HE2OS4 NUCLEAR ENGINEERINGMeeeeeaest?ee899398F & 8 8 86 8 02.8 6 2 oO 0) The Evetihien ef nucleon’ energy D Th 1996 Henny Berquarel clistovereal, Radio activity FP the feist time which lead te imafel Prosearich in the once of fuclor? physi 2 The history Gg pucleay pewen UB an eyoton OF Adentific disccoverios directed tavands the a trakeup ef an ctom 1) The ley discovery prode by Englioh Phugsictste Tames Chadwitel, ihe deletumined that a highly penabraling fev gp Radiodion fourel by otter furerrchon ons ectualls ar Uncharyed erties Uhote trate 7 Pp hoxarustaly cayunk gett Bf & photon, hich W204 framed et rreudvon ‘iw the goat 1432 Patan Erato, ponent exbotimeited with paddien ‘ bermbantmant of hwany lifferent elements Dy Fertil hit mtat believed thet ast-ttng luntaitvon Re athe packers by eceoloredting ancl borntonabisg "te othe He rusteus sols fiesdle to a hander diborn { because a nahn i, astoleds te it 2D novo Femi \ bemberlesd desta bik wos unable te Bey ie fe oy rier SHhak | fiatulbeel | 2 “Tn 1939 physicist dise ns areal Geena cane Giler|phetias Fermi's findings “that teutbien berabarlmant Of the wrantirs pucteus her mode ib highly unstable ond the vwtanium Undenwent Nucleon firston With o helose * Sie BA® 2) pithin morths other fraseanchors Condinmaol ié > Ag the flasrearch Corbina oonoss the wortlal, The possibi Hits of ow chein feaclion: becarm apportent 1 D Neubtons -fhern the ftaeacding fusion PAorass fisctonss| Othe Uo hudel producing Atl another Prorat graben: and continuing -jhe fiation phos, Frelsosing endimus amounts B enongy. i The potential fon muncleay erongy te be useal, in wnesbing & Weebon ef brese aetiuiclion poo fowognied 7D AS Germany wos loading ta Herld th nucleo Peteorich ancl’ wens actuolly on ths verugo. Bt Cresking o succesful neleoy Weofen' 2 DO Tha Sdarkfic Comwnuusiiy including “He prose Hanownest Si Albert ' Finiliin Ciihe hes gent on ested, mat with the Head (DE phesiden’ FD Rectevelt ‘ans! phiatest him ebowk thet foo that Aclelp Hitler prigh ‘cients & pulser, Keabon and leploy Ub on the alice Perel Bin sthe Werle Neo ID to under progress D Fotlowirg -fe moating phusidant Rensevelt eaterblisheal sthe \ Hanholtan Enginssy distinct of the US Araoy Coys ays Enginaas on Argust Who. The prejeck w soni Welt known Unden -the Code nome Hanhatlan prgect - > The foe Choir hacen! jek elermontindias th Bee [aaa 2 et the Univent fy of Chicago , unclar-the Sparse of StoHgfiel Strcium — | : : > A team gy Fane a eh at the claection F Envico Feud designed ancl artembled oa pile consisting ofaol r @eeoeeeeeneeecex5 ee 0oe8eee#es2:e?%st8® o ley umber Bf gore bloeks 9 The graph asta’ nt 2 predenclol bo fredute tre erdron energy ancl Os & foftester to haclute racer jrettion leaxage The Neveda and Neagoteki berths We mole with BRL PRE iiehtn® bank wed 210. Thvheston Jo ofsting Hore ratedal aol owing bee Ceneaniiets e cfeee te askondle. Tt made atvast one fuccoreful Astondiion nen table. D Aten tre World pene, dusting ths Cole Wr hosearch further Cordirnasel fais veneaeysieeee tin eaber D Both the U-S:A ound DSR pant on Ouvdhing bigger porate? the Lest g which crested by vice R was lpeoo Himes Stranger tan the Hijeshima bomb.@® > By the ensl op cotl Woy) “the histetue: fructose) non - pratyoruction touchy Wes Aignod by many courbes ob the | Undal lotions Lshich includedl Uo & USER, 2 now a days, tha Heat at a puclorn Wou'ts olerost upp hastast clown te a. Very Low » phobablity by sbengthording up trade tianps DP Dadesct’ Hho) wert has Bihyfitmed “hom | huclean, On Caonoric One! DBeec&e2exeseeeee5neoeeeeeseee @ & @ Te tan Ariosles Avegacne, Uibredmend the molecular “thasty faaed .prcthe msteculey a powtecle. cy rattan composes! apo futile rrmber of clone Detomiats a an atere! Tera vely heavy positively changeel puclaus Sand & sumben ep reach Lighter ‘negetvely charges electron that e-cst in versus Sbits edveund the Oren conch of Subaters = pores LCalleA muclees They ore primarily tee “Iypes la prada = prstvels chergta a ey tlestnens Nee) ; agtdiede ef thee charge Kexoctly equal bak i ts ah i) Ass realeahe- ce: cine, p> cdeclealls poubio), because every ilo has the Barre ‘purnben af | pistes and elactrens \ Hi kee, : tov oh eea... ® Thee cv. futher Arable} substerie pardieles ») Positron D Posi Bien: | )Posibten koe positively chergasl aetna Te Puphascnted by the, Zymbel pled el op Nedrine :- DS Nelnine eof Uny electrically peritrel particle 2) Te & very diffiait, to be obserweal exportmartalls > At frst the exis tone! op nisithito woot © ells Auggetel by Wolfgang Poult in the Jel J93h. Piiaan cembecauce soll TRS eeeeteon froactions Cdthak wee cowed ouk in Pobaratciles ooygund the Ree caeh gtr ermine: aks fost voor het ertialy eccesurted fol when the energy ennillad wos moasuncel 2 As per Waltgans's Bveggeotion ue wes Loter proved “that These aries oe Zirnel-ancously ejectea from the pucleus Uy a puvelean Areaction ord DTheke pabiines Shieh were imp ossible & be Dbserwedl| tracked! tn Bidar clays ancl the enargys of tthe cay eure has been yrantified ax apphexi patel 57 ot the baal drays phoclusscl un the fission. r ; ,eeeeseee#s9#seege;eeeeneenreeeseeevrkeos? & DTW enorgy completely feat becoute, newlines do not faacb, and fave, te Cobabliy te pendbuale any Ind oy Lhiclding fight through “Wey ane fopheserted by tha! Aymbet >) Meson: 5 Traip oe unstablejend poy be, postive nagebove 3) natre) 1 e_phiten “> Td moss 1 Uberedicle betwen thak Af P i i is: fost name on the fae oF fubalornit é penkicles je they ore sheave d very Ascontly >, Acesing te The heble fraurdte Higgs Boson, pews yess a Leng nd the boson’) Areys within Ata ia cig, 0 rultleon Pencion, : roe < nee frase uy coveted vale enong4. 4 i ‘oy ‘Lolo a proper As the lem loser boson, They as Oa lag thal reas 24 enengs ' - ; +) Basens ore very \fumouly cellas) o% Gros pestle Tra extistene of Boson hot besn exxporimardlly Vesigiad ed the. Haden Calliden» for Sw Ss Piggs Boson Wes awarded pe eo pirage i phyia 9s bes D Elechons ploy Witle oh no fis tn pucker Aocckions. =a® +) Aterdé 'yaumber > The Number of phetons / electrons phesert tn con ettom known as ectonic purber. > Tt & Aenpteel by iz > Hess number - 2) The qote) pumber ef nuclesrs in, oun attem ie the Aum & number y philon ond noubions, % Collec 4 mass umber D Te ie clendted by the Lette ‘A’ +) Nucla Symbols » Newmally rudedy Ayr below lk Os woidtan, ox Shown oe A yon Pia oghs chamital fouule a eehenn’ Z-the alaniic numbey and A- Hast humber naling apt Ustich pans “thal | vomniun : } 5-42) te 143 fief en pe preamp Mo aed. CPE! 1) [rus wsith o Given Pucleay Ayerbol oll mofo? oe ee os Fe cis spd eget eon ate ty was pespie's Tdea about an abom . Vand, Lik ub lock back ed the 'histety abouk ushek @®eoeoeoeseee#eesceeeee8ete8ee2e8e 8 ee @@ © Atomic models : 5 Right J horn “the forse clernte. “Pres phopose! by Tohn “Dobin fh 1803, “He Conia pt “thet an dlem which fous the “Senollest indisibla. unt BRC emy quien realetial Wot estguirg the Adenbific prinds —troveughte “the Herlol. eiteo slectatayy, ctem, lock Lite, thot cum te propedies, pohet wit Bize eb were the apuastions fous ajeen by physicists spowught “the erla 7 erovihel proposing alormte >) Ase ose etst Si protests: When | ai in |, proven Wend experimental, the istates OF frveti fied! et) einige eee w phapeser\- Diets eel aoa FNS te diswus about Some of the piercing cherie rode. There predate wore preven “prong Leen beak jrowe farses o> boeken | tn Abienting fousenus better raede Bios A Gore piichend —covth Sieportaadal farples; Biel ee le ahaa t> be heomsed oe > TT Trorton's atomic mode! bb mh > Tdhon roe odberric roa! De Bebr'sclemte ro +) Sormanfer!'s elend anes 9) Geek rredel\ “hod prin do menits eral Wehe proven betty by tHe hf Fach will be obsessed in deroil os follows@® DTT. Trarnson's Atoras, medal S370 “Themser gacirsfilly pe inesl the very farms Covlidge ube © > prom the “Ately of discharge of clactriaty etrmgh eter became abbarnt teil sexes bod t beth positive end hagalive Cherge usahin i . Te Qt! TI Thersson phopesecl en cleric based Br Tis eed ctuatern| fiom the oxpoutrenk & cledn® aiochargetrowigh ge D Thernton's prodol of an alem % o Sphere of posite “cheige faving o Fuels Gf the Bien -10 (hes laa ‘ 2 The positive change ix unig tnaly distrib ited Sve he enti | Apher and electrers one emmbertled in that Sbhae Gf. festive change [hie plurns & pudding. Hence -the Model i [enewn af flum pudding medal D The total fesitive Change my the etlor ety wal to the Hotel negeilive chonge easied by ths elacuns So every alors Slachrically neilrel FI Therion’ aternis pode! > He hos alo fai -thak if thane & a ingle eloctn Gy ‘The atom, the electron must be Sittalid at the Gopbe Of th A phon e®eeesseeeoeee?nee#ees28se8eseee#e#e © @ 8 @inc ce ee eee ere ew eee eee ® + Atoms with dwo els chen Une. sthed He, The, eloetrens Should be Aitulod Symmalnicallis with Puspeck to the Conbe BY Sphere Dy cose! clams isth Hee edadiens, ty hold be ob the Corners gf a Fyrnmibrically float fringe » the fide tf Shieh “ eapuicl to Frockins ey Aphew k 4 2) Tphrouoboeks | Bf Truss! cedim /Hipdet!* Tk dled fot ecedaune> got tel» jdt pontions Aeoltinig Conducted) by Greiget & Horsden. > Acediding to elactro magnetic Shed , the vibfaling, electron Bho froaioda enangy and freayency of tHe. emite-l Apedtro) le shold bes the Forme ext the clecbion DWemsen's rode gives pny one Abe ctial line, buk~ experimental cbserwetlen froveals thet hydboxn hes gue oiffeant forws of spectral lines - > WTe evertama these dnabacts, Ruther Fed P ct Becend cherie rode! . Moda) G sPucleo atom: frofposesl fa Siete, F eas > Ruther Fett obsewod Geigy d Hersdenis ol- parbiele Peeling experiment ane phspesel eo rmuch better Cenvindng moda! of eters. > Tha postulates: gpl Prather Forde Shombe roped, vt re > An ettom roy be hagorded se sphere. of 1S Atami 10"%m j bak wher of the pesitive Charge end abrnost she. atin, Phase (Gp the allem & Concaribated ty a frnall eoritral C8 called pucleus having inmate OF ebouk 15'tm.cis) Dre elections tn the clem wer. cansidencd to be Aisbipitted cotound: the nucleus (in the emply spac BY the olan i 5 Tp the electrons were ab fart thes too end jpairalisecl by the nucleus. Te overcome Sua Ruther ford fugger'tel thot -the clettnens oot Sruroing onound the ucla in Hs led Orbits . So the Canbribetel ferars phovidesl by the electrestetic Joie of ctthrostion between “the elaitren ancl pute ee , So As Ha etter eloctrically reudel: the, titel * pesiti ~ehectge: Bf the nuclésns & Coywal f& Arete) iregetive, change af o}rs cloctrons. pee ee F a | Mane A be attracted jeri a crag rene gen Patter Fe forrndates bis “thang beret on bis fareus God F541 excpertionent: “in tha yorst Jan The exportmerte] Petup we “Zhewn ebeve > | . e e e 6 e e ° e e e e e e e e@ e e e e e e e ® et 1B) D ol particles tn all then dvjection ove obssibea| es by the lose! box ust they (carne ob tivteugh tthe apering os a fine beam : > Tras faayioonn footer, fabtina| rpeugh. bee ctebloegr ors beyond hich the fuays Get in6blenk on the BU rlnna > Sines. eS fesiticles one irvi 246% phevided. on ths. hack, of} the gre, fod eShich pall frewephesphswseante Shan any lx pestiale D Tha Buusn & obsowed “hwreugh A ahienosebe > The .cetiap pheved thet most Bf the. ol pools loent ght i hich rede “Han Boy thet ; iy ny [RON Ce Ree pe SE ea > A dew d-forticls were fecttanedd ‘nr beciwworel Swection , ushich’ leat fustther feral te conclude thot He ushale/ gp stthe » positive | chemge Lons stat Min eo bipy Spats, ef about 16 '8rm! He rammed 36 o* puclous - ak ; Dpharobach! Patines chow rosa Gible, O Seren Cotte) voith Dre elaetrgr fepcandl cuit eaperienter ae _Gtipiel oxslonstin. Acesylins % eleetie chery ete fete 2) rang in the fore a electeo magnstic\: | Waves. “Thanet. f ithe eceolanottol electron Loses by ediabin, 4 by eer SHoten a (electron in spine) Re pecor arias spetiiovate ruclons Bi aes | ¢ dannc he stable. But in hoality |toe | ftusmaney phopotional to “fhe angler velouty the electron. AS te cloctron Zpreds fora the peelous, the anguler velocity tends te in end Cine fiReqpaney oy Fhe eendteel: onangs ws Ea eee: a Presale th low conkaniows Bpeabuim with AU pessible Weuvelangths « Bat The exporinens haveal only 0 fined) “Wewelength Pg Th Une Spectre Of eters f Shee, «>. Te eventem2 eh an atari roedal WD Behr's | atom, model , TRIMS Niel Boh modified “Rather Fel ¢ ctor < hiodle) in Bide to explain tre Atebilily ah The Voter candice emission of Khor Spectral Ene +) His Pee One D An electron cannt froyolve- around the nacleus To all possible Gibib!- They Can Aevelve Freund the huclous only in these allowed | pouricsible Swi fa Bich “the arnguloy momentum | Of the electron ts an Tolegral Pulte Bh for, thane sh~> Planex’s Constant setae Ts > Hossi nt the clestron ‘ Se ome eene 8) 0 6 One 6 8 ee eee 8 leiB oe ee @® @ ST! x var “the mots ent velocity a the elsetren e fm a poumittesl obit oy Per daas rs the angio | Premeritum of the eloetron —Inv-¥ = nh 2m 4 hoe n> prindbel eywartum pubes end hos “the cnlesnel Values V2 Be : “eo FF Ue tallad Bohi's Gpuantisedion condition <2? An ctom fradielas enargy only ushen an electron ftom e Bug aamar ony Bahai eee dythtiAe on ae Bibit | ewer energy. Ty an electron dumps from s On Bit A enowy (G te an Ibe’ Bf enetgy E,, | e phaten ey energy hve ee bb erwted This e @ Consiiion is colle Bohnle cfPeqnensy Condition actus of the nih obit em) ah obs Radio Teler, 2, ) aec5sh > ree ree a. oxbie Humber rue +) The Hedy Could, net cceount fol te a feed eg leliarns ind Comme oe Than. “the Tryplnegen aterm + Tt dees pet Py et cule) ava egal edoctnon, in, an, AE: > The trosy Jeds rot Eiiplatn Steomcedtect PTae) 1d) Sommenfela elem rdal Tn cre te aie, stra. bsowead qfine Struc Shectral Uncs, Scrvmenfelt tilrocueact bee Phedn modificatiens —be (sehn's thes. * Acesuing, te eer ect, the peak ef an oledlion Wan ellipse with the puclus ot one of its fe *) The velodly Bf the eldstron movingatha elliptical Albi Varies \ ob Different pow ef the. ott bth: PTAs Caurer froabuis tic Neottalion in the ymeass y eakhiv they mreving | ele cbren. D> When eliibtical suite ore ported one, ee Blea usith ctw vertable oyuantiios tose. Bye ( Die varying divtane. Ge Seton frorrte recs =) Vverustng engulen fesition! ty the cloctron Loh es +to fhe puclert (2D Azimuthel angle CA) Pe gah IH. thse | Feyuantam numbers twee apres The pHAdipal oyunu: rauraber (no Beobor's “thes shih “cldtetriines’ the enorgss, aif the “elector > A new eywartun Humber collec orbits, \uantum numbey , hich “altleuriines the Opie angule “pretiantam'™ Bf elactron - Tes value moy vars from to te Gnd in Alets af urle E Deine Boucow By Apectral GLins »- @ | > Based on Seipumanfetel tegen poeta irphel rata on enorgys as below- ‘olaehen inv elliptical Stbit. canbe. hewn> Hodals mS Nucl) 2b G W) Liapaidl Dhop reodal Dna Meayiid nop rroded 4 rhe feues acting. Inthe nucleus eur qisumed te! be analogical Eis ey paciceon fous tn a Obweplet of Some Lignicl. Te wos pope by : eee e| Neil Bohr. Th Kimilanties ane Druclews ts fubpesed to be Apherteal in Shape Atabl ctatr, jut asa friywid Anop i Sphoviea! due te Ayramstnteal Argo ‘tention forces > The fore of Auris tension acts on the ferfoe 8} the Kaya cop, Atretlanly tho ts oO” pétantiol peshttiy “at the Aurore 8 the, nucleus 2° “The, density op the Koyuicl drop Us Unclependont i $l Yumbobraig (ad, Fe Brien 1289! ‘ > Tre nucted conleuning, 218, 20) So, 82 kia rncloers Hho is : eee Heer am Sere. Sort 9} closeat pnuchor)ae = d) Host Erargs eapuivelanas- | ) Fhem the hepring of man's efjst to Understand the Worl oorcund him, Scien hos bean gewing | 2 Ths list) grows ‘long With “The: memes ¢f Soma 4 the gwatst Sdenbists like Atehtmecles, Pegthayovas, SUH Tscad Newton Gallelio Gillet, prichates Copernteus, Hichel Fanacdey'y ete 2 But all these man handled . bhysis cepsicleriing © “Re whet Wortd: sin twa calagciian mass 2 Crergy D The fudles nf ore does nce apply. for eunrcthor D Nebeds even had the lighbst iolen Shot the punitest AGartisl| physic , Bf the pmrilonia Wat about te Suggest tHe, Si Albert .Fincbin cjectty Be | “press Bie knit aia with oe Gert forwed ip 3 pages othe special Thedty of , Raletivdy vas published Un “the yemy $05 2s Sols very foro. Unclans ood ie: ‘ Rec ary Bhai ofouggests shat! ; Fe rh Cohemtents Be venel deve) ea, af don, orien, metals sree eara ie the ese eres i Fee ge Dw Shae 4e CUD Warsi “re: boo. + ve Pe a “AE fiw nies eas Sef oi mass etn. cont lnk eS Soe became!) Gh swed af eet hota ie ae he: bs e)Shut Circtein woes bebl enough te Avggest -Hhert S Press pet cont lent -) He Zeid trots Gf & becly torentes USth im velocity D Hence the duivative G mass Wie REPS hegleted Ch cha tk © the Kimpu Fema becomes Fe yay rvs ja Be > iterate @apostiad » By cubjedting » body to a forte F arnt Praleteg te urdoge a displocement “fhieugh eo clstance als, “the invense iy Kine energy achieved Can as be Staled Ae = Fl Li rage oar x ee, RL eV Lala gf cere gt claplacmens? Aen > mvs tv Ary 2 hom the Rebelinty stay be erdewtnd “thet Cees tein epuarbficnd He \ x a7 Senet tha flithy pe Om yp = Mo ; | Berta: ‘ 3 Shad ae i ems ve ares 4 frat yea!@® estou ies frost ress 5 V9 Velocity af the object c—> veloeits 8 Light Mo Gwent pinks f the object rei Cra 2 Phem-this ean, SS ts * obvious , > Ty any Bijece famanee the Speod Bf lap ) Then she enn vbe domes m> moe le mo Jie a NS aoe ot ot ° D Buk egein considering ou ewvune as he chnolegy » the. fostort moving, rect velo peje fk a roctet (ftjed te excab velocity tehieh vs beowly 12 lern|s toheues Laphe theres (3¥i6% Eee toeeclonte have (te Worry ebouk -the above Prose 2 AS the RMS fp Ronee the” Sand ep Like, © re veotialion in mous betomes Vege aoe Pride Zignificant- rea clthg » Lt Hhs= clentiction Lo 5 a ; "Fe rel” > Expand tne above expstsion sing binendol cthesiem, egteting higher powers, oe cae “st (Now| bs o eeeereesew7eeeesee0e88 08 8&8 0 @ @e @ ors. e oper |) tai om e 2 me Reece ; mee ees « . Wie . met, Ex ie Ye mou = Kérahie (or Ses al 2 \ © Ex = m-me-dm cz e E, = bm. c® e S Pee mee = met pee” e Eee aXe Were © Buk “Total energy tnclrclad rest moss oneges e =) Pest mass energy 2 Mmo-c™, Se et Ey = ° o vod e m PPP ST Bde ty pata ia the fiedt ruelann phngich Vera) patrtr” exrmean ® Proties are hondital very wyten Ba se g patton. = 100e6bg arias Ne Vx? Ry oe Rewer Pertem Iccozater= 1-643 107? leg a Moss cf eloelren = 0: OOShEb ama =4-1e9MIS? 1G e > Sine ‘these Prumbors ere Very fornells ie a vers aioe 4 handle Caleulotions and hone thee bo genoral ° phectite of €xphsssing these Trastes tn tums OF enargs. a éC @eovoeveeeeeeevwvenee @ 5) @ Binding Grong @s piretons & never that cemprie the Drs Aur op reooscer & exchicl racks ef the ottemic puclou pucleus eocteeds the D The Aifjehene in reese i new ei mass defect? > Hoss cdeject found by adding Up tha mosses Bf alt the pucker and subtracting tre actual poass SF phe pucleus from pes Sum > Actual mast af an ohom it rreaswad by poass Spectrosepy. Atoy= hee, + Where ni no.ef pariticles, moo mess of the povticles > TH Prats difect A converted tite energy easulvalont in pelea freacton on given by Finstein's ean fez rne™ > THis energy outceioled with mast defoet ib Hinown Or pinding \ enengy of! the nucleus. D Te ack: ot gle, | utbich binds prster: end nebiers th the nucleus 7 > The binding emengs fen nucleen detomines ie Atability ar otern Higher binding energy meant higher Aabsdiss, eeceae He nucleus 2 to ee auane ‘ _ Dexpentmeitally clebeunined Pocdgiel He elemnlaybans 2h 4 O088F amu ‘ D7 matt ef the He hackles = (ip 00387) - Coxmase of election) = he o0g87- C2%0-00855) = 4+ 002FFaMmL +> But coleutated mast of C2mpt 2tm_nD 2) (ax 007 5q)+ (2x 1+ Om ege) = 403314 amu Am= C4 y m= C40 231) ~ he 00274) amu: joes awThe energy capiwolent oy this Am calenlotod by Be- Amxd3l Mev Cw = 6-03039X931 Nev BE Binding energs) = 2812 Nev > Binding energy Jruckeen of He atem i given by BG eae = (eee SOS) Mev 2 Highs) 2e/ nucleon means ihighe Arobility . ef the, nncleus Hest stable.clemarts tite Fe, Co, Niet. ane found te howe trtonmediata. mate pumnbert frange- 2 Tf elemarnls of lew mess pumboy fise bagathen , Te woul. Fawk th mee Aiba tems go other eloments- mL ta Weer er th ay high reass pusmben tunderge fiscion , they Moo eeesur clernats rf ltexren jake purnbey tia Hie nse stable. 2D Ths Lights, ‘notopes Uke Hz Da ete evn good for fusion, D> Heawiey isotopes Like Uneniim ene eed fe fission "> Fe prest meclium te aewiy pact eg binding enangss ranges fhern F-5 te gz Mev 25 TT, oh Pareloe ce te expel eo pete | te) £heul ol Fast have oa yrinimum ecciyatinn, enongy of HS te 8-4 Hey. Only. in fuchan excited Atos othe nucleus Can erik @ nection . ma ae celeus having tre least eee ersigt eayual te The coo ue ed oes sete. @eeeee2e#ee#e?e#8e8eeeee@& > The -ve Engr Bhows that tha Asaction Kw excthonmic ested -Lhem rs froaction +) Henw the encrpy bole 00284 x431 Hey = 2°365 Mev +) Fotompls Cendotnanmi > Ve 4 ght H Het > Oi ce os S Hass of heactantss 1" 0030F+ 4-C02bD = 18-005 6F amu Hess of pisducks = 16 IANA I 00783 = 18-0069 + amu smiley to the phevieus Pheblerm, here Am = +0-00130 amu 1 TRA postive am Bhows “trak THane is, eu inewase Pp matt eshieh Shows “thet the frraction absdies envy. © yah ee above toe (examples, a positively charged petile Pe eve erslayated techegh.kineti< Sranges bo eyencort fe the electrical fepulsion and bombed the positively — Chedgeat A\eON nuclei. ' e Pomction Zhows up! in the fete of pirate energy. of the ‘prosulkant pearticles cr io Ucthas Spouse Pencrgy Chhoter) ana fometines oh Hae ce Grangy Of the phoduct nuclel if any betome So/emettead? 9 Rs ‘ f 2 The total Kinde enongy of the Moruleant particles i © Blwided in Auch! aolWay that, the Lighter povttcles hove highes Ntnetic energy tron Ihe heswievomes,GD 1 Phapoibies F Bo hevys? . D Be perticles Corvus ore uptt Of hegative charge eynrcl press exyusl to that Of -eloitren’. Tey 2 hothing but electrons “The B-pevtticles ented phem ie. fetwne heme. velocities even the Menge 9 6.3¢ te 0-99C Whore Ci the veloty Hp 0 They ere lefiesfed by olocinie etncl’ meynesic feld 2 “They affect phetowrabhic plates. D The tenisalion power is cernparttivoly lew - 2 “Thay penslnate threugh rin motel fala one, they pencbrcling pewen is great thon thet ab yp. Sei phoduce flewieste nt han they fall © ne Bubsranees Unie hohiem fletinegyanicle. “They Peretiuita “te tres ‘cleats pants a Ammon bvoly ene Can Couse genetic. clervage are) dafupe hes fonctien Sp calls einywnars tm the Beaby < *) Builaling Wolly ahel ennth Work phovicles Substentia) Bhiebing. “DMhese ane the Phepeotlins oF & Frogs > Prepestn of Y- Rerpe Trey ere telabremaguetic, Wovet Bf vers Shee raeelengt Thay are prot daflected by electric exnel meagnalie Fiero ec ec te eeGt -) Trey Trave} with velodty of light DThey produce very less tonirattion PD They affect Photegraphie forortes D Trey have a very hiph penetrating power g/etey tfhan that of pohoy. D They pheduce Morexence- w Dey Oe ayfphincted by crystals Bindley te xX-hey Aifphaction P Thess have the grwabal penstaating power chaste thelr Arm Uwss fection 2 Trey can base Hough Ordinary bictidals exne| effective Bbiolsing “flegruijes Lblantet of onal Se elutan ev clangen te ali -te colle t “the burly. Tab ig But, hots oe Tn addition to the CEU Y, oritfficial ly induces! ‘fredio active isotopes ervte D Positron 5 Ovbital electron. exbseiption ed Recaphae 2 Neubien 2 nfexibuhe 5 aee@eeeseee5ees0e2env#eeee#eeseeeee#ee#eeee?t hk) Toclio octve Ai Ax (34) totemert how) oe DiTrn 1912 Seddy andl Foyer fhameal the Lis|s latomart Lows grivwing Rooliomevity. They ane ecpleined os fevers 2) of- Aor DAs abwocly eatptained et pertlcle is nothing but o Helium pucleus Heh has two pheter, one noubiens 2 Hence cyte ag-deeay tre mass umber heclucer by 4 Be rere n hic ee eet D Sina thane ans only photers ancl presitrons in an a pevtiicle te rust Come from the ruclout bf O& hoo, abern Wendangeing dAoeay. +2 t-decoy Jypicaly in Juovy nuchei whore elecrostatic Pepultion beboosn the phistons in the rurcleus i loge. © Corchul mociwuments phew that the Zum of mrasies un prcocevteonel Lewugicten huclet and The -poorticle % het eeytel clo the fess of the Povent Nuclei. 2 Ths cliffenana in mare vu helensed ot 7 Raclindion. Here mot decay aw actempantesl by emission 3 droge. > When at-banticles oe ernitiaed by a heavy nucleus ot a oe eee, ‘es rastis tna salon g Spesa af Ught.. 2349 au ogo,@) 2» d= Radiation fy decoy Ste hey av elec Arormagnotie fraciction of excburely Shot Wavelength nel very high fhoqusney rhel honce igh energy - D ehaye ond x hayt on phgsically Armtlon but ane difjexont tn their Origin and enogy. a C € D Peraye oe emited by the nucleus Whenens x- heys ore. emitted when olectrom change holy Orbits er |encrgy (ovels D Woulelength my Shays is about to” of x frags ushers -fredj encigy Levels overlab Fernahet 5 P-teuyt Toren phere “Phe frealishribuction oy electric Change ceithin the puclous 2 phen a fhadicactive muctout emitt Phacliodion , Be aie ls tre nucleus changes “The tomie number arc Prats number reponse ical D Busing an oled B decoy, the cloughten nuclei arte usually in excited Stee. They Come te qrounel Arete by entitling DP frogs: ey te Can cause bot of bivlogical clamoge: D Sine Tey an electormagnstic wWeves, they bravel ak the Shead of Ueht - ” gates xg) D> Another ee bs the frmahicorctive AlstAtagnalion Of Rachiney | ; e Shown uncle the t= olacay ection.@ Dn pcldiien to the above Hue type | cloeay, as exptelned| by the clisplacement fous F Sectoly arc Fajan, the filowing types of aray cece, espectally in entificial Jintuccl frackioactive materials > Pesien azcay:- 2 D Positron Aedoy oeciws when the Madtoactive hueleu Contairs an extore pAston > Tt effectively converte o phsten, tito o reittten. > Because the cloughte nucleus heat ene lere piston than the peownt. te cmeintatn the Charge herdrality, one of ‘the oxsbital electron i heleated. gis “ 5 i , >a Se Boece see *) The erie! ovbitol eloetron Combines toith the ernitlad pecition aeccicling te the en fer teh => 27 > The “hwo particles ~“thormjee unclengo “anhiletion "phew", Ushich Pheducos Yenogy exyuvalent to the Zum SH thdny fiett tmrasses > 9 m,c* - (ax 0-000 5484) x43}, Hev = —l-o2 Hey > “The fevensce a} anbilebion phous is codlecl pot Picduction: Th thin a f photon of otlemet fron Hew erengs tous a position electron paby -Gs) +) K- Captwe alto change effectively eo pitoten ute a nesritren ooo ©) An example Gf K-captee bs hewn ebeve The recleut Of the Copper atom earcavvie® on electron from the R- Aho end a phdton & Conventael inte a nauttron te maintain the charge The. Vacany in K-shoU i filles by highe, energy level Aachen and Kohays we eriled to balance the energy nf electron inthe fewer enargy Orbital 2+) Newton Erission t- TRA cus when the nucleus posserses an exbiemely high excibotion enangy- > The binding enongy ga nebion C the energy thak Would howe te be. exddedl te 0 mucleus to Capel o hharon > Yeotles woth mass pn raben , but ew 7 about & Hev a D Ths if the e-ccitetion erorgy ef a eklenst ‘ : ak ib could Aeeay by entistion eye C se B36 eG Bake oo + oor > pn REP Eten phecbast fakideing from (the Bodseny GF Biesion fregeaont, T'*7 Coalted a prectercei) a ge eg aaa ae kan weotopa g the Parent. Gee te OU ene akdaniens “o : caus 8 the, Souewe Pf ololayes| fission Trasdntyatiol na. ve Torpenbain: fe uefh) “Decoy Redes ans Holt Lives :- rs, > Decoy rode There tan be noindicstion of the Hme “that it Hecionctive muctous eee: fetes any one perticuley te eeay 2) However if Hou is a very large number of radioactive mrrceler ef the Same Idind » Here ts oO cfini statistical phobobility that a contain faction row decay in Oo cortein me: +> Trews if we have tue Lofonots Samples one Contatning 1c? nus ound “Phe: sthon Coritaining lo? celal of tha Lame froulis Veolopey we wil Find “pret “pho Aoume- fraction tn cach, AY ene halt ag ote 1st gy 10 wail clzenty in tha Zome Hime - Rus the Rate op poclio active Hieog Kenly Suifinesion “op thie parebony Bp hacliooctive - preted present ab any terra gf phoviclecl ti Pee Mets bie th rete ca practical qntoro st D : 5) ansO arwe decay poles entire chrericel olnedy idm Uswin howres ) ede = 3.615 x 10° clis/s +) Te wes based on the measwement of activity ef 19 gE Reclium 226 The unit ib Now Supentertedl by 7 unit Becepuenel Ea): thick ib ctegined os One isinlogralion /sec- D Since 1b Very Small, Lavolse} Hodioactivity on exually exphrostecl in KBa ev MBq. te provide Oo rreasune extent OF Cee ene ogee DApethor unit is Foentgen tO is usec biclegical injw™s » Soy te X-rays