3.

Light Source
A. Natural Light= are those light which come to existence without the intervention of man e.i.
Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
1. Bright Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a deep and uniform shadow and the object appears
glossy.
2. Hazy Sunlight
= object in an open space casts a transparent or bluish shadow. This is due to thin
clouds that cover the sun.
3. Dull Sunlight
= object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun.

Daylight may still be classified as: open space bright sunlight, under shade bright
sunlight, hazy sunlight, cloudy sunlight and cloudy dull sunlight.
These conditions and their colors affect the appearance of the object being photograph.
Factors such as atmospheric vapor, atmospheric dust and quality of the reflected light coming
and not coming from the source should likewise be considered.

B. Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent
bulb and photoflood lamp.

1. Continuous radiation
Photoflood lamp= is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a light with
a reflector at the back which focus the light to the object the common wattages of this lamp
is 500 watts.

Flourescent Lamp = are tube lamps in which the walls are coated with fluorescent
powders with both ends is mounted with a holder that serves as the reflector. This is
commonly used by everybody more than it is used in photographing.

Incandescent bulb = are bulb with a wire filament connecting two wires which sustain
the electrical charge that produces the light. Everybody likewise commonly uses this
although it is more expensive in terms of electrical consumptions.

Infra-red Lamp
Ultra-violet Lamp

2. Short Duration type

Flash bulb = are chemical lamps, as it generate lights by the rapid combination of metal
in oxygen. The bulb can be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired electrically.
There are thin filaments inside the bulb with two electrical contacts. When the current
flows through the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites the explosive primer
that ignites the aluminum foil that burns, giving flash of tense light.

Electronic Flash = produces light by an instantaneous electrical in charges between

two electrodes in a gas filled glass bulbs. The electrical energy for the discharge is kept
in capacitor or condenser. It usually ranges from 1/300 second and 1/5000 second, and
because of this, subject in fast motion can be arrested or stopped in the photographs.

Other Classification of Light

Concurrent light – light that is scattered

 Coherent light - light that is aligned such as laser light

4. SENSITIZED MATERIAL
= It refers to the film and photographic paper that basically composed of emulsion containing
Silver Halides suspended in gelatin and coated on a transparent or reflective support.
Parts of the Sensitized Material
1. Emulsion = is that part of the film or photographic paper which contains the silver grains
which is the one sensitive to light. In a colored film this emulsion surface can be composed
of three layers (Blue, Green and Red) with filters intervening.
2. Anti Halation Backing = is the one designed to hold back the light and prevents halation.
3. Base = Support the emulsion

I. Types of Film
A. According to Use
1. Black and White Film = usually represented by a prefix or a suffix “Pan” or
“Ortho” and generally used in black and white photography. Examples are
Ortholith film, Tri X-Pan and Pan X-plus.
2. Colored Film = can be divided into two: the Negative type and the
reversal type of colored film. The former is usually having names ending in
color while the word chrome represents the latter.
e.g. Blue sensitive film, Ultra-violet film, Infra-red film,
Orthochromatic film and Panchromatic film.
B. According to Spectral Sensitivity
Spectral sensitivity = is the responsiveness of the film emulsion to the different
wavelength of the light course.
1. Blue – Sensitive film = sensitive to U.V. light and Blue Color.
2. Orthochromatic Film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to the green. ( popular in
the marker as KODALITH FILM)
3. Panchromatic film = Sensitive to U.V. Light up to red (sensitive to all colors
of the visible light)
1.1. Process Panchromatic film = permit short exposures under average
lighting condition and has the advantage of the grain structure.
1.2. Grain Panchromatic film
1.3. High Speed Panchromatic film designed originally for
photographing object under adverse lighting condition.
4. Infra-red Film = Sensitive to all colors and to infra-red light.

FILM SPEED (Emulsion Speed)

This refers to the degree of sensitivity of the film to light.
1. ASA (American Standards Association) = this is expressed in arithmetic value system.
The bigger the number the more sensitive the film is.
ASA 10, 20 , 30 , 40,50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000
2. DIN ( Deutche Industre Normen) = expressed in Logarithmic value system. Used in the
same principle as the ASA.

Din 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33 etc.

3. ISO (International Standard Organization) expressed as combination of ASA and DIN

rating.

II. Photographic Paper

 It is that sensitized material that will record the visible image in the final development
and become the photograph.

Types of Photographic Papers

A. According to Emulsion Used (Silver halides content)
1. Silver Chloride paper = used for contact printing, the size of the positive print is the
same as the size of the negative used. Sensitivity to light is low and give blue-black
tones when properly developed.
2. Silver Bromide paper = used projection, printing and enlarging process. This is one
of the most ideal photo paper used for police photography. Will give a black tone
when properly developed.
3. Silver Chlorobromide paper = used both for projection and contact printing. Slow
emulsion.
4. Variable contract paper = combines the contrast range in one paper it uses a special
chlorobromide emulsion that produces varying contrast responses upon exposure to
different colors of light.
B. According to Physical Characteristics
b.1. Weight
1. Light weight = designed for high flexibility and when paper thickness is not of
consideration. Intended for purposes, which involves folding.
2. Single Weight = papers used for small prints or which are need to be mounted on
solid and fine details necessary in the production. Used in ordinary photographic
purposes.
3. Double weight = generally used for large prints because they stand up under rough
treatment.
b.2. Surface Texture
a. Glossy paper =designed for fine details and brillant image formation.
b. Semi-mate paper = obscure the fine details
c. Rough papers = used for large prints or where breath rather than detail is
necessary.
b.3. Color
a. White = better used in police photography.
b. Cream = preferred for pictorial effect, portraits, landscape or when warmth
effect is desired.
c. Buff papers = prepare for tone prints
C. According to Contrast (grade)
1. Velox No. 0 = used for printing extremely contrast negative or extremely exposed
film.
2. Velox No. 1 = used for high contrast negative (over exposed film)
3. Velox No. 2 = used for normal exposed film
4. Velox No. 3 = used for negative with weak contrast (under exposed)
5. Velox No. 4 = used to provide sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak
negatives. It is useful imprinting which high contrast is desired.
6. Velox No. 5 = for flat negative that are unprintable.

5. CAMERA Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or
unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material.

Basically, camera can produce image with its four-(4) basic parts such as light tight box, lens,
and shutter, Holder of sensitized material.
Essential Parts of a Camera
1. Light Tight Box – a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts.
2. Lens – designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image on the
film.
3. Shutter – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film
4. Holder of the sensitized material – located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold
firmly the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image
5. View finder – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the extent of the
coverage of the given lens
OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA
Viewing System
Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the photographer the
entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material.
A. Film Advancer (film advance lever or knob) =designed to transfer the exposed film to
the other side or to the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the opposite side of
the lens for another exposure.
B. Shutter speed = is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the film
thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually
expressed in a fraction of a second.

1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc.

The speed number in the left is always two times powerful in terms of light gathering than that
of the right number
Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or “freeze” the action of a person
provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening be made in order to maintain normal
exposure.
C. Lens Aperture = the ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the focal
length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens
opening or relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number.

f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16

The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens opening the
greater the volume of air that will passed through the lends and reach the sensitized material.

If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in which
objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.
D. Focusing = is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of
sharpness of the object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating the
distance from the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear image.
Types of focusing device:
1. Range finder (Either coincidence or split image type)
Coincidence otherwise known as superimposed image focusing. In this type of focusing a single
object will appeared double once the object is not in focus, but moving the focusing
adjustment this double image will coincide or superimposed to form a single object.
Split Image focusing on the other hand will show an image in split or two parts once the object in
not in focus once the two parts of the image has been united then the object is already
focused

2. Ground Glass
This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in focused the
object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted.

3. Scale Bed
Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his estimation
do this.

TYPES OF THE CAMERA

1. View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and the simplest type of camera
2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – it is a type of camera best suited for police work due to its
interchangeability of the lens
3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the other
for forming the image.
4. View or Press type – is considered the biggest and expensive type of camera, used for
movie making
5. LENS
= It is the image-forming device of the lens that actually has a greater effect on the quality of
the image to be formed.
= a medium or system which converge or diverge light rays passing through it to form an
image.
= Can be a glass or transparent material, which permit light to pass through and change the
direction of light.

Daniel Barbaro = first to introduce the use of lens in the camera.

CLASSIFICATION OF LENSES
1. According to the type of image to be produced
a. Positive or Convex Lens (Converging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thicker
at the center and thinner at the side which is capable of bending the light together and
forms the image inversely.
b. Negative or Concave Lens (diverging Lens) Characterized by the fact that it is thinner
at the center and thicker at the side and forms the virtual image on the same side of the
lens.
2. According to Degree of Corrections
a. Meniscus Lens = lens that has no correction.
b. Rapid Rectilinear Lens – lens corrected of distortion
c. Anastigmat Lens – correcting astigmatism
d. Achromatic Lens – correcting chromatic aberration
e. Apochromatic Lens – correcting both astigmatism and chromatic aberration
INHERRRENT LENS DEFECTS
1. Spherical Aberration= Inability of the lens to focus light passing the side of the lens producing
an image that is sharp in the center and blurred at the side.
2. Coma = (Also known as lateral aberration) = Inability of the lens to focus light that travels
straight or lateral, thus making it blurred while the light reaching the lens oblique is the one the
is transmitted sharp.
3. Curvature of Field = the relation of the images of the different point are incorrect with respect
to one another.
4. Distortion = Is a defect in shape not in sharpness. It can either be Pincushion distortion
(curving inward) or Barrel (curving outward).
5. Chromatic Aberration = Inability of the lens to focus light of varying wavelength. The lens
refracts rays of short wavelength more strongly than those of longer wavelength and therefore
bringing blue rays to a shorter focus than the red.
6. Astigmatism= is a form of lens defects in which the horizontal and vertical axis are not equally
magnified. Inability of the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines.
7. Chromatic Difference of Magnification
8. Flares = condition of the lens producing multiple images.

LENS CHARACTERISTICS
1. Focal Length – is the distance measured from the optical center of the lens is set to focus at
infinite position. As according to focal lenses may be classified as:

a. Wide Angle or Short Focus = with focal length not longer than the diagonal half of the
negative. Useful in taking photograph at short distance with wider area coverage.
b. Normal or Medium Focus = with focal length approximately equal but not longer than
twice the diagonal half of the negative.
c. Long or Telephoto Lens = with focal length longer than twice the diagonal half of the
negative. Best used in long distance photographing but with narrow area coverage.
d. ZOOM lens = lens with variable focal length or that which can be adjusted continuously
by the movement of one or more elements in the lens system.

2. Relative Aperture – the light gathering power of the lens expressed in F-number
a. Depth of Field – is the distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object in
apparent sharp focus when the lens
b. Hyperfocal distance = Is the nearest distance at which when a lens is focused with a
given particular diaphragm opening will gives the maximum depth of field.

3. Focusing = is the setting of the proper distance in order to form a sharp image. The one that
controls the degree of sharpness of the object.

6. CHEMICAL PROCESS

The process of making the latent image visible and permanent.

a. Development (Use of either D-76, Dektol or Universal Solution)

= Is the process necessary for reducing the silver halides to form the image.
Elon, Hydroquenone = used as main developing agents

b. Stop bath = normally composed of water with little amount of dilute acetic acid that
serves as a means to prevent contamination between the developer and the acid fixer.
 c. Fixation = Is the process by which all unexposed silver halides are dissolved or
removed from the emulsion surface and making the image more permanent.
Sodium Thiosulfate (hypo) is the main fixing agent that dissolves unexposed
silver halides.

Other chemicals used:

Acetic Acid and Boric acid = serves as neutralizer
Sodium Sulfate = serves as the preservative
Potassium Bromide = restrainer or hardener
Sodium bicarbonate and borax powder = serves as accelerator

Other Techniques capturing images

Cropping = is the process of omitting an object during the process of enlarging and printing.
-  means to remove unwanted areas from an image. This process is one of the
most basic photo manipulation processes. This process is performed in order to
remove an unwanted subject or irrelevant detail from a photo, change its
aspect ratio, or to improve the overall composition.

Vignetting = is the gradual fading of the image towards the side through skillful adjustment on the
dodging board.
- In photography and optics, vignetting is a reduction of an image's brightness or
saturation toward the periphery compared to the image center. The word
vignette, from the same root as vine, originally referred to a decorative border in
a book.

Dye toning = is the process designed in changing the color tone of the photograph.
-  the overall lightness or darkness of an area of an image, similar in meaning to
"luminosity"; or. the colour of all or part of the image, usually in relation to its
warmth (bias towards red, orange and yellow) or coolness (bias towards blue
and green).

Burning-In = refers to additional exposure on a desired portion of the negative used for purposes of
making a balance exposure.
- burning increases the exposure to areas of the print that should be darker.

Dodging = is the process of eliminating unwanted portion of the negative during enlarging.

- In a darkroom print from a film negative, dodging decreases the exposure for
areas of the print that the photographer wishes to be lighter.