Chemistry

The Periodic Table:

Periodic Trends
Periodic Trends
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Students should be able to:
- Describe the Periodic Table as a method of classifying elements
and its use to predict properties of elements.
- Describe change from metallic to non-metallic character across a
period.
- Describe the relationship between Group number, number of
valence electrons and metallic or non-metallic character.
- One last thing. Look at the previous slide and look at just hydrogen,
lithium, sodium and potassium.
- Notice their electron configurations. Do you see any similarities?
- Since H and Li and Na and K are all in Group 1A, they all have a similar
ending. (s1)
- This similar configuration causes them to behave the same chemically.
- It’s for that reason they are in the same family or group on the periodic
table.
- Each group will have the same ending configuration, in this case
something that ends in s1
 The Periodic Table
- The periodic table is a table of elements are arranged in order of
increasing proton number (atomic number).
- The periodic table is used to classify elements and to predict properties of
elements.
- Elements on the periodic table exhibit certain patterns known as periodic
trends.
- Periodic trends are specific patterns in the properties of chemical
elements that are revealed in the periodic table of elements.
- Major periodic trends include electronegativity, ionization energy,
electron affinity, atomic radii, ionic radius, and metallic character.
- Electronegativity: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract
electron pairs to itself in a shared chemical bond.

- Ionization energy: Ionization energy is the the amount of energy required

to remove an electron from an isolated atom or molecule.

- Metallic character: This is the tendency of atoms to lose electrons in

chemical reactions.

- Atomic radii: The distance from the center of the nucleus to the
boundary of the surrounding shells of electrons.
- Electron affinity: Electron affinity is as the amount of energy released
when an electron is attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the
gaseous state to form an anion.

- Ionic radius: Ionic radius is the radius of a monatomic ion.

- Metallic character: Metallic character is the tendency of an atom to lose

electrons.
 Atomic Radius
•Atomic radius is the distance from the center of the nucleus to the boundary
of the surrounding shells of electrons.
• There are three factors that affect atomic radii:
1. Nuclear charge (the pull from the positively charged nucleus).
2. The repulsion forces between the negatively charged electrons (the more
electrons an atoms has the more repulsion between the like-charged
electrons which contributes to the increase in atomic radii).
3. Electron shielding.
 Electron Shielding Effect
• Electron shielding occurs when the inner electrons surrounding the nucleus act as a shield
thereby preventing the outermost electrons from the full attraction of the nucleus.
•For this reason the valence electrons require less energy to remove than the inner
electrons.
•When we talk about the reactivity of elements, sometimes we use this idea.
•Reactivity changes as you move down the Groups due to shielding.
•This is because each new eshell is further out from the nucleus and the inner e- shells
shield the outer e-‘s from the positive nucleus.
•As METAL atoms get bigger, the outer eis more easily lost. This makes METALS MORE
REACTIVE as you go DOWN Groups I and II.
•As NON-METAL atoms get bigger, the extra eare harder to gain. This makes NON-METALS
LESS REACTIVE as you go DOWN Groups VI and VII.
 Atomic Radius Across a Period and Down a Group
★ The atomic radius decreases as one moves across a period

• As you move from left to right across a period, each atom has one more proton and one
more electron than the atom before it has.

• Electron shielding does not have an effect on elements in the same period, because
elements in the same period have the same number of energy levels (shells) and therefore
the effect of shielding across a period is almost constant.

★ The atomic radius increases as one moves down a group.

• As you proceed from one element down to the next in a group, another energy level is
added which increases the distance from the nucleus.

• The increased distance from the nucleus, the increased number of electrons, and the
increased shielding weakens the nuclear attraction and contributes to increased atomic
radii.
 Ionization Energy
• Ionization energy tends to increase as you move from left to right across a
period.
• From one element to the next in a period, the number of protons and the
number of electrons increase by one.
• The additional protons increase the nuclear charge.
Each element has more occupied energy levels than the one above it has.
• The outermost electrons are farthest from the nucleus in elements near the
bottom of a group.
• As you move down a group, each successive element contains more electrons in
the energy levels between the nucleus and the outermost electrons.
 Electronegativity
• Not all atoms in a compound share electrons equally.
• Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound
to attract electrons.
•Electronegativity usually increases as you move left to right across a period.
• The atom with the higher electronegativity will pull on the electrons more
strongly than the other atom will.
• Fluorine is the element whose atoms most strongly attract shared electrons in a
compound.
• Knowing how strongly each atom attracts bonding electrons can help explain the
physical and chemical properties of the compound.
 Electron Affinity
• Electron affinity is as the amount of energy released when an electron is
attached to a neutral atom or molecule in the gaseous state to form an
anion.
• This property of an atom is different from electronegativity.
• The electron affinity tends to decrease as you move down a group because of
the increasing effect of electron shielding.
• Electron affinity tends to increase as you move across a period because of the
increasing nuclear charge.
 Metallic and Non-Metallic Character
● Metallic character is the tendency of an atom to lose electrons.
● Metals tend to lose electrons in chemical reactions.
● While non-metals tend to gain electrons.
● The lower the ionization energy the more metallic character an
element would have, and the higher the ionization energy the
more non-metallic an atom is.