1

Chapter
·
Breathing
:

exchange of CO2 & O2 (between lungs & air(

cellular respiration breakdown of fuel Oc (from breathing) release CO2
using
:

·
,

Energy adenine + ribose > adenosine

·
Adenosine Triphosphate
basic source
energy
(to release irreversible
covalent bond >breakdown energy
M I store
c
energy (
ATP H20 Pi ADP
+
energy
+ +

I release energy)

catalysed by ATP
synthase

Cellular respiration

Aerobic respiration (cytoplasm mitochondria) & main source glucose> lipid> protein
:

<

food C6H1206 602 >602 6H20 + ATP

release by breaking down
+

molecules
+

energy

OC glucose
stages of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis (cytoplasm) ancient
· I I
process
=

3C 30
X
oxygen required pyruvate
breakdown of /2
pyruvate
glucose :

glucose
of
splitting sugar

down
·
Glycolysis pathway (glucose is
very stable X break
directly (
000000
glucose
ATP ->ADP (I ATP NADH
inorganic phosphate) NetNetproductiontic n 2 2
: +

~ :

glucose
-

6-phospate 000000 -
& 12 ATP used ,
4 ATP
produced)

V
energy investment phase
fructose-6-phosphate 000000 -
0 12 ATP used)

~
ATP-> ADP

fructos 1
6-biphosphate 8-000000-0 investment
2 highly upper energy
:

unstables
lower
energy generation
:

~ split into 2

DH A P -
G-3-P- 3-carbon compound (with Pil

S
Dihydroxyacetone Glyceraldehyde-3- * I
glucose >2 G-3-P

phosphate phosphate (2 molecules) donate electron & Ht to NAD+

2 NAD+ 2 P ;
2 molecules L reduction G Coxidised(
2 NABH +
2 Ht

1 .3 -

Biphosphoglycerate
A DP level
phosphorylation (
2 <
P: < ATP <substrate
ADP+

3-pho sp no glycerate
2 ATP

2 -

Phosphoglycerate
W

Phosphoenolpyruvate
2 ADP
~
2 ATP I substrate level phosphorylation (
pyruvate
 2 Link reaction (matrix of mitochondrial Pyruvate Oxidation

213C compound) (2)2C compound) =

Acetyl CoA

(I
pymrates
release 2
(CO2) I removal of
carboxyl group (COC released)
* catalysed
by pyruvate decarboxylase
:

& reduction of NAD+ to NADH Coxidation of 2 carbon compound (

Cacetyl COA oxidised < releasee

-

& Ht) A redox

3 addition of A
co-enzyme

NADH
production 2 2CO2
:

Net
+

3 citric acid cycle kreb's cycle

2C 4C

acetyl COA binds with oxaloacetate <citrate (6C)

(coenzyme A removed)
W

citrate > isocitrate (isomerations

carboxymor CO2

3
isocitrate (6C) <
&-Ketogluterate (5)) · I CO2
donate
↳
e
-

2 Ht
NAD+ +

H+ ->
NADH v decarboxylation
(5C) COA (4))
&-Retoglutarate Succiny) 1202
> ·

G NAD+ +
H+ < NADH v

Succiny) COA < Succinate A only Step produce ATP

pi added to remove COA converts GDP <GTP (GTP+ADP > ATP)

W
Loxidised)

succinate >
Fumerate > FADH2

We

Fumarate + H20 > malate

malate > Oxaloacetate

MAD+ H
+

1 > NADH

Net production 6 NADH

· :

CO A 4 CO2
2
acetyl
Kreb's 2x) 2 ATP
cycle :

2 FADH 2

2 FADH2

6 NAD4
2 NADH
2 A+ A
2 ATP 2 NADH

Link oxidative Phosphorylation

kreb
Glycolysis ↳
reaction
7
7
&
cycle ETC Chemiosmosis
4 Oxidative Phosphorylation (electron transport chain chemiosmosis)

of mitochondria & intermembrane of mitochondria

inner membrane space

outer membrane

"in" "
intermembrane Ht Ht
H
+

Masera
H+
space

O
FADH2 < FAD ,
2H+ , 29

inner

ne
man

membrane
in
donating e->e-
7 mamiosmosis
of I

mitochondria

W
protein

complex I
W

matrix of Oxidation of NADH * electron transporter

protein complex
=

NADH NAD+ (returns W

mitochondria > to the
cytoplasm)
2 H+ 2e ! 02 2H H20
+

>
+
,

final electron acceptor)

A no Oc ,
etc X occur ,
X ATP

III It (from
pump (H)
I intermembrane )
complex < proton
·
protein , , matrix to

( I is
halfly embedded) lenergy from electron (

· Chemiosmosis

back from intermembrane to matrix

protons move

Celectrochemical gradient)
with of ATP
the
help combine
synthase
release ADP Pi > ATP
energy
+

>

(When ATP synthase rotate)

fermentation (
~glycolysis <pymrate (undergo
2
Anaerobic
respiration
fermentation (non-oxygen requiring ) NADH donate

I carried by obligate &

facultating > produce
-

e
out anaerobe
ethanol

· Fermentation

Alcoholic fermentation : glucose <2 ATP +

2 ethanol + 2 <Oc

decarboxylation
2
pymrate>2 acetyladehyde
&
pyruvate decarboxylase
We

de hydrogenation
ethanol
acetyladehyde
> 2
2

Calcohol dehydrogenase

2 Lactate fermentation

one
step process :

dehydrogenation (lactate
dehydrogenase) glucose <2
pymrate > 2 lactate

2 ATP ( X (2)