10/09/2022

SCI1:
General Chemistry I
Lecture 4 Part II / Sept. 10. 2022

Franco Vittorio T. Singson, R.Ch.

OUTLINE
1. Chemical periodicity
2. Introduction to bonding
1. Ionic bond vs covalent bond vs metallic bond
2. Polyatomic ions
3. Types of chemical compounds and their formula (Asynchronous class: Reading assignment)
1. Ionic compounds vs covalent/compounds
2. Assigning oxidation states
3. Names and formulas of inorganic compounds
1. Binary compounds of metal and nonmetal
2. Binary compounds of two nonmetals
3. Polyatomic ions
4. Oxoacids
5. Hydrates

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Periodic trends
1. Atomic size
2. Electronegativity
3. Ionization energy
4. Electron affinity

Atomic Size
Trends in atomic size
1. Metallic radius- one half the distance
between nuclei of adjacent atoms in a
crystal of the element
2. Covalent radius – ½ the distance
between the nuclei of two covalently
bonded atom of the same element

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Atomic size
TRENDS
1. Changes in n – as the principal quantum
number increases, the farther the electrons
are from the nucleus, thus, the atomic size
also increases
2. Changes in Zeff – as the Zeff increase,
electrons are pulled closer to the nucleus,
thus the atomic size decreases
Zeff = Z-S
Z- atomic number
S – number of shielding electrons (core
electrons)

Ionization Energy
Ionization Energy
 The energy (in kJ) required to remove 1
mole of electron from 1 mole of an atom
 Ionization energy is always positive

 Elements with low ionization energies tend

to form cations (positive ions) while
elements with high ionization energies
tend to form anions (negative ions)
 Generally, increase across a period and
decreases down a group
 Ionization energies decrease as atomic radii
increase

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Electronegativity
Electronegativity
 The ability of an atom to pull
electrons or the electron
density towards itself in a
chemical bond
 Increases across a period and
decreases down a group

Ionization Energy

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Electron Affinity
Electron affinity
 The energy (kJ) change accompanying
the addition of 1 mole of electron to 1
mole of gaseous atom
 Generally, the EA1 is always negative
(exothermic reaction) while EA2 is always
positive (endothermic reaction)

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Excercise
1. Rank each set of elements according to decreasing atomic/ionic size:
1. Ca, Mg, Sr Sr > Ca > Mg
2. K, Ga, Ca K > Ca > Ga
3. Br, Rb, Kr Rb > Br > Kr
4. Sr, Ca, Rb Rb > Sr > Ca
5. Sr, Sr+, Sr2+ Sr > Sr+ > Sr2+
6. S2-, Cl-, K+ S2-, Cl-. K+
2. Arrange each atoms according to decreasing first ionization energy
1. Kr, He, Ar He > Ar > Kr
2. Sb, Te, Sn Te > Sb > Sn
3. K, Ca, Rb Ca > K >Rb
4. I, Xe, Cs Xe > I > Cs
3. Arrange the following elements in order of decreasing electronegativity
1. Mg, Ca, Sr Mg > Ca > Sr
2. Al, P, Cl Cl > P >Al

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