/Q1

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have .1

different numbers of neutrons, but the same number
.of protons and electrons

:Example

Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen and is used to

make things such as clock faces and wristwatches
glow in the dark. Tritium provides an extremely
bright self-activated, self-sustaining light source
that will stay bright throughout the night and has a
.life span of twenty years

also called atomic mass number or nucleon .2

number, is the total number of protons and neutrons
.(together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus

:Example

3717Cl has a mass number of 37. Its nucleus

.contains 17 protons and 20 neutrons

The mass number of carbon-13 is 13. When a

number is given following an element name, this is
its isotope, which basically states the mass number.
To find the number of neutrons in an atom of the
isotope, simply subtract the number of protons
(atomic number). So, carbon-13 has 7 neutrons,
.because carbon has atomic number 6
 The atomic number of a chemical element is the .3
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the
element. It is the charge number of the nucleus
.since neutrons carry no net electrical charge

:Example

The atomic number of hydrogen is 1; the atomic

number of carbon is 6, and the atomic number of
silver is 47: any atom with 47 protons is an atom of
silver. Varying the number of neutrons in an
element changes its isotopes while changing the
.numbers of electrons makes it an ion

Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that .4

involves the electrostatic attraction between
oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with
sharply different electronegativities, and is the
.primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds

:Example

NaBr: sodium bromide

KBr: potassium bromide
NaCl: sodium chloride
NaF: sodium fluoride
The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract .5
the shared pair of electrons towards itself is known
.as electronegativity

:Example
 The chlorine atom has a higher electronegativity
than the hydrogen atom, so the bonding electrons
will be closer to the Cl than to the H in the HCl
molecule. In the O 2 molecule, both atoms have the
same electronegativity. The electrons in the
covalent bond are shared equally between the two
.oxygen atoms

Geometric isomers are chemical species with the .6

same type and quantity of atoms as one another, yet
having different geometric structures. In geometric
isomers, atoms or groups exhibit different spatial
arrangements on either side of a chemical bond or
.ring structure

:Example

Geometric Isomers cannot move freely due to rigid

structures like carbon-carbon, carbon-nitrogen, or
nitrogen-nitrogen. Rigidity is due to a double bond.
Some geometrical isomerism examples are :
stilbene, C14H12, a cyclic compound, rigid due to
.the ring structure

Q2 /

Polar covalent bond .1

Ionic bonding .2
Covalent bond .3
Organic chemistry .4
Two π bonds .5
Pi bond .6
Isomers .7