CHAPTER 2 LIGHT

LIGHT- ONE OF A NUMBER OF KNOWN FORM OF RADIANT ELECTROMAGNETIC

ENERGY
- (WEBSTERS) A RADIANT ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY THAT CAN BE SEEN BY
THE NAKED EYE
- an electromagnetic energy with the speed of 186,00 miles per second
SPEED OF LIGHT VS SPEED OF SOUND
Light wavelength is the distance measured between two (2)successive crest or through
of wave and it is expressed in either Millimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom
TYPE OF LIGHTS
Visible Light = Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the
human eye. It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human
eye.
Invisible Light= lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to
excite the retina of the human eye i.e. X-ray, Ultraviolet and Infra-red lights
PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS
a. X-ray =Light with the wavelength between .01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by
passing an electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally
discovered by Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of
shadow photography.
b. Ultra-violet ray (Before the violet)= Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400
nanometers designed to photograph fingerprints in multi colored background,
documents that are altered, decipherment of erase writing and developing invisible
writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.
c. Visible Light= It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700
millimicrons designed for ordinary photographing purposes.
d. Infra-red (Beyond the Red)= Considered as the photographic rays with the longest
wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000 millimicrons. It is designed to take photograph of
over-written documents, obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out
photography. It is sometimes referred to as heat rays)
LUMENISCENCE
FLOURESCENCE-the ability of an object to convert one wavelength to another as
long as the active energy source is irradiating the object
PHOSPHORESCENCE- objects not only converts the wavelengths while being
irradiated but continuous to reflect the new wavelength for a period of time after energy
source is removed
WHITE LIGHT
Combination of all colors
Red Green Blue
ADDITIVE AND SUBTRACTIVE COLOR MIXTURE
RED + GREEN = YELLOW
GREEN + BLUE = CYAN
RED + BLUE = MAGENTA
PRODUCTION OF COLOR
ABSORPTION- ordinary objects are due to the fact that they do not absorb the same
amount of light at each wavelength
SCATTERING- scattering of light by the atmosphere
INTERFERENCE – color can be produced b interference of light waves in thin film
like in soap bubbles.
FLOURECENCE – molecules of the fluorescent material absorbs energy and radiate
it at another wavelength
DISPERSION- color may arise from differences in the refractive or bending power of
a transparent medium of light of different wavelength
HUE, SATURATION, and BRIGHTNESS
HUE- a color or shade
SATURATION- vividness of a color's hue. Saturation measures the degree to which a
color differs from a gray of the same brightness or lightness
BRIGHTNESS- the quality or state of giving out or reflecting light
BENDING OF COLOR
REFLECTION- deflection or bouncing back of light
REGULAR REFLECTION-light hits flat, smooth and shiny surface
IRREGULAR REFLECTION- light hits rough and uneven but glossy surface
REFRACTION- bending of light when passing from one medium to another
DIFRACTION- bending of light when it hits a sharp edge of an opaque object
KIND OF OBJECT AND HOW LIGHT BEHAVE
TRANSPARENT OBJECTS- allow sufficient visible lights to pass through
TRANSLUCENT- allow light to pass, however diffuse it sufficiently that other objects
on the other side may not be clearly distinguishable
OPAQUE OBJECTS- so greatly diffuse that recognizing the object on the other side
is very difficult
LIGHT SOURCE
A. Natural Light- are those light which come to existence without the intervention of
man e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight.
B. Daylight- may still be classified as: open space bright sunlight under shade bright
sunlight, hazy sunlight, cloudy sunlight and cloudy dull sunlight. These conditions and
their colors affect the appearance of the object being photograph. Factors such as
atmospheric vapor, atmospheric dust and quality of the reflected light coming and not
coming from the source should likewise be considered
 THREE TYPES OF NATURAL LIGHT:
A. SUNLIGHT as a chief source of natural light
Bright Sunlight, Hazy Sunlight, Dull Sunlight
B. Artificial Light = otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb
,incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp.
CONTINOUS RADIATION- give illumination continuously
SHORT DURATION- Flash Unit gives a brief flash of light produced by burning
metallic wire
FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCES
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHTS
LASER-light amplification through simulated emission of radiation
ALTERNATIVE LIGHT SOURCE
FORENSIC LIGHT SOURCES
CHAPTER 3
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILMS AND PAPERS
BLACK AND WHITE FILMS
EMULSION- consist of crystal of light sensitive compounds(silver nitrate) evenly
distributed throughout plastic base material
GELATIN- universally used as the medium that holds the crystal emulsion
GRAY/ANTIHILATION BACKING- placed between emulsion and the plastic base of
a film to prevent whatever light that passes through the emulsion and reflected by the
base back to the emulsion which forms “HALO”
BASE- Film base are made of plastic material, serve as a support to the emulsion
CHARACTERISTICS OF B&W FILM
1. EMULSION SPEED- different indicators of emulsion speed
ASA American Standards Association rating- expressed in arithmetical value
DIN Deutch Industri Normen rating- expressed in logarithmic value
ISO International Standards Organization rating- combined arithmetic and
logarithmic vales
2. SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY- used to describe the different characteristics of the
photopigments in the rod cells and cone cells in the retina of the eye
A. BLUE SENSITIVE FILM- sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue lights only
B. ORTHOCHROMATIC FILM- sensitive to ultraviolet rays and blue and green lights
only
C. PANCHROMATIC FILM- sensitive to ultraviolet radiation to blue, green and red
lights
D. INFRA-RED FILMS- sensitive to ultraviolet rays, to blue, green, red and infrared rays
3. Granularity-size of the metallic silver grains
‘’the lower the emulsion speed rating the finer the grain, the higher the emulsion speed
rating the bigger the grains
COLOR FILMS- A multi layer emulsion coated on the same support or base
TYPES OF COLOR FILMS
A. NEGATIVE/NON-REVERSAL FILM- suffix “color” is given to negative or non
reversal
film
-this yields either a negative or a positive image depending on how it is used
B. REVERSAL FILM- suffix “chrome” this film processed a positive image or
transparency projection viewing
PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPERS(B&W)- Modern photographic papers are basically
composed of a light sensitive coating(emulsion) on a paper base or support
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOGRAPHIC PAPER
EMULSION SPEED
CHLORIDE PAPER- slow speed and is suited for contact printing
BROMIDE PAPER- fast speed and is recommended for projection printing or
enlarging
CHLORO-BROMIDE PAPER- multi-speed and could be used in both
EXPOSURE AND DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE
1. EXPOSURE LATITUDE- the time given to be exposed
2. DEVELOPMENT LATITUDE- the best quality the developing time should be as near
as those prescribed by the manufacturer
CONTRAST OR GRADE-often necessary to adjust contrast the paper contrast so they
can yield a natural scene result
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS- photo papers comes in different surfaces base
CHAPTER 4 CAMERA
CAMERA- A light-tight box
- With lens to form an image with shutter and diaphragm to control the entry of the
image
CAMERA CLASSIFICATION
BY SIZE
> large format camera
>Medium format cameras
>Small format cameras
VIEWING/FOCUSING SYSTEM
>Focusing mechanism at the back of the camera
> With optical view finder
OVERALL DESIGN AND FUNCTIONS
> VIEW CAMERA
> SYSTEM CAMERAS
> DIGITAL CAMERAS
Fixed memory
Removable memory
OTHER FEATURE OF DIGITAL CAMERA
> VIEWED IN TV
> LCD
>FLASH UNIT
> ZOOMS LENS CAPABILITY
> SOUND RECORDING
>REMOVABLE LENS
METHODS OF IMAGE FORMATION
> PINHOLE- a small/tiny hole in which produces an image entire free from distortion but
its image is so dim that it is impractically long even if the fastest film is used
> SHADOW METHOD- simply the shadow of an object e.g. x ray
>LENS METHOD- capable of forming of sharp image even with large opening so it is
suited for a camera
LENS- A transparent medium which either converge or diverge light passing through to
it to form image
INHERENT LENS DEFECTS oe ABBERATIONS
SPHERICAL ABBERATIONS- when light passing through near the central part of
converging lens are bended more sharply than those rays falling on the edge
COMA- another form of spherical aberrations but is concerned with the light rays
entering the lens obliquely
CURVATIVE OF FIELD- defect where image formed by a lens comes to a sharper
focus in a curved surface