REVIEW OF GENERAL

CHEMISTRY CONCEPTS

Ms. Veronica S. Roque

Faculty, College of Arts, Sciences, and Technology
De La Salle Araneta University

LESSON 1
LESSON 1
PRELUDE TO LESSON 1:
THE PERIODIC TABLE AND ITS TRENDS

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.1
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS
• Electron configuration is a way of writing down the location of all electrons in an
atom.
• The orbitals represent the distinct regions around the nucleus where electrons can
be found.
• The most probable area to find these electrons takes on a shape. There are four
shapes named s, p, d and f. These shapes can hold 2, 6, 10 and 14 electrons
respectively.
• No more than two electrons are assigned to each orbital (box). These electrons spins
at opposite direction (clockwise and counterclockwise)

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.1
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS
GENERAL RULES
Pauli’s Each orbital can hold two
Exclusion electrons with opposite
Principle spins. No two electrons can
ever be in the same place at
the same time.

Aufbau Electrons fill the lowest

energy orbitals first before
Principle filling the highest energy. In
the ground state all the
electrons are in the lowest
possible energy level.

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.1
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS

GENERAL RULES

Hund’s Place one electron per

orbital before pairing
Rule them.

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.1
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS

3
LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.1
ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND
ORBITAL DIAGRAMS
 LESSON 1.2
THE VALENCE ELECTRON

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.2
THE VALENCE ELECTRON
⚫ Only two electrons can fill in
innermost shell.
⚫ The succeeding shells can
hold up to 8 electrons.
⚫ The valence electrons can be
found in shells that are not
fully filled. These electrons
are the ones that interacts
with electrons from another
atom to form a compound via
chemical bonding.
⚫ The valence electron of any
element predicts the group
number of that element.
⚫ Elements belonging to the
same group number have the
same number of valence
electron/s.

LESSON 1
 Identification of valence
electrons/oxidation states
According to Families/Groups:
• IA = +1
• IIA = +2
• IIIA = +3
This is used in
• IVA = +4, -4 making
• VA = -3 compounds
• VIA = -2
• VIIA = -1
• VIIIA = 0
 LESSON 1.2
VALENCE ELECTRONS
Determine the valence electron of the ff. elements:

1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
5. Phosphorus

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.2
VALENCE ELECTRONS
Determine the valence electron of the ff. elements:

1. Carbon = 4 electrons
2. Oxygen = 2 electrons
3. Hydrogen = 1 electron
4. Nitrogen = 3 electrons
5. Phosphorus = 3 electrons

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.3
THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
Gilbert Lewis (1875-1946)
recognized valence (outmost)
electrons fundamental to bonding.
•Electron transfer resulting in ionic
bonds
•Sharing electrons resulting in
covalent bonds
•Atoms tend to acquire a noble-
gas electronic configurations

These are diagrams that represent

the valence electrons of atoms within
a molecule.

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.3
THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
Lewis dot structures show the valence
electrons ONLY.
Examples:

Sodium (Na) is in group 1A, so we know it has

1 valence electron. Group 1A is known as the
alkali metals

Beryllium (Be) is in group

2A, so we know it has 2
valence electrons. Group
2A is known as the alkaline
earth metals

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.3
THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
DRAWING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM

STEP 3:
If the atom has
STEP 2: more than four
STEP 1:
Place one valence valence electrons,
Determine the
electron by itself the remaining
number of valence
on each side of electrons are
electrons.
the atom. paired with the
electrons already
drawn.

LESSON 1
 Sample compounds

..
Sodium chloride

Na . . Cl :
Octet Rule – for an element to
become stable, it must have
..
eight electrons
 Sample compounds

Sodium chloride ..
Na . Cl :
Octet Rule – for an element to
become stable, it must have
..
eight electrons
 LESSON 1.3
THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
DRAWING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF A SMALL MOLECULE

LESSON 1
 Sample Compound
• CCl4

Cl
Cl
C

Cl Cl
 Sample Compound
• CCl4
Cl

Cl C Cl

Cl
 LESSON 1.3
THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE
DRAWING THE LEWIS DOT STRUCTURE OF A SMALL MOLECULE

STEP 5:
STEP 1: STEP 3: Pair any
STEP 4:
Count the STEP 2: Connect unpaired
Connect
valence Determine atoms that electrons
the
electrons the central form more so that
remaining
for each atom. than one each atom
atoms.
atom. bond. achieves
an octet.

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING
CHEMICAL BONDS

formed by
IONIC BOND
transferring electrons

COVALENT BOND
POLAR COVALENT
formed by sharing
electrons
NONPOLAR
COVALENT

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING

Figure 6.1.26.1.2: As the electronegativity difference increases between two atoms, the
bond becomes more ionic.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_202_-
_General_Chemistry_II/Unit_6%3A_Molecular_Polarity/6.1%3A_Electronegativity_and_Polarity#
:~:text=Electrons%20in%20a%20polar%20covalent,partial%20charges%20of%20the%20atoms. LESSON 1
LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING
Point of Difference Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds
State at Room Liquid or gaseous Solid
Temperature
Polarity Low High
Formation A covalent bond is formed between An ionic bond is formed between a
two non-metals that have similar metal and a non-metal. Non-metals(-
electronegativities. Neither atom is ve ion) are "stronger" than the
"strong" enough to attract electrons metal(+ve ion) and can get electrons
from the other. For stabilization, very easily from the metal. These two
they share their electrons from outer opposite ions attract each other and
molecular orbit with others form the ionic bond.
Shape Definite shape No definite shape
Melting Point Low High
What is it? Covalent bonding is a form of Ionic bond, also known as
chemical bonding between two non electrovalent bond, is a type of bond
metallic atoms which is formed from the electrostatic attraction
characterized by the sharing of pairs between oppositely charged ions in a
of electrons between atoms and chemical compound. These kinds of
other covalent bonds. bonds occur mainly between a
metallic and a non metallic atom.
Boiling Point Low High
Examples Methane (CH4), Hydrochloric acid Sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric Acid
(HCl) (H2SO4 )
Occurs Between Two non-metals One metal and one non-metal LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING

LESSON 1
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING

LESSON 1
Another example = SO3
 LESSON 1.5
CHEMICAL BONDING
Determine the type of chemical bond present in each
compound.

1. MgCl2
2. CH3CH3
3. CCl4
4. AlF3
5. CH4

LESSON 1