cells, T-cells) can be en gin eer ed t o expr ess a
lu cif er ase allow in g t h eir n on -in vasive visu alizat ion in side a live an im al
u sin g a sen sit ive ch ar ge-cou ple device cam er a (CCD cam er a). Th is
t ech n iqu e h as been u sed t o f ollow t u m or igen esis an d r espon se of
t u m or s t o t r eat m en t in an im al m odels.

How ever , en vir on m en t al f act or s an d t h er apeu t ic in t er f er en ces m ay

cau se som e discr epan cies bet w een t u m or bu r den an d biolu m in escen ce
in t en sit y in r elat ion t o ch an ges in pr olif er at ive act ivit y. Th e in t en sit y of
t h e sign al m easu r ed by in vivo im agin g m ay depen d on var iou s f act or s,
su ch as D-lu cif er in absor pt ion t h r ou gh t h e per it on eu m , blood f low , cell
m em br an e per m eabilit y, availabilit y of co-f act or s, in t r acellu lar pH an d
t r an spar en cy of over lyin g t issu e, in addit ion t o t h e am ou n t of
lu cif er ase.
As Biosen sor

Lu cif er ase can also be u sed t o det ect t h e level of cellu lar ATP in cell
viabilit y assays or f or k in ase act ivit y assays. Lu cif er ase can act as
an ATP sen sor pr ot ein t h r ou gh biot in ylat ion . Biot in ylat ion w ill
im m obilize lu cif er ase on t h e cell-su r f ace by bin din g t o a
st r ept avidin -biot in com plex. Th is allow s lu cif er ase t o det ect t h e
ef f lu x of ATP f r om t h e cell an d w ill ef f ect ively display t h e r eal-t im e
r elease of ATP t h r ou gh biolu m in escen ce. Lu cif er ase can
addit ion ally be m ade m or e sen sit ive f or ATP det ect ion by
in cr easin g t h e lu m in escen ce in t en sit y by ch an gin g cer t ain am in o
acid r esidu es in t h e sequ en ce of t h e pr ot ein .

Lu cif er ase biosen sor in plan t s

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase
 Th e Tr an spor t of M olecu les bet w een t h e
Nu cleu s an d t h e Cyt osol (Excer pt s)

Th e n u clear en velope en closes t h e DNA an d def in es t h e nuclear

compartment. Th is en velope con sist s of t w o con cen t r ic m em br an es
t h at ar e pen et r at ed by n u clear por e com plexes. Alt h ou gh t h e in n er
an d ou t er n u clear m em br an es ar e con t in u ou s, t h ey m ain t ain dist in ct
pr ot ein com posit ion s. Th e in n er n u clear m em br an e con t ain s specif ic
pr ot ein s t h at act as bin din g sit es f or ch r om at in an d f or t h e pr ot ein
m esh w or k of t h e nuclear lamina t h at pr ovides st r u ct u r al su ppor t f or
t h is m em br an e.

Th e dou ble-m em br an e en velope is pen et r at ed by n u clear por e

com plexes an d is con t in u ou s w it h t h e en doplasm ic r et icu lu m .
Th e r ibosom es t h at ar e n or m ally bou n d t o t h e cyt osolic
su r f ace of t h e ER m em br an e an d ou t er n u clear m em br an e ar e
n ot sh ow n . Th e n u clear lam in a is a f ibr ou s m esh w or k
u n der lyin g t h e in n er m em br an e.
Th e in n er m em br an e is su r r ou n ded by t h e ou t er n u clear m em br an e,
w h ich is con t in u ou s w it h t h e m em br an e of t h e ER. Lik e t h e
m em br an e of t h e ER t h at w ill be descr ibed lat er in t h is ch apt er , t h e
ou t er n u clear m em br an e is st u dded w it h r ibosom es en gaged in
pr ot ein syn t h esis. Th e pr ot ein s m ade on t h ese r ibosom es ar e
t r an spor t ed in t o t h e space bet w een t h e in n er an d ou t er n u clear
m em br an es (t h e perinuclear space), w h ich is con t in u ou s w it h t h e ER
lu m en.

Bidir ect ion al t r af f ic occu r s con t in u ou sly bet w een t h e cyt osol an d
t h e n u cleu s. Th e m an y pr ot ein s t h at f u n ct ion in t h e
n u cleu s? in clu din g h ist on es, DNA an d RNA polym er ases, gen e
r egu lat or y pr ot ein s, an d RNA-pr ocessin g pr ot ein s? ar e select ively
im por t ed in t o t h e n u clear com par t m en t f r om t h e cyt osol, w h er e
t h ey ar e m ade. At t h e sam e t im e, t RNAs an d m RNAs ar e syn t h esized
in t h e n u clear com par t m en t an d t h en expor t ed t o t h e cyt osol.
Lik e t h e im por t pr ocess, t h e expor t pr ocess is select ive; m RNAs, f or
exam ple, ar e expor t ed on ly af t er t h ey h ave been pr oper ly m odif ied
by RNA-pr ocessin g r eact ion s in t h e n u cleu s. In som e cases t h e
t r an spor t pr ocess is com plex: r ibosom al pr ot ein s, f or in st an ce, ar e
m ade in t h e cyt osol, im por t ed in t o t h e n u cleu s? w h er e t h ey
assem ble w it h n ew ly m ade r ibosom al RNA in t o par t icles? an d ar e
t h en expor t ed again t o t h e cyt osol as par t of a r ibosom al su bu n it .
Each of t h ese st eps r equ ir es select ive t r an spor t acr oss t h e n u clear
en velope.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26932/
 Project Rooftop

What I tell you in the dark, speak in the daylight; what is

whispered in your ear, proclaim from the roofs.

Matt 10:27
 HERE IS THE FIRST PATENT
Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

LOOK IT UP FOR
YOURSELVES!

THE POINT OF THE NEEDLE TIP DOES NOT DISSOLVE!!

YOUR IDENTITY CAN BE READ WITH A SMART PHONE

THIS IS THE ACTUAL PATENT APPLICATION

HERE IS WHAT THEY WANT YOU TO DO!
 HERE IS WHAT HAPPENS

QUANTUM DOTS ARE ENCAPSULATED IN

A NON-DISSOLVING
POLYMER CALLED
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE

EXCERPT FROM
PATENT
Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System
 HERE IS WHAT REMAINS IN YOUR BODY FOREVER

The tip never dissolves!!!!!!!!!!

EXCERPT FROM PATENT PAGE 36

Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

 HERE IS WHAT IT IS MADE OF
INORGANIC MATERIALS
SEMICONDUCTORS
DNA MODIFIERS
DYES
ACTIVE AGENTS

YOU WILL BE MODIFIED

YOU WILL BE CHANGED
YOU WILL BE A HUMAN ANTENNA

Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

 HERE IS THE RESULT!

Luciferase;
an enzyme that
catalyzes the oxidation
of a luciferin, causing it
to produce a visible
glow.

Tattoo markings of different sizes and spacing are read with a smart phone
Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System
 HERE IS YOUR IDENTIFICATION MARK
EXCERPT FROM
PATENT
PAGE 22

VACCINE
RECORD IN THE
CLOUD

PAGE 23

Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

Here is who is behind this biometric identification-BILL GATES

Bill Gates wants everyone to have a “quantum dot tattoo”

microchip inserted in their bodies

“Eventually we will have some digital certificates to

show who has recovered or been tested recently or
when we have a vaccine, who has received it.”

Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

 Here is what was predicted in the Bible-The Mark of the Beast

Rev 13:6 And he causeth all, both small and great, rich
and poor, free and bond, to receive a mark in their right
hand, or in their foreheads:
χάραγμα
Transliteration Greek Word
charagma (Key) Charagma= MARK 1.a stamp, an imprinted mark
Pronunciation 1. of the mark stamped on the forehead or the right
khä'-räg-mä (Key) hand as the badge of the followers of the Antichrist
2. the mark branded upon horses
2.thing carved, sculpture, graven work
1. of idolatrous images

From the Greek Root Word ; charax (Key) 1.a pale or stake, a palisade
2.a palisade or rampart

Bottom Line-DO NOT TAKE THE VACCINE. DO NOT TAKE THE MARK!

Implantable Quantum Dot Microneedle Vaccination Delivery System

IF YOU TAKE THE MARK-YOU ARE DOOMED!
No Second Chance! No Hope!
Rev 14:9-11

And the third angel followed them, saying with a loud voice, If any man
worship the beast and his image, and receive his mark in his forehead,
or in his hand,
The same shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God, which is poured
out without mixture into the cup of his indignation; and he shall be
tormented with fire and brimstone in the presence of the holy angels,
and in the presence of the Lamb:
And the smoke of their torment ascendeth up for ever and ever: and
they have no rest day nor night, who worship the beast and his image,
and whosoever receiveth the mark of his name.
 HERE IS THE SECOND PATENT-666

Rev 13:17:
And that no man might buy or sell, save he that had the
mark, or the name of the beast, or the number of his
name.

6 6 6
Rev 13:18:
Here is wisdom. Let him that hath understanding count the
number of the beast: for it is the number of a man; and his
number is Six hundred threescore and six.
 HERE IS THE SECOND PATENT-Buy and Sell

Microsoft patent application

You will receive

digital currency for
responding with the
proper body
Use your phone response and
And your identification.
identification
Mark to buy and
sell.
 Here is the Bill! 6666 Look it up for yourselves!

116TH CONGRESS

2D SESSION H. R. 6666 They will come into your

To authorize the Secretary of Health and Human Services to award grants House.
to eligible entities to conduct diagnostic testing for COVID–19, and
related activities such as contact tracing, through mobile health units They will test you!
and, as necessary, at individuals’ residences, and for other purposes.

A BILL They will quarantine you!

To authorize the Secretary of Health and Human

Services This Act may be cited as the
to award grants to eligible entities to conduct diagnostic ‘‘COVID–19 Testing,
3 Reaching, And Contacting
testing for COVID–19, and related activities such as
Everyone (TRACE) Act’’.
contact tracing, through mobile health units and, as 4 SEC. 2. COVID–19 TESTING AND CONTACT
necessary, at individuals’ residences, and for other TRACING USING

purposes.
 Here is the summary!

• Microneedle vaccine does not fully dissolve-tips remain

• Microneedle vaccine delivers quantum dots that glow under IR
• Microneedle delivers semiconductors, dyes, active agents such as
DNA modifiers, and other metallic components like silver
• Microneedle vaccine creates a biometric identification
through patterns, spacing, and fluorescent wavelengths
• Microneedle vaccine uploads to Cloud to validate medical records
• Microneedle vaccine will serve as a mark for buying and selling
through patent application ending in 060606
• Bill Gates and ID2020 and House Bill 6666 all promote this agenda

Mark 10:27:
What I tell you in the dark, speak in the daylight; what is
whispered in your ear, proclaim from the roofs.
 Do Not Fear! But put your Faith in Jesus!
• Do not take the mark!
• This has been foretold in the Bible! Revelations Chapter 13, 14
• The Bible is Truth!
• Jesus is the answer! John 3:16
• Trust in Him for salvation!
John 6:37 “All that the Father giveth me shall come to me; and
him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out.”
Mark 10:27:
What I tell you in the dark, speak in the daylight; what is
whispered in your ear, proclaim from the roofs.
 Link to From the Rooftop PDF on Anthony’s site:

https://www.anthonypatch.com/patreon/From%20the%20Rooftop.pdf