THE

PERIODIC
TABLE
CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS
 Definition
• It is a table or chart in which all the known
elements are arranged in such a way that
the elements with similar properties are
grouped together in the same vertical
column and the dissimilar elements are
separated from each other.
 REASON FOR CLASSIFICATION
• It helps to systematize the study of
elements.
• It makes the study of elements
simple and easy.
• It helps to correlate the properties
of elements with the fundamental
properties of elements.
• It reveals the relationship between
the different elements.
• To forecast existence of the other
elements.
 DOBEREINER’S
• TRIADS
BASIS – increasing order of
atomic weight
• Arranged in groups of 3
• Law of triads – Chemically
similar elements when arranged in
increasing order of their atomic
weights in groups of three
showed that the atomic weight of
the middle element was generally
the average of the atomic
weights of the remaining two
elements.
 Some examples 1
• Triad Lithium Sodium Potassiu
• A 7 23 m 39
• Atomic weight of sodium is 23, which is the
arithmetic mean of atomic weights of lithium
and potassium (7 + 39) / 2 = 23.

• These 3 elements show similar properties as

they are metals, monovalent and liberate
hydrogen from water.
 Example 2
• Triad Calcium Strontium Barium
• A 40 88.5 137
• Atomic weight of strontium is 88, which is
almost equal to the mean of atomic weights of
calcium and barium (40 + 137) / 2 = 88.5

• Therefore, these 3 elements show similar

properties.
 Reason for rejection
• This classification is applicable only to a
limited number of elements.
• Some elements can be grouped into triads but
their properties are dissimilar eg:
• Tria Carbon Nitrogen Oxyge
d 12 14 n
•• ZAtomic weight of nitrogen = (12 + 16) 16/ 2 = 14,
is the average of atomic weights of carbon and
oxygen. But these elements are chemically
dissimilar.
 NEWLAND’S OCTAVES
• BASIS – increasing order of atomic weights
• Law of octaves – Elements when arranged
in increasing order of their atomic weights
show resemblance in physical and chemical
properties between the first and eighth
elements.
 Reason for rejection
• This classification fails for the heavier
elements beyond calcium.
• After the discovery of noble gases, the idea of
octaves failed.
 MENDELEEF’S
PERIODIC
LAW
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
ARE PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF
THEIR ATOMIC WEIGHTS.
 MENDELEEF’S PERIODIC TABLE
CHARACTERISTICS
• The vertical columns are called GROUPS and there
are eight groups.
• The elements in the sub group or group VIII
have similar properties.
• The horizontal rows are called PERIODS. There are 7
periods in this periodic table.
• In a period, the properties of elements gradually
changes from metallic to non – metallic on moving
from left to right.
• There are some gaps in the periodic table because
these elements were not discovered at that time. He
even predicted properties of missing elements.
 MENDELEEF’S PERIODIC TABLE
ADVANTAGES

• Elements with similar properties appeared at regular

intervals and this phenomenon is called PERIODICITY
OF PROPERTIES.
• Properties which repeat at regular intervals are called
PERIODIC PROPERTIES.
• Based on periodicity a number of gaps were left for
undiscovered elements such as Sc, Ga, Ge, etc.
• Properties of undiscovered elements were predicted.
• Incorrect atomic weights of some arranged elements
were corrected using knowledge of atomic weights of
adjacent elements.
 MENDELEEF’S PERIODIC
TABLE
DEFECTS
• Anomalous pairs – elements having higher
atomic weights were placed before elements
having lower atomic weights to get similar
properties in same column. Co (58.94) was
placed before Ni (58.68).
• Position of hydrogen – hydrogen was not
given a definite position because it resembles
group 1A and group VII A
• Position of isotopes – on the basis of
atomic weights, different isotopes of an
element should be given different position
but there is not a separate place for
isotopes of an element in this table.
• Separation of chemically similar elements
– some chemically similar elements such
as gold and platinum have been
separated.
• Grouping of chemically dissimilar
elements – for example Cu, Ag and Au
have been grouped with Li, Na etc from
which they are quite different.
• No relationship with electronic arrangement
– this table does not explain the electronic
arrangement of elements.
• Position of group VIII – it cannot be
justified on the basis of their
properties.
• It cannot explain the cause of periodicity
of the elements.
 MODERN PERIODIC
LAW

THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS ARE THE
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS OF THEIR
ATOMIC NUMBERS.
 PERIODICITY IN
PROPERTIES
Elements when arranged in increasing order of
atomic numbers showed similarity in properties
after regular intervals. This is termed as
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES.

THE REASONS FOR PERIODICITY IN

PROPERTIES ARE
• Recurrence of similar electronic
configuration.
• Elements with similar electronic
configuration have similar properties.
 SALIENT
• FEATURES
Periodic table based on atomic number.
• Correlates position of element with electronic
configuration.
• 7 horizontal rows – PERIODS
• 18 vertical columns – GROUPS
• Transition across a period is from metallic to
non-metallic character.
• Groups 1 &2 – Reactive metals
• Groups 3 to 12 – Transition elements
• Groups 13 to 17 – Non-metals
• Group 18 – Inert or noble gases
 PERIO
•
D
Period no. – the no. of electron shells
• First period shortest with only 2
elements.
• Periods 2 & 3 are short with 8 elements
each.
• Periods 4 & 5 are long with 18 elements
each.
• Period 6 is longest with 32 elements
followed by period 7 with 26 elements.
PERIOD – NO. OF
SHELLS
PERIOD – VALENCE
ELECTRONS
PERIOD -
VALENCY
PERIOD – ATOMIC
SIZE
PERIOD – PROPERTIES
OF ELEMENTS
 PERIO
o Dof ‘Bridge elements’ –
Period 2 consists
elements which show similarity in
properties to elements of period 3
diagonally placed in next group.
 GROU
•
P
Group no. – no. of valence
element
elec trons of an

• Alkali metals – valency 1

• Alkaline earth metals – valency 2
• Transition elements – variable valency
• Inner transition elements – variable
valency(lanthanides/ rare earth metals) or
radioactive(actinides)
• Post transition elements
• Halogens
• Noble gases
 PROPERTIES IN A SUB-
GROUP
• Valence electrons of elements in a sub-
group remain same
• Chemical props. remain similar since they
are determined by the outer electronic
configuration
• Metallic character increases down a group
• The no. of electron shells increases by one
down a group
GROUP – NO. OF
SHELLS
 GROUP-
valence
electrons
GROUP- VALENCY
GROUP – ATOMIC SIZE
GROUP – metallic
character
ALKALINE EARTH METALS