Chemical & Molecular

Bonding structure

Q do atoms combine ?
.

Why
To
Ans attain
stabilitythanEg hz P+P+P+P→ Pu
H+ n >
etc
-
: :
;
.
.

Atoms are less stable molecules because of incomplete valence shell .

* When atoms combine to

form molecules ,
energy
is released ( as atoms lose
to become stable)
energy
By attaining noble
config
'

gas
-

Lewis Dot representation

1 For elements
Nax -

: :
, , 9 )

2 Octet rule

outermost
After forming bonds
if atoms have 8 e- in the shell ,
they are

stable .

Clz Nz
• •
: • •
:

El oo-o.cl:
• • • .
: N :••=:& N :

'

single covalent bond

>
triple covalent bond

limitations of Octet rule

* to become stable
Mz forms a
duplet .

* has less than 8 outermost shell

Compounds in which central atom e- in
hypo
-
-

valent compounds
Bfz :

:& :

B has 6 outermost shell BF

only in
e-
]
.

exists
✗
B
:& ✗

÷
.

:
 Sfo ¥ :

×
¥:× here s will have 12 e- : 12 > 8 ; : SF does not exist
¥
.

,
.
: ,
✗

S
✗
¥:X ¥ :

:&

* Compounds of Xefz Fy
noble
Eg Xe
Xefo etc
:

gases
: .

, , ,

Sugden 's
concept of singletlinkage
just one e- used in bond
formation
•
In case
of hyper valent compounds ,
octet rule is not violated

Covalent bonds be
formed by
•

single
can a e-

Pcls 2
:O No of singlet linkages in =

:O .

'
:

' '

✗ ✗

P ¥
singlet linkages
'

: × ✗
.

_ . No of
✗ =
no
of valence e- -
no of e- needed to
i.ie :

complete octet

Ionic bond
Bonds formed by the
transfer of e-
from one atom to another

For : NaCl
eg
Nat Cl
-

.
. . .
.

Na > a

Formation of Born Haber 's

ionic bonds is explained by cycle
-

Formation of NaCl
'

① Nats ) >
Nacg)
②
{ Clz (g) U
(g) { bond
energy of 62
> ✗

③ Ionization of Ma :

Na
(g)
→ Nat
(g) + I. E
,
① Ionization
of Cl :

Cl
(g)
-

Cl E. A
(g) + e- > +
,

⑤ Nat + Cl
-
> Nall (s ) Lattice
energy
:Amt of
energy
released when

↳ 1 mole
of an ionic
compound is formed from its
constituent ions
gaseous
.

how
Mgclz
: