Dr.

Joseph Adel

INTRODUCTION SESSION
BASICS of Chemistry
THIRD SECONDARY
2023/2024

BASICS
 PLAN OF THE YEAR
CONTENTS
❑ general properties of First transition
series
CHAPTER 1 TRANSITION ELEMENTS ❑ iron element
❑ properties of iron

CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS ❑ Qualitative analysis

❑ Quantitative analysis

❑ Eq. in the chemical systems.

Factors affecting the chemical equilibrium.
CHAPTER 3 Chemical Equilibrium ❑
❑
❑
ionic equilibrium
hydrolysis of the salts
❑ Galvanic cells
CHAPTER 4 ELECTROCHEMISTRY ❑
❑
Batteries
Electrolytic cells
❑ Application of electrolysis

CHAPTER 5 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ❑ Hydrocarbons

❑ Hydrocarbons derivatives BASICS
 Content of the course
Part 1 Part 2
A- What is the element? 1-Modern periodic table
B- Atomic structure
2- The four Quantum Numbers
C- Mass Number & Atomic Number
3- Electronic configuration rules
D- Classification of Elements
E- THE COMPOUND
4- The Z-effect
F- THE VALENCY 5- Ionization potential
G- IONS 6- Oxidation – Reduction reactions

H- WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS 7- Calculations of oxidation

numbers
I- Balancing chemical equations

J- Types of Compounds
Lec.1
 Dr. Joseph Adel

BASICS of Chemistry

THIRD SECONDARY
2023/2024

BASICS
 BASICS IN CHEMISTRY

A- What is the element ?

ELEMENT :
It is a pure simple substance that can not be
converted into simple one by chemical traditional
method like: Na, K, Br

Consists of ELEMENTS

Atom :
It is the smallest particle of a chemical
substance element that can exist alone and
shares in the chemical reaction.

Classification of atom
BASICS
 B- Atomic Structure

ATOM CONSISTS OF

Positively Charged protons

1) Nucleus

Neutral neutrons

- Negatively charged.
2) Electrons - Rotate around nucleus in energy levels (each energy
level is occupied by a maximum number of electrons).

No. of protons =No. of electrons

BASICS
 B- Atomic Structure

1)
1-Nucleus
The nucleus is positively charged ????

2) Electrons
2- The atom is electrically neutral ?????

BASICS
 C- Mass Number & Atomic Number

1) Nucleus

2) Electrons

BASICS
 D- Classification of Elements

Elements are classified into four types which are :

1) Nucleus

2) Electrons

BASICS
 D- Classification of Elements

Elements are classified into four types which are :

1) Nucleus

2) Electrons

BASICS
 E- THE COMPOUND
It is a chemical substance that consists of 2 or more elements
connected together by chemical bond whether [Ionic or Covalent]

COMPOUND
EXAMPLE
FOR ILLUSTRATION

+ =
salt

How does elements combine

to each other to form a By BONDS
compound ?
BASICS
 TYPES OF BONDS

IONIC BOND COVALENT BOND

- IT is the bond that formed - It is the type of bond that results
by the reactions between from the sharing of an electron
two types of elements pair between two atoms or more in
metal and non-metal order to complete their outer most
energy level.
+VE - VE
+
metal Non- metal - It occurs between two non-metals
- Ex: HCl , CO2 , NH3
Losing gaining
electrons electrons

BASICS
 F- THE VALENCY

WHAT IS THE VALENCY ? Note:

- It is the number of electrons that is
lost, gained or even shared by an
atom during chemical reactions
EXAMPLE
FOR ILLUSTRATION
- Metals their outermost energy Level
ends with 1 or 2 or 3 electrons .
(so, they lose electrons)
- Non-metals their outer most Energy level
ends with 5 or 6 or 7 electron.
( gaining electrons )

K L M K K L M K L M
L

Losing 1 e- GAINING 1 e-

2 8 1 2 2 8 7 2 8 8
8
BASICS
There is an easy way to get the valency by using the number of groups in the
periodic table.
BASICS
 Atomic group (radical)

What are the atomic groups ?

- -It is a group of atoms combine
together and reacts as one unit.
- Each atomic group has its own valency.

Ate : means the max. number of oxidation

ite : means the min. number of oxidation

BASICS
 G- IONS
W h a t i s t h e o u t come o f l o s i n g o r g a i n i n g e l e ct r on ?
IT FORMS

IONS
-ve anion
+ve cation +VE ion -VE ion
Cation Anion
definition
When an atom loses or gains one electron or more
(during chemical reaction) it becomes an ion.

-If the outermost energy level contains more than 4 electrons the atom gains electrons to complete the outermost energy level (to be
stable). In this case the number of electrons becomes more than the number of protons, so the total charge is – and the atom is called
negative ion.
-If the outermost energy level contains less than 4 electrons the atom loses electrons to make the outermost energy level completed
(to be stable). In this case the number of protons becomes more than the number of electrons, so the total charge is + and the atom is
called positive ion.
BASICS
 H- WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS

IONS HELP US IN WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAS

How to write chemical formula?

positive negative

EXCHANGE CHARGE

BASICS
BASICS
 EXERCISE
VALENCE
Write the chemical formula of: ELECTRON = 3

Aluminum chloride

VALENCE
First st ep ELECTRON = 1

get the valence of Al and cl

second st ep
Write the produced ions Al3+ Cl-
Third st ep AlCl3
exchange the charge 1 3
BASICS
 Write the chemical formula

1) Potassium nitrate

2) Calcium Hydroxide

3) Magnesium phosphate

4) Sulphur Dioxide

5) Carbon monoxide

6) Ammonium bicarbonate

7) Iron(II) sulphate

8) Iron(III) chloride

9) Copper(II) Nitrite

10)Aluminum sulphate
BASICS
 I- Balancing chemical equation
‫الروشتة‬
Example 1
1-Nitrogen gas reacts with the hydrogen gas to form
1) Symbol
ammonia gas ( heat/ pressure/iron as a catalyst) . 2) Valency
3) Balance
EQUATION 4) check

1 N2 + 3 H2 2 NH3

N=2 N=2 N=1 N=2

H=2 H=6 H=3 H=6

BASICS
 I- Balancing chemical equation
‫الروشتة‬
Example 2
Iron reacts with oxygen gas to give iron(III) oxide.
1) Symbol
2) Valency
EQUATION 3) Balance
4) check

Example 3
Sodium sulphate reacts with barium chloride.
EQUATION

BASICS
 I- Balancing chemical equation
‫الروشتة‬
Example 4
Zinc reacts with nitric acid.
1) Symbol
2) Valency
EQUATION 3) Balance
4) check

Example 5
Calcium chloride reacts with ammonium carbonate
EQUATION

BASICS
 J-TYPES OF COMPOUNDS

1) ACID 2) BASE
It is a type of chemical compound that dissociate in water to It is a type o chemical compound that dissociate in water to
produce Positive hydrogen ion, Acid is a compound that produce Negative Hydroxide ion
contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces • Base is a compound that contains one or more hydroxide
hydrogen ions (H+) . ions (OH -).
EXAMPLE: 1) HCL 2) H2SO4 3) HNO3 EXAMPLES 1) KOH 2) NaOH 3) Ca(OH)2

3)salt 4) Oxides

It is combination of positive ion (metal or atomic group) it is a type of compound in which an element combines
with negative ion (non-metal Or atomic group). with oxygen element.
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES
1) NaNO3 2) NaCL 3) PbBr2 1)Na2O 2) CaO 3) FeO
BASICS
 Dr. Joseph Adel

BASICS of Chemistry

THIRD SECONDARY
2023/2024

BASICS
 1-Modern periodic table

The modern periodic table (long form) consists of :

7 horizontal periods 18 vertical groups

periodic table

The modern table is divided into :

The elements in the modern periodic table are arranged ascending

according to :
• Their atomic numbers
• The way of filling the sublevels with electrons according to the building up principle
(Auf – bau’s principle) where each elements exceeds the previous elements in the same
period with one electrons.
BASICS
 Modern periodic table

Each period begins with filling a new principal energy level with electrons, then the successive filling
of the sublevels which form that principal energy level proceeds until the last element (the noble gas)
of this period in which the filling of all energy levels with electrons is completed (completely filled energy level).
BASICS
Modern periodic table

BASICS
BASICS
 2- The four Quantum Numbers

IN the Past Years We Used TO Distribute The Numbers

in the energy levels by this method:
K L M K L M

2 8 1 2 8 7

But Now The Quantum Numbers Proved To Us that each Energy level has
( SUBLEVEL, ORBITALS, ELECTRONS)
BASICS
 The four Quantum
Numbers
PRINCIPLE QUANTUM NUMBER (n)
IT REPRESENTS THE NUMBER OF ENERGY level.
PRINCIPLE QUANTUM NUMBER
SUBSIDARY QUANTUM NUMBER (L)
IT REPRESENTS THE SUBLEVEL THAT LOCATED
INSIDE THE ENERGY LEVEL.
SUBSIDARY QUANTUM NUMBER
MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER (ml)
IT REPRESENTS THE ORBITALS.

SPIN QUANTUM NIUMBER

IT REPRESENTS THE spin of electrons and it is used to
define the motion (spinning) of electrons

BASICS
 Orbitals have three possibilities

Even the empty filled orbital or the half filled or the

completely filled they have stability but not the same.

BASICS
 3- Electronic configuration rules

THERE ARE 3 RULE MUST BE FOLLOWED IN

DETERMINING THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF
AN ATOM, 2 of them are important to be remembered

Auf-bau’s
Building up principle
The electron Occupy the energy
sub-level of lower Energy level First
where the lower energy sub-level is filled
first .
Hund's rule
Hund's rule states that no pairing of
electrons takes place in a given sublevel
orbital until each orbital is filled by a
single electron

Auf-bau Building up principle Hund's rule BASICS

 Auf-bau
Building up principle

S 2 ELECTRONS
P 6 ELECTRONS
D 10 ELECTRONS
F 14 ELECTRONS

s=2e !!!‫متنساش يبني‬

P=6e
d = 10 e
Electronic configuration f = 14 e
BASICS
 EXERCISE
Write the Electronic configuration of:
1) Sodium

1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

2) chlorine

1 s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

BASICS
 EXERCISE
Write the Electronic configuration of:

1) 26Fe

2) 35Br

3) 20Ca

4) 80Hg

5) 51Sb
BASICS
 Hund's rule
Hund's rule
Hund's rule states that no pairing of electrons takes
place in a given sublevel orbital until each orbital is filled
by a single electron

EXAMPLES:

BASICS
 4-The Z-effect
The valence electrons in any atom are not affected by the full
nuclear charge (nucleus protons charge), where the electrons of inner
filled levels screens a part of that charge from the valence electrons,
So the actual charge that affects any electron is called effective
nuclear charge (z-effect).

BASICS
Lec.1
These are the Nucleus

These are the ELECTRONS BASICS

 5- Ionization potential
12360kJ
Ionization potential 6523kJ

It is the amount of energy required to release an 1364KJ

electron from an isolated atom (from pure element), 648KJ
to become a positive ion.

1STI.E 2NDI.E 3RD I.E

648KJ 1364KJ 2858KJ
(Ar) 3d3 , 4s2 (Ar) 3d3 , 4s1 (Ar) 3d3 , 4s0 (Ar) 3d2 , 4s0

4TH I.E 5TH I.E 6TH I.E

4643KJ 6523kJ 12360kJ
(Ar) 3d1 , 4s0 (Ar) 3d0 , 4s0 (Ar) 3s2 , 3p5

BASICS
 6- Oxidation – Reduction reactions

OXIDATION Reduction

Fe3O4 Fe2O3 Fe CO2

Na H2O NaOH H2
BASICS
 Oxidation – Reduction reactions

OXIDATION Reduction

OIL RIG
BASICS
 Oxidation – Reduction reactions

REDOX REACTION

3+
Losing
2+ gaining
electrons 1+ electrons
0
1-
2-

OIL RIG
3-

BASICS
 7- Calculations of oxidation number

ELEMENT or molecule
Their oxidation no. = zero O-2 / CL-1 / F-1/ H+1

Atomic group
SO4-2/ CO3-2/CrO7-2/ SO3-2
constant
NH4+/ OH-/ HCO3-/NO2-
NO3-

BASICS
 Applications and examples

Answer with me ...

ELEMENT or molecule

Atomic group
SO4-2/ CO3-2/CrO7-2/ SO3-2

BASICS
 Applications and examples

Answer with me ...

ELEMENT or molecule

Atomic group
SO4-2/ CO3-2/CrO7-2/ SO3-2

BASICS
 Something you must know
The road ahead is long and unforgiving, no place for a child. If you quit
before you enter the battle you have strayed away from the way of the
warrior, you need to have self discipline and control.

“I t takes nothing to join the crowd

I t takes everything to stand alone ”
BASICS