GROUP 3: PERIODIC RELATIONSHIP

Wendell Bandiola (THE PERIODIC TABLE)

Jonavie Demalata (ATOMIC RADIUS)

Eroselyn Montales (IONIC RADIUS)

Chrisha Mae Loria Ragunton & Kierby Rassel Tesado Golangayan (IONIZATION ENERGY)

Kristel Ann Aquino Laude (ELECTRON AFFINITY)

Erica Dosado (ELECTRONEGATIVITY)

Junamie Randaso & Joi Nessa Divinagracia Heman (OXIDATION STATES)

 PERIODIC
RELATIONSHI
P
 THE PERIODIC TABLE
In1861, Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev (1834-1907) published
the first version of a systematically organized periodic table of
elements. This table was arranges in order of increasing atomic mass
and was the basis of the currently used periodic table. Mendeleev
organized into columns called group or families, and rows called
periods or series this arrangement observed what is known as the
Periodic Law, which asserts that when elements are arranged
according to increasing atomic mass, their properties will follow as
periodic pattern.
THE PERIODIC TABLE
 Organizing the Periodic Table

• In 1829, German chemist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner (1780–1849) recognized

the similarities in the chemical properties of some triads of elements.
• In 1862, French Geologist Alexander-Émile Beguyer de Chancourtois (1820–1886)
arrange the elements in increasing atomic weights.
• In 1864, German chemist Lothar Meyer(1830–1895) a periodic table where the
then known 44 elements were organized base on the valency of the elements. He
later published in 1870 an improved version that related atomic volume and
atomic number.
• English chemist John A.R. Newlands (1837–1898) proposed the law of octaves,
which organized the periodic properties of every eight element in his list.
 Organizing the Periodic Table

• In 1913, Henry Moseley observed a direct relation between the X-ray spectrum
charge, and developed a system for assigning atomic numbers based on
increasing number of protons. This finding supported Mendeleev’s arrangement
of the elements, providing atomic numbers for the then undiscovered elements.
 The Elements of the Periodic Table

The modern periodic table has 116 elements officially recognized

by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
These elements ate arranged in the periodic table in a way that
they can easily be classified and identified. The A group elements
(in longer columns) are classified as representative elemy or main
group elements; the B group elemeny (in shorter columns) ate
called transition elements
s, p, d, and f blocks
Periodic Variation in
Atomic properties
Periodic Variation in Atomic properties

The properties of elements in the Periodic Table follow

either an increasing or a decreasing trend across a
period and down a group. These properties include
the atomic and ionic sizes, ionization energy, electron
affinity, and electronegativity.
Atomic Radius
 Atomic Radius
• Refers to the distance from the center of the nucleus to the
surface of the neighboring atom.
• It is an average radius of an atom based on measuring large
numbers of elements and compounds.
• Determined as the distance between the nuclei of two
identical atoms bonded together.
• Atomic Radius is half the diameter of a neutral atom.
WHAT ELSE DO WE NEED TO KNOW
ABOUT ATOMIC RADIUS?

We need to know that as we travel towards the

right in the periodic table, the atomic radius
decreases, the size of the atoms gets small as you
go from
 Why do atoms get smaller going from the
left side to the right side of a period?

Elements on the left side of a period have fewer

electrons and protons than elements on the right
side. More protons make the atom smaller; more
electrons make it slightly larger.
 Why do atoms get larger down a column?

Atoms get bigger as you go down a column on the

periodic table. This is because in going down a column
you are jumping up to the next higher main energy
level (n) and each energy level is further out from the
nucleus - that is, a bigger atomic radius.
Ionic Radius
 Ionic Radius
• In general ,the cation is smaller than the parent atom, while the anion
is bigger . The valence shell of a metal becomes empty when it loses an
electron , resulting in a smaller cationic size. When a nonmetal ,on the
other hand, accepts an electrons, a greater repulsion in its valence
shell occurs. This repulsion causes an increase in the anion radius
compared to the neutral atom.
The electron configuration of lithium is 1s²2s². When it loses its valence
electron and becomes a cation, the 2s orbital becomes empty, decreasing
the size of the atom. The cation has a configuration similar to helium, 1s².
The electron configuration of fluorine is 1s²2s²2p⁵. Fluorine is a nonmetal, which tends
to accept an electron and becomes an anion. When it does. It attains a configuration
similar to neon ,1s²2s²2p⁶. There are no additional shells, but the repulsion among the
2p electrons is enhanced because of the additional electron, causing an increase in
atomic size.
Difference between Atomic and Ionic
radius
Ionization Energy
 Ionization Energy
• Is an amount of energy required to remove an electron from the ground state of a
gaseous atom or ion.

✓The first ionization energy is the energy required to remove the first electron.
Mg(g)→Mg+(g)+e- I1=738kJ/mol(2)
✓The second ionization energy is that energy required to remove the second electron,
etc.
Mg+(g)→Mg2+(g)+e- I2=1451kJ/mol

It requires more energy to remove each successive electron

When all valence electrons have been removed, the ionization energy takes a quantum
leap.
Example:

1.

2.
 First Ionization Energy
•Larger the effective nuclear charge on the electron, the more energy it takes
to remove it.

•The farther the most probable distance the electron is from the nucleus, the
less energy it takes to remove it.

1st IE decrease down the group

Valence electron farther from nucleus

1st IE generally increase across the period

Effective nuclear charge increases.
First Ionization Energy
 FACTORS THAT AFFECTING THE
SIZE OF IONIZATION ENERGY 
•Ionization energy is a measure of the energy needed to pull a particular electron away from the
attraction of the nucleus. A high value of ionization energy shows a high attraction between the
electron and the nucleus. The size of that attraction will be governed by:

▪️The charge on the nucleus: The more protons there are in the nucleus, the more positively
charged the nucleus is, and the more strongly electrons are attracted to it.

▪️The distance of the electron from the nucleus: Attraction falls off very rapidly with distance. An
electron close to the nucleus will be much more strongly attracted than one further away.

▪️The number of electrons between the outer electrons and the nucleus: Consider a sodium
atom, with the electronic structure 2,8,1. (There’s no reason why you can’t use this notation if it’s
useful!)
 IRREGULARITIES IN THE TREND
•Ionization energy generally increase from left to right across a period
Except from 2A to 3A, 5A to 6A.

✓2A as the higher ionization energy than 3A

✓5A as the higher ionization energy than 6A
 Trend in Successive Ionization Energies
•Removal of each successive electron costs more
energy
-shrinkage in size due to having more protons
than electrons
-outer electrons closer to the nucleus, therefore
harder to remove

•Regular increase energy for each successive

valence electron
•Large increase in energy when start removing core
electrons
Electron Affinity
Electron Affinity
The amount of energy released while converting a neutral
gaseous atom into a negatively charged gaseous ion by the
addition of electron.
Electron affinity increases from left to right of a period.The increasing
nuclear charge means an increasing attraction for the electron;thus,more
energy is released when the atom accepts an electron.
Electron affinity decreases
down a group.As the size of
the atom,the attraction for
the electron become weaker
due to the greater distance of
the value shell from the
positively charge nucleus.
Electronegativity
Oxidation State
 Oxidation State
• The oxidation state of a pure element is always zero.
• The oxidation state for a pure ion is equivalent to its ionic
charge.
• In general, hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1, while
oxygen has an oxidation state of -2.
• The sum of the oxidation states for all atoms of a neutral
molecule must add up to zero.
 KEY TERM

• Reduction: the gain of electrons, which

causes a decrease in oxidation state

• Oxidation: the loss of electrons, which causes

an increase in oxidation state
 OXIDATION
• Oxidation number also called Oxidation state, the total number of electrons that an atom
either gain or loses in order form a chemical bond with another atom.
• The term oxidation was first used by Antoine Lavoiser.
• Oxidation states are typically represented by integers, which can be positive, negative, or
zero. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8/3 for
iron in magnetite (Fe3O4).
• The highest known oxidation state is +8 in the tetroxides of ruthenium, xenon, osmium,
iridium, hassium, and some complexes involving plutonium; the lowest known oxidation
state is −4 for some elements in the carbon group.
• An atom’s increase in oxidation state through a chemical reaction is called oxidation, and it
involves a loss of electrons; an decrease in an atom’s oxidation state is called reduction, and
it involves the gain of electrons.
 General Rules Regarding Oxidation States
• The oxidation state of a free element (uncombined element) is zero.
• For a simple (monoatomic) ion, the oxidation state is equal to the net charge
on the ion. For example, Cl– has an oxidation state of -1.
• When present in most compounds, hydrogen has an oxidation state of +1 and
oxygen an oxidation state of −2. The exceptions to this are that hydrogen has
an oxidation state of −1 in hydrides of active metals (such as LiH), and an
oxidation state of −1 in peroxides (such as H2O2) or -1/2 in superoxides (such
as KO).
• The algebraic sum of oxidation states for all atoms in a neutral molecule must
be zero. In ions, the algebraic sum of the oxidation states of the constituent
atoms must be equal to the charge on the ion.
How to calculate the Oxidation Numbers

● The oxidation number of each atom can be

calculated by subtracting the sum of lone pairs and
electrons it gains from bonds from the number of
valence electrons. Bonds between atoms of the
same element (homonuclear bonds) are always
divided equally.
 Predicting Oxidation States
Generally, the oxidation
state for most common
elements can be
determined from their
group number on the
periodic table. This is
summarized in the
following chart:
 Remember

Element by itself=0
Group 1A: Always +1
Group 2A: Always +2
Halogens: Usually -1 but postive with oxygen
Monatomic ion=ion charge
Hydrogen(H): +1 with nonmetals
-1 with metals
Oxygen: usually -2
-1 in peroxide(H202)
Flourine(F): Always -1
Sum of ON’s for a neutral compound =0
Sum of ON’s for a polyatomic= Ion charge
 END OF
PRESENTATION