PERIODIC PROPERTIES

The properties which appear at

regular intervals in the periodic
table are called ‘periodic properties’
and the phenomenon is ‘periodicity
in properties of elements’.
 PERIODIC PROPERTIES
1. Atomic Radius(Atomic size)
2. Metallic Character
3. Non-Metallic Character
4. Ionization Energy (ionization potential)
5. Electron Affinity
6. Electronegativity
7. Physical properties
 1. ATOMIC RADIUS(ATOMIC SIZE)
The atomic radius of a chemical element is a measure
of the size of its atoms, usually the mean or typical
distance from the centre of the nucleus to the
boundary of the surrounding cloud of electrons.
 The atomic radius(r) of an atom can
be defined as one half the distance (d)
between two nuclei in a diatomic molecule
Note: Atomic size determines
bond length

Units: Angstrom, 1A0 = 10-10 m

Pico metre, 1pm = 10-12 m
Atomic size depends on

a)Number of Shells: Increases

– Atomic Size increases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Atomic size decreases
Trends in Atomic size
 2.METALLIC CHARACTER
Those elements, which have a
tendency to lose their valance
electrons and form a positive ion are
considered as metals

Note: Metals are reducing agents

Metallic character depends on

a)Atomic size: Increases –

Metallic nature increases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Metallic nature decreases
Trends in Metallic character
 3.NON-METALLIC CHARACTER
Those elements, which have a
tendency to gain electrons, in order to
attain octet in their outer most orbit
are considered as non-metals.

Note:Non-Metals are oxidising

agents
 Non-Metallic character
depends on
a) Atomic size: Increases – Non-
Metallic nature decreases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Non-Metallic nature increases
Trends in Non-Metallic character
 4. Ionization Energy (ionization
potential or Enthalpy)

The energy required to remove an

electron from a neutral isolated
gaseous atom and convert it into a
positively charged gaseous ion is called
I.P. Or I.E. Or first I.E (IE1).
Units: eV/atom
S.I, KJ/mol
Ionization Potential depends
on
a) Atomic size: Increases –
Ionization potential decreases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Ionization potential increases
Trends in Ionization potential
 5. ELECTRON AFFINITY

The amount of energy released while

converting a neutral gaseous isolated
atom into a negatively charged
gaseous ion(anion) by the addition of
electron is called EA.
Units: eV/atom
S.I, KJ/mol
 Note: EA represented by
negative sign

Eg: Cl(g) + e- Cl-(g) + 349 KJ/mol

E.A. Of Cl is -349 KJ/mol

Electron Affinity depends on

a)Atomic size: Increases –

Electron affinity decreases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Electron affinity increases
Trends in Electron Affinity
 6. ELECTRONEGATIVITY

The tendency of an atom in a molecule

to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is called EN.
Electro negativity depends on

a)Atomic size: Increases –

Electro negativity decreases
b)Nuclear charge: Increases –
Electro negativity increases
Trends in Electronegativity
 7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
a) Density:
Across a period → Increases
Down a group → Increases

b)B.P & M.P:

Across a period → Increases
Down a group → Decreases(metals)
Increases (non-metals)