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2. KINETIC ENERGY KE •
f m ,V
Specific heat@ constant volume
Specific heat @ constant pressure
>
KE = I m v2
B.) Combination Energy
2 Go
H
=
Ut Wf
YgmmmaB
Ideal Gas H U t
Wf
'
- =
U=mCvT or U= mcv T
igqra.az
Ideal Gas
H
mpzv-z-RV-i.tggm.mg uz ul t =
m
-
Vapor Processes
and; I It =
mcp
U =
Uz -
Ui or u
=
m Uz -
U,
izqramp
Vapor Processes
Available @ Table
H =
Hz -
H, =
mhz -
m hi = hz -
hi
4. FLOW WORK/ENERGY Wf
•
f p ,
m F1 -
TS 5. HEAT ENERGY
f
L1
A1 Q =/ Ids
m
F2 Work Non-Flow
'
.
.
-
Ideal Gas
Work steady - flow
'
WF = 1- or WF =
PV =
MR T
WsF= -
f dp
- affirming Vapor Processes 6. MECHANICAL WORK/POWER
WFZ -
WF, =
13112 -
Pill ,
=
m Pzvz -
Piri W = F d
p = F V
Open / Steady Flow / Controlled Application: Gas Compressor
Volume system
PE2
{
Z1 KE2
PE1
V1 KE1 M "
Wc m
U2
TS
.
Wse
T1 U1 Wf2
Wsf
.
U1 M
Wf2 P2V2
2- 2
Wf1
SFEE
Datum
Note: -
Q =
PE t KE t Ut WF -
WSF
pv m = V
V
.tgqmmmB Applying 1st law of Thermodynamics
Rate of Discharge
Continuity Flow Rate of Flow
Ein E- out
Energy Equation
=
Q PE KE t Ut WF t WSF
Thermodynamic System PVT System
= t
I
KE1 m
Pir = Rt
U1 Absolute Value Absolute Value
Ideal Turbine
Wf1 Power
r
°R K
SI Wsf Pabs = Patm t Pgage
t !
S = c Pabs = Patm - Pvac °R = °F + 460
K = °C + 273
P1 ; T
Pb
2. P2 ; T
Note:
m
MW Of Atoms
Isentropic (s=c) AW no .
Elements Atomic Weight
Carbon (C) 12
Dalton's law of partial pressure
Hydrogen (H2) 1 mfuel -
:
::
mair
.
- .
CO2
Oxygen (O2) 16
.
'
.
:
iii.
:
H2Oair
PT
"
j
Nitrogen (N2) 14
'
ii.
- '
.
H2O
.
. : .
:÷ N: :
.
Internal
Sulfur (S) 32
:
Combustion Pg
Engine
Butane (C4H10) 58
Ethane (C2H6) 30 Pcoz = PCOZ = NCOZ
pt
Methane (CH4) 16 PT MT
PHZO
Combined Boyle's & Charles Law PHZO = = NHZO PT
PT MT
Ideal Gas
Initial Final PNZ = PNZ = NNZ PT
State m m State
PNZ NT
P1 V1 T1 Change of P2 V2 T2 Where:
i
.
State
m 2 m
R R MCOZ MNZ
hcoz =
Mazo = MHZO MHz
; ; =
T, yz Tn MT =
Mcozt MHZO t MHz
n = no. of states
NT =
ncoz t NHZO t NNZ
1 2
V=C Tcoz TNZ
=
TT = = THZO
U1 ' ' U2
M M
1
Change of '
.
- .
. VT =
VCOZ t 1/1-120 +
VNZ
State T2
"
, T1 - I
µ
VCOZ
,
°o Vcoz = =
NCOZ
Q HT MT
001/11-20 VHZO
Energy stored & Energy stored &
=
=
NHZO
VT
entering leaving NT
VT MT
WNF.tggm.mg
U, t Q =
Uz t
Q =
U t WNF
°oVH2o = H2o =
2500
General Gas Law Equation
°oVNz =
N2 =
15° .
py =
ZMRT ; Py =
ZNRT
Z = compressibility factor
Avogadro's Law Where Cc = coefficient of contraction
Cv = velocity coefficient
Vx =
Mx Cd = coefficient of discharge
VT MT
PHZO =
NHZO PT = VHZO PT
MT VT %VH2O Nozzle
Q=0 Wsf=0
PNZ =
NNZ PT = VNZ PT
PE1
KE1 m
1 } 2 m
PE2
KE2
MT VT %VN2 U1 d1 d2 U2
Wf1 Wf2
t1 = t2
Hydrostatic Pressure
SFEE
Ph =
8Wh 0 =
PE t KE t WF
|
H 20
P
kpag
'
;
Gc
A 2- it P
' t V1 = 2-2 t
p2 t V2
Pressure Head
g Zgo 8 Zgo
- affirmed
WP=8QTDH =p 90 QTDH =
m 90 TDH
.YfgimmmB For frictionless flow and t1 = t2 Gc Gc
QTHEO =
AV
.ayqimmmB Pump & Motor Efficiency
- affirmed For frictionless flow and t1 = t2
EP
Q pi Alvi PZAZVZ BP
=
=
Alvi AZVZ
Q =
V1
=
V2
Pump J J Motor
① ACTUAL A' V BP
' l
=
=
cctcxv
① ACTUAL =
CDAV
Total Dynamic Head Hydraulic Radius
- Moises
'
-2 , + V22 -
V? + Pz - Pi + he
dp 2. go
2.go 8
V2
Total Head loss in Pumping system (SI units) hf =
ff Lp
dp 290
hL hf ,
thpthfz.afgm.mg
=
Vpdp Vpdp
1 Pa - s = 10 poise
MR = =
P
Mk Md
1g
1 Poise = cm - s
Dynamic Viscosity
= -
s ,
m2
MK = 1.48×10-5 I 0.148 St
g
Polytropic Processes
Constant Pressure/Isobaric (P=C) Constant Volume/Isometric (V=C)
TDC BDC
Rigid Tank
Spring
m Loaded m m
m
T₁
i
1
T₂
☐
2
I Q
Change of
State
v=c
P T P T
2 2 2
. / i
1 p=c 2
- / p=c v=c v=c
1- "
1,
1
V S V S
n
PV = C n
When n=0 PV = C
Therefore
p=c When n = ∞
Therefore v = c
Formulas 3.) Heat Energy Formulas 3.) Heat Energy
WNF =P V1
5.) Enthalpy WNF =D
V2
5.) Enthalpy
-
WsF= -
WsF=fVdp s=
mcpln F? WsF=RV -
pzy
s= mcyln F?
WsF=O s= mcpln ¥? WsF= MR Ti Tz -
s= mcyln ¥
Constant Temperature/Isothermal (T=C) Constant Entropy/Isentropic (T=C)
Perfect Cooling TDC BDC Perfect
TDC BDC Insulation
Medium
m m m
m Stopper
T₁
i
1
T₂
☐ 2
T₁
,
1
T₂
2
Q
T = T₁ = T₂ I Q
P T P T
2
- , i
T=c 1 2 s=c
" i s=c
T=c
- 2 " 2 .
1
V S V S
n n
PV = C PV = C
When n=1 When n=k
k
Therefore PV = c ; T = c Therefore PV = c
P2 V1
Q =
WNF U =
Mcv T
2.) Work Non-Flow 2.) Work Non-Flow
I -
K
V' l -
K
H =
O 5=0
WNF =
PV In Pi
WNF = -
U
Pz
6.) Entropy Note:
2.) Work Steady Flow
ds=TdQ 2.) Work Steady Flow
WsF= / Vdp CP C "=R
-
Wsf=fVdp
-
s=mR1n p,
Pz R
WSF = 1741 -
B- V2 Cy =
WSF K WNF
g =
MR In V2 =
K -
I
WSF =
PV In V2 ×,
KR
V1 Cp
=
=
PV In Pi K -
I
Wsf
Pz
Special Polytropic Process T
CP
n
PV = C
I
SHV
'
1<n<k
CL
When .
f g
.
fg
Formulas 3.) Heat Energy Wet Steam
LV
D
SL
&
1.) PVT Relation
SV
Q=mCn T
S
n -
I Y = 100% Y = 0%
Tz P2 y, X = 0% X = 100%
4.) Internal Energy
= =
T, P, V2
µ =
Mcv T
2.) Work Non-Flow
5.) Enthalpy
WNF =) ? pdx
1342 Pix ,
H =
Mcp T
WNF = -
l n
6.) Entropy
-
WNF =
MR T
1- n
s =
mcn In T2
WNF = -
U
T,
Where:
2.) Work Steady Flow cn= Cy K -
n
n I
WsF=fVdp
-
WSF = n WNF
Pu mps
Pumps Flow Diagram Total Head loss in Pumping system
mw
td he hfs
hfd
= t
hp t hfd
Q
1 hp 2 Zd Darcy - Weisbach Equation (Turbulent Flow)
dd
hf f Lp V2
Datum
=
Q Pump dp 290
hfs
-Zs 1
ds TDH Wp
Hagen-Poiseuille Equation (Laminar Flow)
mw
ts
hf = 32Nd Lpvp
8dp2
Water Power/Hydraulic Power
Pump & Motor Efficiency
WP=8Q TDH =p
90 QTDH =
m 90 TDH
Gc Gc
EP
BP
✗ WATER PWATER
nP
l
l
Where
8 Go Synchronous Speed
=p
9C Rotative Speed
TDH =
Zdtzs + Void V5
-
t Pd Ps
-
+ he
Zgo 8
Egn'g: Tn
ftp.tgqiismBTDH-zz-zitvd?Vs2tPd-yPsthL
BP =
'
63025
ss
Q, D, g, D, P,
D₁ D₂
N₁ N₂ New Total New Total
Dynamic Head Dynamic Head
2 2
s s Hz DZ Hz pz
Q₁ Q₂
☐2
= =
µ, Di µ, D, P,
Qz "Z Qz NZ P2 p, Di p, D, p,
= =
Q, Ni Q, Ni P,
Specific Speed
New Total New Total
Dynamic Head Dynamic Head
Eng'g Units
2 2
Hz Nz H2 Nz Pz
= =
Ms RPM Q 9PM
N,
=
H, N, H, P,
>
, rpm
34
TDH.tt
Power
Ns =
rpm
Power
,
34
TDH , m
3 3
Pz Nz Pz =
Nz p,
SI Units
=
P, Ni P, Ni P,
Ms = RPS Q.ms
rps
Similar Pumps (N₁ = N₂)
,
34
TDH ,
m
ss
Mixed Flow Centri. Pump 5000 > Ns > 10000
D₁ D₂ SI Units
N₁ N₂
Radial Centrifugal Pump .16 > Ns > 1.6
Axial Centrifugal Pump 3.2 > Ns > 4.8
s Q₁
Mixed Flow Centri. Pump 1.6 > Ns > 3.2
s Q₂
Multi-stage Pump Net Positive Suction Head Required
Ns = RPM Q 9pm d
TDH ft 34
rpm vfs
,
,
no .
of stages
hfs
-Zs
>
PSL Patm
Ns = 51.63 RPM Q Ms
, rpm
TDH 34
who
M
tw
,
stages
.
of
Psat @ tw
Q Q 8W 290
d d
s Q Q s
NPSH AVAIL =
PSL PvP -
± Zs -
hfs
D x L x d Note:
Diameter
Where:
Pump Capacity Vd
NYC =
TDH =
Zd Zs + Pd Ps hfd
Volumetric Displacement
- -
+ +
✗ Zgo
Q
Nvc =
Where: :
ca 60 2
Vd =
AL
s
2
Vd =
AL ca n
60
Fans
ts Duct Air properties
1.2 kg ta = 20 °C
Pa
=
d d
§
M3 Pa = 101.325 Kpa
Zs = Zd = 0 s Q
-
ma
Q
.
|
Note: Pa
Pa =
Ht hL = 0 Rata
Zs Zd
Static Air Power
Wsf
SHS =
Ja Qa Hs
Datum
TAP
SHS =
Pa
90 Qa Hs
Total Air Power 9C
SHS = ma 90 Qa Hs
TAP =
8aQ H+
9C
TAP =
Pa
90 Q Ht
9C Efficiencies
TAP =
ma
90 Q Ht EP
9C BP
Total Head Loss
Pd Ps VDZ V}
( TAP Motor
Ht =
-
+
-
8W Zgo
Total Fan Efficiency
Ht =
Hpd -
Hps t Hud -
Hxs
TAP
MT
=
Ht =
Hp + Hs BP
PH P SAP
Ys
= =
8 BP
VH V2 BP
mm
=
=
Zgo EP
Pa Ha =
pw Hw
HEPP
Head Water - gross head
Hg - available head
PE w kg Sluice Gate - head on site Net or Effective Head
÷÷÷÷,¥
Q mw
Dam
He - Net/Effective head
He Hg he thn
=
+
hp
-
Penstock
hg
¥
.
he EP He =
Hg -
HL
Hg Qg
Qp µ, ,
µ, ,
, ,,,µ .nu, µ,
n g = BP
, EP
÷
Impoundment hp
BP
.
Total Head Loss / Fluid Friction Loss
hn HT He
mw
=
he t
hp thn
Datum Head loss @ nozzle
Qn or wicket gates
Spherical
Valve n T = BP Head loss @ Pipe
WP
Head loss @ Entrance of dam
Types of Available
Turbine Gross Head (Hg) Efficiency
Rate of Discharge
Impulse or 82% - 92%
Pelton Turbine 92m - 1025m Q =
Qg =
Qp =
Qn
Nozzle
Reaction or 12m - 305m 90% - 94% Penstock
Francis Turbine
Gate of Dam
✗ 100 .
rpm
,
HG HL
Np
- -
=
✗ too
He ,ft 54 .
Hg
RPM 1317kW
Ns
Impulse (Pelton) HT
=
' rpm
3. 81 He m
54 BP
,
SI Units Delta
FP
n
Ns = RPS BP KW ,
, rps
He 54 mL
,
m Nozzle Q - QL
Hu
Synchronous Speed Equation
My
hh Blade Power
mw
Q mw - mL
QL Q - QL
120 f He
N = f- = GO Hz WP He
rpm WPimpend
Tailwater
,
p up
No of Poles
=
.
=
-
=
✗ too
.
✗ .
WP pyp
Q QL BP Generator Loss
Ng too
- .
=
- -
My ✗ too
=
✗ .
.
Q BP
I
'
=
'
Leakage
-
=
Loss ✗ 100
✗
-
-
. .
.
.
BP
Hu =
HE -
hh
EP
Where: ☐ ng = ✗ 100 :
BP
n
Hu - Utilized Head (Head on Turbine)
Nameplate
hh - Hydraulic Loss (fluid friction head Generator Rating, KVA
loss in the exit
affirmed Power triangle: VA
-
g,K
Hydraulic Efficiency in
r rat Reactive Power,
to
era KVAR
Mn =
Blade Power
WPINIPEN
✗ too
.
.
Ge
n
θ angle
Phase
True Power, KW
.
100
-
=
✗ .
HE
True Power =
Generator Rating cos Q ,
Kw
Nh Hydraulic loss
'
=
I -
°o ✗ 100 .
EP =
Apparent Rating PF
Brake Power
Note:
Brake Power =
Blade Power FP
Power Factor (PF) - if not given use 85%
-
Blade Power He
Vg =
Zgohg Vj =
Zgo
mm
Blade Power FP too : Q @ Gate
-
=
✗
Blade Power
Q =
Qg
=
Cd Ag Vg
Nm I Mechanical losses
-
100 :
= -
.
✗
Q @ Penstock Similar Pumps/Fans/HT (N₁ = N₂)
= = '
3
Q2 Dz Pz
Q @ Nozzle or Wicket Gates
=
Qi Di A
Hi Di A
Turbine Speed ratio
.iggmmmB New Water Power
0.47 C -1
=
5
P2 =
Dz Pz
ñDn P, D , A
= ✗BLADE = 60
Vj 2goHe
Similar Pumps/Fans/HT (N₁ = N₂)
Turbine Wheel (runner) Diameter
.YyµimmB New Rate of Discharge
D= 60 OI 290 He = 600.47C -1 290 He 3
QZ Nz Dz Pz
IT n IT n
=
Qi Ni Di A
H, Ni Di A
p, Ni Di A
H =
NZDZPB
p =
N3D5pc
Q2 Nz Pz
=
Qi Ni A
Hi Ni A
R = ✗ m2 k
'
k w
1.) Conduction
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
2.) Convection
I W
3.) Radiation U =
'
R m2 -
K
k₁ k₂ ta = interface
l temperature
al A
W Cold source 1 Q1a
Hot source
ta
A qcond =qa1=qa2
ii.
'
:
qcond a
k i.
-
. '
t₂
.
t₁
" "
-'
'
Qa2
. .
.
i f
" ,
q q 2
'
. . '
T÷÷En
.
: .
.
:i
-
i
i. x₁ x₂
: .
. : :
.
x
A ti tz
Where: qcond
-
=
dx KA dt A ti tz
qcond
-
= -
=
9cond RT
therefore:
UA ti tz
qcond
= -
KA ti ta -
w
9.cond
9,12
= =
,
✗
, .ayqimmmB From state 1-a (conduction)
A t' +2
9.cond W
-
A ta
9,12 ti
= =
qcond gna =
-
, =
Xi
Xi
Ki
Ki
.Yfgimmmp
From state a-2 (conduction)
A ti tz
9.cond
-
W
9,12
= =
,
R' A ta tz
qcond gaz =
-
=
✗z
U A ti ta W kz
9.cond 9;z
= =
-
, ,
Heat Transfer through Convection Conduction through homogeneous
Curved walls
.afpñmB Newton's Law of Cooling
qconv
= HA ti ta
①
-
Where:
k₁
h - Film Coefficient W
,
1
m2 K t₁
r₁
-
.ir/dx=-kAdt
r₂ L
Conduction - Convection through
composite plane wall q cond 2 t₂
Flue Gas
Biot & Fourier Equation
h₁ Air
k₁
A dr
1 h₂
a
\
t₁
1
t₂
Az =
21T rz 1- =
ltdzl
x₁
therefore:
A ti tz
qconv
-
=
1 ×' l KZITL ti tz
qcond
-
=
+ +
h, k, hz In K
r,
h, A ti ta ti tz
gia qcond
-
= -
=
In rz
ki ZITL
= A ta tb
-
gab
Note:
¥ D2 rz
=
=
hz A tb tz qcond ti tz
qbz
- -
=
In Dz
D,
Ki ZITL
Conduction through composite Heating surface area
Curved walls
Ai Zitr L lid , L
g⑦
= =
k₂ to =
Zitrzl
=
ltdzl
k₁
1
t₁ therefore:
D₁
ta + , .+ .
D₂ g.
q cond D₃ t₂ In Dz
2 I
+
D'
+
1
Aihl
L K , 2mL A- 2h2
ti -
tz .afgimmp From state 1-a (convection)
qcond
=
In Dz D3
In
D, Dz gta
=
hi 1- i ti -
ta
+
ki ZITL kz ZITL
- affirmed
From state a-b (conduction)
.afgimmB From state 1-a (conduction)
ta -
tb
Gab =
ti ta In Dz
gia
-
Dz D,
In
D, K , 217L
Ki ZITL
ta -
tz
gaz
=
In D3
D2
Overall Coefficient of Heat Transfer
K2 ZITL based on the INNER AREA
Dz MZ -
k
l Attn Di Al
+ +
hi kz ZITL Azhz
Ui = I
k₁ Di In
1 Di
+ +
D₂ D₁ h, 2k , Dzhz
1 a
t₁ ta L therefore:
q cond t₂
2
b tb 9
=
Ui Ai tz -
ti
1
Uz =
D2 ¥? ti '
Dzln ,
Hotter Fluid
+ +
Din , T
hz.iq
Zkz
ti '
Hotter
therefore: Fluid
Θmax t'o
=
Uz Az tz -
ti
to Θmin
:
Note: Colder ti
-
i
Fluid
A
UIA , ti tz U2 Az ti tz Heat energy
9 Heat energy Heat energy
= - = -
l l
k₁
= U₂A₂LMTD
A
qcond h₂
Hot sorrounding air Log Mean Temperature Difference
(Ambient Air)
my
Source
1
t₁ qrad
- www
ta LMTD ① max -
0min
a
=
2
'
.
① max
t₂ In
D- min
x₁ 1- MTD =
ti
'
-
to -
to
'
-
ti
'
In ti -
to
qcond qconv +
9rad
=
to ti
'
Note:
-
when:
9rad =
20,408.4×10-8 Fe til -
tz
"
J
Qmax 0min
"
=
mZ.hr
Use:
-20,408.4×10-8 Felt til
"
9rad -
tz ,
J
Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference
hr
ANITD = D- Max + 0min
2
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger
Hotter Fluid
ti '
Hx
Colder ti to Colder
Fluid
, P=C '
Fluid
t'o
Hotter Fluid
T
ti '
/
Hotter
Fluid
to'
Θmax : Θmin
Colder to
Fluid
ti
I
A
A
Heat energy Heat energy Heat energy
given off absorbed
= absorbed
by the hotter
=
by the
fluid structure by the colder fluid
Qh = Qstructure = Qc
= U₂A₂LMTD
Steam
PP
nm FP EP
Rankine Steam Powerplant
ms
ST
1- BP
1-
IP
f) f) GEN
Kw Plant
I Gen.
.
SGU: 2' SB
Qa = mf x qf - Economizer . Delivered
-Steam Boiler Losses
-Super Heater
COND QR
ng Kw Plant Use
ms BFP t
- 4 3
ms
Note: Ideal Power
ms - mass of steam
Qa - Heat from fuel fired Pi =
Ms hi -
hz
mf - mass of fuel
qf - Heating Value Indicated Power
IP - Indicated Power (power imparted to
the turbine blades) IP =
Ms hi -
hi
BP - Brake Power or Shaft Power
FP - Frictional Power Turbine & Condenser
EP - Electrical Power or Power Generated
;
-
-
-
-
-
ST
-
-
¥
-
1
-
-
.
" IP "
Mechanical Efficiency :-. .
.
.÷ 2' ÷
LV
Ec .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
'
:
;
BP
Mm
=
✗
100%
!
'
QR
Ip ;
ii. i
"
BP =
IP -
FP 3
SL
Generator Efficiency Steam Rate
- amount of steam needed to perform a unit of Power
EP
Ng 100%
=
✗
Bp SR=
Ms 1×9
,
p KW h -
EP =
BP -
Generator Losses
Indicated Steam Rate Combined Steam Rate
Kw Delivered
ISR = Ms CSR = Ms
KW Delivered = EP -
KW Plant Use IP EP
Turbine Efficiency Actual enthalpy Brake Steam Rate Plant Steam Rate
IP hi hi BSR Ms PSR= Ms
Nt 100% 100%
-
= = =
✗ ✗
p, hi -
hz IP KW Del .
hg hfzt ✗
hfg
Heat Rate Plant Thermal Efficiency
- amount of heat needed to perform a unit of Power
3600
PTE =
✗ 100° .
=
3600×100 :
HR = Ec KJ Qa PHR
,
P KW h
-
KWDEI .
Indicated Heat Rate Combined Heat Rate Heat Energy from Fuel Fired
IHR= Ec cHR= Ec
IP EP Qa KJ
Mf
qf
= ✗
,
Brake Heat Rate Plant Heat Rate Boiler & BFP D & SV
1 ms = 34.5¥
BHR= Ec pHR= Qa #212 °F
BP KW Del .
Qa SB
Heat Energy from fuel
Qa = KJ
Mf qf ,
ms = 34.5¥
hr SL 4
212 °F
Energy Chargeable
Ec =
Ms hi -
Thermal Efficiency Qa =
Ms hi -
h4
Ec HR
P Qa =
Ms hfg
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
1 Developed Boiler Hp
3600
eI= ✗ 100° .
= 3600
✗
100° . (from & at 100°C ; 15.65kg/hr ; 2257kj/hr)
Ec IHR
IP Qa =
mshfg
✗
.
☐
Ec hr
BHR
BP Factor of Evaporation
h4 = hi -
ha
KJ
↳ 2257
3600 3600 1000
100C
kg
ek= ✗ 100° .
=
✗
.
Dev Bo , .
Hp
= Ms hi -
h4 1- D= Pmi XD
35322 KJ
hr
1- D= Pmi HLNS
FE
Dev Bo . .
Hp = Ms
n
Ks IP =
Ac ✗ Ss ITDZ L ca go ✗ 2
15.65
hr
I 4 s
EE
Dev Bo Hp
=
Note:
. .
15.65 kg
hr
Pmi - Mean effective pressure
Rated Boiler Hp VD - Volume Displacement
I
R= . .
100
'
✗
• .
Rated Bo .
Hp
✗ 100
=
.
Ms hi -
h4 '
✗ 100
=
@ Bo .
Mf Gf
EBO
= Dev .
Bo .
Hp 35322
✗ 100
'
Mf Gf
Rating Hp 35322
'
=
-
12.130
EBO
. .
✗ too .
Mf Gf
Ms FE 2257
eBo= ✗ too :
Mf Gf
EE 2257
eBo= ✗ too :
Mf Gf
Fuels &
Co mbustion
Fuel Analysis Liquid Fuels
•
12h + m
Gravimetric/Ultimate Analysis
Actual Air - Fuel Ratio
Components of coal
Combustible C
'
Ai F =
AF I + e
Combustible H₂
Supports Combustion O₂
Inert Gas N₂ Equivalent Ratio
Combustible S
I
A ER =
Byproducts
M 1 te
8 lb
BTU
qf
=
33820 :c 1- 144212 i. H -
i. 02 1- 9304 :S ,
KJ Eng'g Unit Ait = Off .
hr
8 kg 1340 BTU
hr
kg air
SI Unit A. F
'
= 9f.hr
:{
Theo
A :F = 11.5 :c +34.5 i. Hz -
2
+ 4.3 :S , kg Fuel 3117 KJ
hr
Heating Value/
Calorific Value
Common Liquid Fuels
Higher Heating Lower Heating
Value (HHV) Value (LHV)
a.) Gasoline/Octane - C8H18
b.) Diesoline - C16H32
c.) Dodecane - C12H26
d.) Ethyl Alcohol - C2H6O Gross Calorific Net Calorific
e.) methyl Alcohol - CH4O Value (GCV) Value (NCV)
Higher Heating Value (Liquid Fuel)
Note:
' Yamanaka ASME Formula 0.231 kg Oz
1kg air
KJ 0.769
HHV 411301-139.6 kg N2
☐
=
API ,
kg
Where:
°AP1 = 141.5 -
131.5
SG @ 60 't
-1
140 Methane CH4
☐
BAUME =
BU
-
130
SG @ go .F
Ethane
i C2H6 = 8
KJ
=
21980
-
.
,
kg
%H₂ If not given
Hz
•
i. 26 15 SG @ 60 F
'
=
' -
-
✗
. .
,
.
SG corrected =
SG @ 15.62 I -0.0007 to -
15.6C
Diesel
PP
mf Ec = mf x qf
ma
EP
IP BP
DE
-
-0-0 Gen SB
!
ma - mass of air Indicated Power
mf - mass of fuel
Qa - hear energy from fuel fired Ip= Pmi XD
qf - heating value
IP - Indicated Power Ip=PmiHLNs
FP - Frictional Power
BP - Brake Power
EP - Electrical Power 1- D= Ac ✗ Ss ITDZ L Cato ✗ 2
I 4 s
= ✗
L - Length of the stroke Ac - area of the card
.
IP 3600
Generator Efficiency e mm
=
, ✗
Ec
"
EP 100 :
Ng
=
✗
Bp
BP 3600
epg Ng
=
✗
Ee
ng
EP =
BP -
Gen Losses
EP
.
3600
ek
=
EB =
ei ✗
Mm
SFC = Mf kg
-
Kw hr ek Ng
=
p EB ✗
-
p p Kw hr-
Hd
Thermal Efficiency KJ
Itc V1
My
" =
" ÷ ' -
c
P 3600
.
e = =
V2
HR
Ec
Geother mal
PP
P1 ; h1 = hg1 EP
ms ms
.
: : :
D & SV
Well head BP
IP
valve
# I
i
mgw 1
h=c - -
Z B
Kw Plant
Pz
h=c
Pb 1
2'
' \ Gen Losses SB
Delivered
FP
F-
Throttling QR
Pa mgw Valve
mRW
ta ha (T.4)
Kw Plant Use
"
A Flash or water C,
separator Re-injection Re-injection 3
To ground ms
&
Water
F- Mainit na tubig
Pressurized
ground H2O
Compressed
Ground H2O
Steam Wells
.
Where:
mgw - mass of ground water (ms + mrw)
ms - mass of steam to the turbine inlet
mrw - mass of the return or reinjected water
Note:
ha = hb Pb = Pc = P1
NO of Wells = Mgw
.
capacity
well
Quality of steam
✗ = Ms ha =
hot ✗ hi -
he
mgw
Y = MRW
Mgw
EB @ Water separator
Ms hi
÷, , .mn.
Mgw ha .
MRW he
Co oling
Tower
Cooling Tower Heat Energy given Heat absorbed
=
td2 ; RH2 off by the tower by air
1 ma (cpa td2 )
mw1(cpw1t1 ) 2
ma (h2)
1 Qw =
QA
mw1(hw1) .
t1
hw , hwz hz hi
CT
=
Mw -
ma -
ma (cpa td1 )
mwcpw ti -
tz =
macpatdz -
tdi
ma (h1)
1
\
AR =
tz -
I ma (h2)
2
Critical Cooling Range (theoretical) Heated and humidified air
1
mw1(hw1) 1
CRT =
ti -
CT
Cooling tower efficiency
CRA t' +2 Outside Air
m
-
Not 1
=
too :
=
too :
m (h )
✗ ✗
CRT t, ma (h1) . m m
tw , tm
-
i
make up water
SH1
Note:
2 t2 = tm
mw2(hw2)
hw2 = hm
.
t2
If tw1 = t2, Cooling tower efficiency is 100% Cooled tower water
EB @ CT
Types of Cooling tower:
a.) Spray Pond - (50% or less efficient) Mwzhwi -
hwz 1- mm hm =
ma hz -
hi
b.) Natural Draft - (50% - 60% Efficient)
c.) Forced/Induced Draft - (60% - 70% Efficient) mwzhwi hwz - 1-
ma SHZ -
SH , hm =
ma hz hi -
✓ (
Parabolic CT
ma SHI t mm
=
ma SHZ
Mm = ma SHZ SH ,
- kgm
,
4 " " " " " "" " " 4h11 " " " " " " "
S
Induced Forced
Refrigeration
Carnot Cycle (TSTS) Reversed Carnot Cycle (TSTS)
QA QR
TH = C TH = C
HS
HS
4 WC 3 WNet
WT
1 2 WNet = |Qr|-|Qa|
WC WT = |Qa|-|Qr| S=C AT 0 0 AC
S=C AC 0 0 AT S=C
S=C CS
1 2
4 CS TL = C
3 QA
TL = C Area
QR
P T
I 1
Coefficient of performance
1 T=c 2
/ .
2 QA Desired Effect
S=c S=c cop =
'
QA
COP = TL
@ cc =
WNET -
Note:
✗
100 .
QA COP > 1
@ WT Wc Heat Pump
- -
100
Area
=
cc ✗ .
QA QR
TH = C
Ccc = QA -
QR ✗
100
-
HS
QA
4 WC 3 WNet
WT = |Qr|-|Qa|
S=C AT 0 0 AC
TH TL S=C
-
Ccc 100
-
=
✗ .
TH
1 CS
2
TL = C
Mean Effective Pressure QA
Performance Factor (For Heat Pump)
Pm =
WNET
Vd PF =
QR
WNET
Wt We = QA QR -
= ecc QA
=
TH
-
V3 V, V3 V1 V3 PF =
-
- -
V1
TH -
Th
pF= COP 1- I
Vapor Compression Refrigeration System Note:
QR
h' =
. hg@Pi-pexo.p
SL
Condenser 2
SHV hz h Pz & Si
mr
=
@
Sg @ Pexap 52
f-
= =
3 mr
,
Pcond = C
Comp Pz
EV hz hf @ PCOND
=
h=c
=
,
S=C Equal
Pevap = C mr
mr 1 h4
Wc hf4 t hfg4
=
✗
LV
4 Evaporator Where:
D & SV
hf4 =
,
hf @ P4 =
Pexap
QA
Space
hfg4 =
Note:
P T 3.516
QA =
TOR ✗
I TOR
Pcond = C Qr
3 " " 2
2
"
3
Volumetric Efficiency of Compressor
.
h=c S=C Wc
(Due to Clearance)
4 1
Pevap = C
1 ,
4 , \ 1
Compressor capacity V1
'
Qa
Mvc :
=
=
✗ too ✗ too
Volumetric Displacement
-
S
h
XD
'
Pz
Heat Added @Evap NYC
n
=
I 1- C -
c
Pi
QA =
MR hi -
hit
V1
Mvc I
=
+ c -
c
V2
Work on the compressor
Compressor Capacity
Wc =
MR hz -
hi
V, Ñ,
'
=
MR
Where:
QA
Coefficient of Performance MR =
hi -
hit
copies = QA
Wc Ñ, =
@ R=PExAp
Copies =
hi -
h4 Volume Displacement
hz -
hi n
VD =
ALNS = IT DZL Zca 60
Patm EV KJ
mr mr Cpice 2.09
=
Ice kg -
K
tank
Ice
can ☐ H2O
Brine Solution
mr
Qa
Comp
mr
Cond
Cold Storage
Qu
latent Heat
of Freezing
=
335
EV
KJ
kg
mr mr
Wc
t2 = t3 3 2
Q1 Comp
FP:0°C i ,
Q2
1 Door
Q3
t4 , /
4 Wc
Chilling Load
Refrigeration Load t2 = t3 3 Q2 2
Q1
FP:0°C i , I
Q3
t4 /
QA =
Qp t Qu 4
20%(Qp)
QA = Qi + Qzt Qz + 0.2
Qp Refrigeration Load
QA Qp
@Q1
=
imgur.az
QA = Qi t Qzt Q3
Qi
mwcpwti-tz-tfgimm.az @Q1
=
- MfgmmmB @Q2
Qi =
mwcp ti -
tz
Qz =
mw Latent Heat of Freezing . affirming @Q2
.afgimmB @Q3
Qz =
mw Latent Heat of Freezing
Q3 =
mice Cpice 1-3-1-4
.MyqmmmB @Q3
①3 =
Mcp tz -
ta
Aircon ditioning
Qr
Wc
Cond
Comp Qs = Room air
EV QT
Ventilation
Qa Fan QL =
Outside o m s s R E Exhaust
Air
tds
- .
Air
tdo tdm tds tdr = 24 °C
two
AHU or ACU RHr = 50%
:
Outside Supply
Air Room or space to
Air be conditioned
Where
QT =
Ms HR -
hs Ms =
mm
And
Psychometric Chart QT =
Ms hr -
hs
RH
Qs =
mscpa tr -
ts
h
tw Refrigeration Load
SH
RSHF
R mR Qa
td i
mo mm ms
ho hm AHU hs
QT Qst Qin
Mo ho +
MR ha =
mm hm
Where:
Qs % of Ms °o of
Cpa tdr tds ho he hm
1-
=
Ms -
Ms
=
mm
Note: Ms =
Mm =
MR
All Outside Air tdo
Qa Qa O -
O O A S
mo mm ms 1 , i . .
tdA
.
AHU hs
✓
ho hm
tdo tds
tcc
Mass balance at entry point
Mixing point
@ the mixing point
Mo = Mm = Ms
BF /
O
Energy balance at AHU
A S
. /
mm hm =
QA t Ms hs CF
QA =
Ms hm -
All Recirculation CF + BF =
I
Qa
→
Fan QL = CF ha + BF ho =
hs
mm s s R
F m r - mmmm
hr =
nm tds 1-do
CF
-
And =
1- da -
1- do
1 1
AHU
Bypass Air
Contact Air
O÷:::: ::
ii. O ii.÷ iii.: ÷ : :
:/
i. : :
i '
.
:
.
: : ÷
i.: .
:
::: :: tdo
'
tda
.
tdo tds
tcc
ADP
Machine
Fo un dation
Cement Mixture (1 yd³) Where
WF =
2x +
W
LF =
2×+1
Machine
Fe Mf
Pc
=
*
Ff
Weight of Foundation (for ICE only)
hf Af
F
FF =
c te n
Concrete foundation
Base on PSME code
Volume of Foundation
Ff =3 Fe
Vf = Af hf
Height of Foundation
hf = Vf
Af
SB = F
Af
SB = Fe t Ff
Af
x x
w wf
l
lf
Area of Foundation
At =
WE ✗ Lf
Chimney
Chimney of Stack Rate of Discharge
Q
mg Q= Cv Avg
ma tg2
1-
ta Patm
Q DZ 2 go Dtg
Cx
I
=
Pg
Stack
Hs (chimney) Note:
Q
mg Average MW of flue gas = 30
tg1
Cv (if not given) = 0.40
D
Stack effect
p =
Patm -
Pg
P = Salts -
8g Hs
P Hs
Pa Pg
= -
Where:
Pair =
Pa Pg = patm if not given
Rata
Pgas
= Pg
Tgaye
= Tgi 1-
Tgz
Rg Ts,*e 2
Theoretical Draft
Dtg Hs Pa Ps
=
MFG
-
Pg
Height of Chimney
Its Pg
Dtg M
=
,
Pa Pg -
Vg = 2. go
Dtg