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Biomedical Science 2

The Periodic Table

Presenter. Dr. Khalil Abdullah.

Associate Professor of Biochemistry,
Dr. Azizah Salim.
Ph.D. Biochemistry
Feb,2022
Outline The properties of the main group elements.

Periodic trends and exceptions to trends in

Ionization energy,
Electron affinity,

Atomic radius,

and Electronegativity.
Develpoment of periodic table
- Found some groups of three elements have similar
properties called Dobereiner triads.

- The atomic mass of middle elements is

approximately the mean of the other two elements.

1817
- Other triads did not obey the rule.

First
Triad
Johann Dobereiner
Second
Triad

Third
Triad
Develpoment of periodic table
- Arranged all elements known at the time in
increasing order of their atomic mass.

- Found that every eight elements had similar properties

to the first known as Newlands's octaves.

1864
- Elements did not show same properties after calcium.

John Newlands
Develpoment of periodic table
- Arranged all elements known at the time in
increasing order of their atomic number and their
1864 properties.

- The vacant spaces were for elements that were yet

Dmitri Mendeleev
to be discovered and predicted their properties.

1869

Julius Meyer
Develpoment of periodic table

- Discovered that atomic number is the most

fundamental properties and not its atomic mass.

- The chemical and physical properties of elements

are a periodic function of their atomic number.

1913

Henry Moseley
The periodic table
The periodic table consists of vertical lines called Groups and horizantal
are known as Periods.
The periodic table
The periodic table can be separated into two large sections metals and
non-metals, these are separated by the stairs of metalloids from Boron to
Astatine.
 Blocks of the periodic table
Electron configuration is the distribution of electrons of
an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.

In the Aufbau principle, the lowest-energy subshells are

filled before electrons are placed in higher-energy
orbitals.
 Blocks of the periodic table

The periodic table

can be divided
into blocks
according to the
subshells s, p, d,
and f.
s-Block elements
§ The electronic arrangements end in
the secondary orbital s

§ This block consist of

Alkali metals group – includes 1A
group.
Metals are good conductors of
electricity and heat. Soft and can be
cut by a knife.
Alkaline earth metals group –
includes 2A
p-Block elements
§ The electronic arrangements end
in the secondary orbital p

§ This block includes six groups,

group 7A called Halogens, and
the last group 8A called Noble
Gases.
d-Block elements
§ The electronic arrangements end
in the secondary orbital d

§ Including three series of

elements 3d,4d, and 5d, they are
called Essential Transitional
Elements.
f-Block elements
§ The electronic arrangements end in the secondary orbital f called the
Inner-transition elements.

§ This block consists of two series of elements, the Lanthanide series

(4f) and Actinide series (5f).
Periodic properties of elements

Atomic Ionization
radius energy (IE)

Electron Electronegativity
affinity (EA) (EN)
Atomic radius
It is half of the distance between
the centers of two identical atoms
in a diatomic molecule and
measured in Picometers pm or
Angstrom A°
 Ionic Radius
Radius of the negative ion Radius of the positive ion
The negative ion radius is greater The positive ion radius is smaller
than the radius of its atom. than the radius of its atom.
 Ionization energy (IE)
Defined as the energy needed to remove
or separate the least bound electrons to
a single atom in its gaseous state
A + Energy A+ + e-
Electron affinity (EA)
Defined as the released energy when a
neutral gas atom in its lowest level of
energy combines with electron giving
the negative gas ion.
A(g) + e- A-(g) + Energy
 Electronegativity (EN)
Defined as the ability of an atom to
attract electrons of a chemical bond
when it combines with another
atom.
 Along group
Along period
Property Defenitionl from down
from left to right
upwards
The energy required to
Inoziation energy
remove 1e- from the outer Increases Increases
(IE)
orbital.
The energy released when an
Electron affinity
atom acquired 1 electron to Increases Increases
(EA)
become an ion
Decreases
The distance between two Metal ions
Atomic/Ionic
adjacent element nuclei decrease & Decreases
volume (size)
divided by 2 nonmetal ion
increase
The tendency of the atom to
Electronegativity
attract the pair of bonding Increases Increases
(EN)
electrons in covalent bonds.
 Electron affinity Increases

Electron affinity Increases

General Chemistry; 1st edition; 2021AD
Written by a group of professors
University of Bisha; pages (175-198).