Republic of the Philippines

PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY

BINMALEY CAMPUS

College of Criminal Justice Education

Forensic 1 – FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
Learning Outcomes

ACTTIVITY NO. 1
Segment 1. Sensitized Materials
1. Identify and explain the different parts of a film (black and white and color film).
Answer.
Three distinct layer of black and white
1. Emulsion- the part where image of the subject is formed. It contains minute grains
of silver halide, mixed in a gelatine which then become a light sensitive material. It can
be hardened when cool and melted with hot water.
2. Gray or Anti-halation Backing- a coating on the back of the film to minimize
reflection of light from the base into the emulsion.
3. Base- the part that support or hold the emulsion and the most practical from all stand
points are glass and cellulose sheet.
COLOR FILM
1. Emulsion Blue- Dilute emulsions may appear slightly blue because low
wavelength light is scattered more. This is called the Tyndall effect. It's commonly seen
in skim milk. If the particle size of the droplets is less than 100 nm (a microemulsion or
nanoemulsion), it's possible for the mixture to be translucent.
2. Yellow filter- A Yellow filter absorbs all coloured light except yellow. It is the most-
popular colored filter used with black and white film. Because a yellow filter absorbs
blue, it provides significantly greater contrast between blue and yellow or white
subjects.
3. Emulsion red- If the continuous phase appears red, it means that the emulsion
is o/w type as water is in the external phase and the dye will dissolve in it to give colour.
If the scattered globules appear red and continuous phase colourless, then it is w/o
type
4. Gray Backing- A coating on the back of film to minimize reflection of light from the
base into the emulsion.
5. Base- A film base is a transparent substrate which acts as a support medium for the
photosensitive emulsion that lies atop it. Despite the numerous layers and coatings
associated with the emulsion layer, the base generally accounts for the vast majority of
the thickness of any given film stock
2. Enumerate and distinguish the different emulsion speed.
Answer.
a. ASA rating- American Standard Association (arithmetical value of the film)
b. DIN rating- Deutsche Industrie Normen ( logarithmic value of the film)
c. ISO rating- International Standard Association ( combination of two rating)
d. JSI- Japanese Institute of Standards
e. BSI- British Standard International

3. Identify major classifications of film speed by ASA and DIN ratings and their
specific use.
Answer.
a. Slow films- about 25 ASA (15/10 DIN), which require a high light level;
b. Medium films- about 100 ASA (21/10 DIN), which are used in average or normal
light situations, such as outdoors on a sunny day. (The most common).
c. Fast film- about 400 ASA (27/10 DIN), which are needed when the light level is low -
very cloudy, rainy day, or indoors under available light or when fast shutter speed is
required to stop action.
d. Extra-fast film- about 800 ASA (30/10 DIN), which ate used only when the other
types of film are too slow-- under the dimmest light conditions or when the fastest
possible shutter speeds are necessary.
4. Differentiate orthochromatic film and panchromatic film with their specific
types and use.
Answer.
1. Orthochromatic film- is a negative material which is sensitive to green, blue and
ultra violet light.
2. Panchromatic film- is sensitive to all kinds of colors. Orthochomatic film can be
developed in the light of red safe light while panchromatic film is handled in dim green
light or in total darkness.
 Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
BINMALEY CAMPUS

College of Criminal Justice Education

Forensic 1 – FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
Learning Outcomes

ACTTIVITY NO. 2
Segment 2: Photographic Paper

1. Identify the parts of photographic paper, their types and specific use.
Answer.
Parts of photograpic paper:
1. Emulsion- where the image coming from the negative is formed. (shiny side)
2. Base- part that holds or support the emulsion. Not sensitive to light. (dull side)
Types of photograpic paper:
1. Enlarging or Projection paper- these are the papers used in making big pictures
from little negatives. Special instrument known as enlarger is used to project the image
from the negative into the paper in enlarger form so that the image produced on the
negative. 2. - these are the papers used in the production of prints by contact printing
method. The exposure is made by placing he negative in direct contact with the paper
before allowing light to pass through it. The positive produced is the same as the image
on the negative.

2. Enumerate the different characteristic of photographic paper and their specific

use.
Answer.
• EMULSION SPEED
1. Chloride paper- has a slow speed and is suited for contact printing.
2. Bromide paper- has a fast speed and is recommended for projection printing or
enlarging.
3. Chloro-bromide paper- is a multi-speed and could be used in both contact printing
and enlarging.
•EXPOSURE AND DEVEPOLMENT LATITUDE
1. Exposure latitude- generally photographic papers do not have a wide exposure
latitude so exposure must be critical at all times.
2. Development latitude- papers that do not change appreciable in contrast and
image tone with reasonable variations in development has a food latitude. However, for
best quality the developing time should be as near as those prescribed by the
manufacturer.
CONTRAST RANGE OR GRADE
1. In most photographic papers, the contrast range or grade are indicated by numbers
from 0 to 5.
2. Numbers 0 and 1 are used on over-exposed or low contrast negative.
3. Numbers 3 to 5 are used in under-exposed or high contrast negatives.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Surfaces of photographic papers vary in surface texture or degrees gloss or sheen.
They are glossy and smoth, semi-matte or silk, and the matte or rough surface.
2. Base weight or thickness. Under this category, we have the light weight, medium
weight, and the double weight.
3. Color (tint) maybe "cold" or white with a very slight blue cast, and the " warm" or
"cream" where the white has a slight yellow-brown line.

3. Determine what exposure setting is needed to specific subject.

Answer.
SUBJECT - SHUTTER Speed:
Stationary subjects in subdued light - 1 to 1/15
Indoors in normal conditions - 1/13 to 1/60
Outdoors on a fine day - 1/125 to 1/250
In mid-summer - 1/500 to 1/2000
Mountain areas with snow - 1/500 to 1/2000 SUBJECT F/value
In subdued light - F1.4 to f/2 To narrow depth of field F/1.4 to f/2
Indoors in normal day - F/2 to f/4
Outdoors on a cloudy day - F/4 to f/8
Outdoors on a fine day - F/8 to f/11
On a mid-summer - F/11 to f/16
Mountain areas with snow - F/11 to F/16
 Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
BINMALEY CAMPUS

College of Criminal Justice Education

Forensic 1 – FORENSIC
PHOTOGRAPHY
Learning Outcomes

ACTTIVITY NO. 3
Segment 3: Photographic Printing and Chemical Processing

1. Explain developing and distinguish its two kinds.

Answer.
Developing- is the process or making or changing the latent image to visual one and
fixing the negative and the picture so that light wont affect it futher.
TWO KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC DEVELOPING:
•Negative developing- is the process of changing the latent image on the film to visual
one and fixing the negative so that light wont affect it further. Film developer is
sometimes called D-76.
•Positive developing- is the process of changing the latent image in the photo paper
exposed from the negative into visual one and fixing the picture or photograph so that
light wont affect it further. It is only done inside the darkhome in a low intensity of light,
like the red bulbs. Paper developer is also called C-72.

2. Enumerate and explain the steps of chemical processing.

Answer.
1. Development - is the process of reduction. Exposed silver halides are reduced into
metallic silver.
2. Stop bath - an intermediate bath between the developer and the fixer. It is usually a
combination of water plus acetic acid or just plain water. Primarily its function is to
prevent the contamination of the two solution. And it is the solution that stops the
developing action of the picture or photograph.
 3. Fixing - is the process of dissolving out excess silver salt which has been reduced to
silver by developer. A fixer makes the developed image permanent when it as folowed
by thorough washing.
2.1. Determine the chemical composition of a developer and fixer.
Answer.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A DEVELOPER:
1. Reducers or developing agents - elon, hydroquinone
2. Preservative - soduim sulfite
3. Accelerator - sodium carbonate
4. Restrainer or fog preventer - photassium bromide
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF A FIXER:
1. Dissolving agent - hypo or sodium thiosulphate
2. Preservative - soduim sulfate
3. Neutralizer - boric acid, acetic acid 4. Hardener - photassium alum

3. Explain the two film processing procedure.

Answer.
1. Tank method of film development
The most common method for hand processing film is undertakenby using a daylight
Processing Tank. This piece of kit needs the film to be loaded on to a 'spiral' or 'reel', in
the dark, and then enclosed in a light tight container or 'tank', ready for the addition of
the processing chemicals.
2. Tray method of film development
Used primarily for processing only a few sheets of film. It should use this method as
described and developed the necessary skill using this procedure before you attempt to
use variation.

4. Explain the two methods of photographic printing.

Answer.
1. Contact printing (contact printer) Is a photographic image produced from film
2. Projection printing or enlarging (enlarger)
5. Illustrate and label correctly an enlarger and explain the enlarging procedure.

ENLARGING PROCEDURE
After processing an exposed film into a negative, the next step would be turn the
negative into a positive print or copy. This could be done by either contact printing or
projection printing.
1. Preparation of the darkroom, chemicals and the enlarger.
2. Put off white, switch on red light.
3. Place the negative in the negative holder with the dull side of the negative facing
down.
4. Insert the negative holder into the enlarger.
5. Switch on the enlarger's light.
6. Adjust the easel to the desired size of the photograph.
7. Focus the lens of the enlarger. Focusing is done by first opening the lens diaphragm
fully. If after the image has been focused, and the density of the negatives permits, the
lens of the enlarger must be stopped down a little bit.
8. Switch off the light of the enlarger.
9. Insert the photographic paper in the easel with the shinny side facing up.
10. Make yhe exposure.
11. Immersed the exposed photographic paper in the developer. The usula developing
time for a normally exposed paper is about 1 to 1 1/2.
12. Transfer the developer print in the stop bath for about 30 seconds.
13. Place the prints in the acid fixer. The fixing time is about 20 to 30 seconds.
14. Wash the print in running water for about 20 to 30 minutes.
15. Drying.